MODULE 4 b) Cross-hatching is drawing a series of thin

THE ARTIST AND HIS MEDIUM parallel lines and crisscrossing it with another set of
thin parallel lines. This creates a tone that is darker
than hatching
After the completion of the chapter, students
will be able to:
a. explain the process of art production;
b. differentiate the different media of the visual arts;
c. craft different medias of visual arts;
d. perform a creative musical, dance, and dramatization.

c) Stippling is using the sharp point of pencil to

THE PROCESS OF ART PRODUCTION
make dot patterns to create depth in some parts of
1. Pre-production the drawing
2. Production
3. Post Production

THE DIFFERENT MEDIA OF THE VISUAL ARTS

A. Graphic or Two-Dimensional Arts

● DRAWING

This is the fundamental skill needed in the visual arts. The

d) Blending is at times accomplished by using the
drawing maybe a study which is made for the sake of
finger or a paper stump to gradually change the tone
learning how to execute soe forms; a sketch which shows
from dark to light.
the general organization or a design of a product being
planned; or a cartoon which is a full-size work meant to
be used as a guide or basis for the real work.

1. Pencils. This is made of graphite which comes in

different hardness from soft to hard or thickness from
thick to needle-like, making possible a wide range of
values.

a) Hatching is a drawing a series of thin parallel lines

that run in the same direction. 2. Ink. This is one of the oldest material for
drawing that is still in use. Ink is used in making the
beautiful handwritings produced in calligraphy
which in itself is an art.
 3. Pastel. This is composed of dry pigment held 4. Tempera. This is pigment mixed with egg yolk
together by a gum binder and compressed into (sometimes with the white) as binder. Sometimes
sticks. gum or glue is used in place of egg. The ideal surface
for tempera is wood.

5. Fresco. This pigment mixed with water and

applied on a portion of the wall with wet plaster.
The wet plaster allows the color to stick to the
surface and thus, becomes a permanent part of the
wall.
4. Charcoal. This is an organic medium that comes 6. Acrylic. Acrylic has the quick drying quality of
from burnt wood. watercolor and is as flexible as oil paints. The
versatility of acrylic allows it to be applied to almost
any type of surface.

● MOSAIC

Mosaics are wall or floor decorations made of small

tiles or irregularly cut pieces of colored stones or glass
called tesserae. These are meticulously fitted together
5. Paper. This is the most common surface used in to form a pattern and glued with plaster or cement.
two dimensional art. Paper is an organic material
made from wood, grass and linen rags.
● COLLAGE

● PAINTING Collage is derived from a French word ‘coller’ which

means to stick. A collage is a technique of making an art
Painting has been described as the art of creating work by gluing or pasting on a firm support materials or
beautiful effects on a flat surface. It is the process of found objects.
applying paint onto a smooth surface (ground/support)
like paper, cloth, canvas, wood or plaster.

1. Watercolor. For watercolor paints, the ● PRINTMAKING

pigments are mixed with water and applied to
This is a process used for making reproductions of
paper. The colors are applied in layers, and made
graphic works. Printmaking allows for the repeated
brighter by additional applications after the first
transfer of master image from a printing plate (matrix)
layer had dried.
onto surface. Printmaking may use any of the following
2. Gouche. This paint in which the pigment has techniques.
been mixed with water and added with a chalk like
1. Relief Printing (raised). This is the oldest
material to give it an opaque effect.
method of printmaking. The technique involves
3. Oil Paints. The pigments are mixed with oil as its cutting away (using knives or gouges) certain parts
binder. This medium was discovered by a Flemish of the surface, usually a block of wood and leaving
painter Jan Van Eyck. Linseed oil. The ideal surface the ‘raised’ parts to produce the image.
for oil paints are canvas and wood. The painter can
2. Intaglio Printing (Depressed). This technique is
apply oil paint in thin glazes of smooth subtle
the opposite of relief printing; instead of using the
strokes or thick impasto to produce a rough surface
surface of the plate for image, the lines of the
which gives the work the element of texture.
image, the lines of the image are cut or incised to a
metal plate.
 3. Surface Printing (Flat). This includes all 2. Relief. These are sculptures in which the figures
processes in which printing is done from a flat project from a background. These are two variations
surface (plane). of relief sculptures.

● Low relief (bas relief). The figures are slightly

raised/projected from its background, less shadows
are created.

● High relief. Almost half of the figures project

from its background, more shadows are created.

3. Kinetic (mobiles). A sculpture that is capable of

movement by wind, water or other forms of energy.

The Process of Creating Sculptures

1. Subtractive process. This process involves

removing or cutting away pieces of the material to
form the figure.

2. Additive process. This process involves the

construction of a figure by putting together bits of
the material or by welding together metal parts to
create figures.

3. Process of Substitution. This process is also

known as casting. This method involves using a
mold to produce a 3d figure in another material.

Different Media of Sculpture

B. Plastic or three-Dimensional Art
Through the centuries, sculptors have
● SCULPTURE experimented on materials to be used for their
sculptures. They have discovered that they can use
The word sculpture has originated from the latin word
natural and man-made materials to achieve
‘sculpere’ which means to carve it is define as the art of
expression in a three-dimensional form. To be
practice of creating three-dimensional forms or figures.
discussed are some of the popular medium used by
It is the art form that is described as having length,
sculptors up to the present:
width and volume. Sculptures are of three kinds.

1. Freestanding (in the round). These are  Stone

sculptures which can be viewed from all sides.  Wood
  Metal 2. Groin Vault is a structure that is formed by
 Glass intersecting arches resulting in four openings.
 Plastic The area at the center of a groin vault is called a
bay.
● ARCHITECTURE

Architecture is the art of designing buildings and other 3. Dome is

structures which will serve a definite function. a
Structures would range from the simplest shelter to
high rise structures that meet the demands of modern
cities and its growing population.

Construction Principles: structure with the shape of an inverted cup. It is

A. Post and Lintel. Most houses are built on this formed by a series of arches rising from
principle. It is the oldest construction system that consecutive points on a base called the drum.
makes use of two vertical support (post) spanned
by a horizontal beam (lintel)

C. Truss. This is a system of triangular forms

assembled to form a rigid framework. Trusses
are used in bridges, theaters and roofs.
B. Arch. This is a Roman invention that consists of
separate pieces of wedge shaped blocks called
voussoirs arranged in a semi-circle. The most
important part of the arch is the keystone which is
the stone at the top center that locks the pieces
together into a single curved structure.

From the principle of the arc, the following

structures can be built:

1. Barell Voult is a succession of arches, one

placed directly behind another to produce a
structure similar to a tunnel. It has two
openings, one on each end.
 D. Cantilever. This structure that makes use of a in combination with other words and arranged in
beam or slab that extends horizontally into a space certain patterns to suggest feelings and images.
beyond its supporting post. It is constructed to be
In literature, there are four main genres. In
strong enough to support floors and walls.
each genre are specific types of literature:

● Poetry. All poems share similar characteristics

which makes it easy for the reader to recognize
them. Poems used to follow strict rules as the
number and length of lines and stanzas but in
recent years they have become more free-flowing.

● Fiction. This is any written work that is not real

and which uses elaborate figurative language.
Fiction, however, is more structured than poetry. It
● Buttress. This is a structure that is built as a
is written in sentences and paragraphs with all the
support for the wall. In most European churches
proper punctuation and grammar, which makes it a
buttress built to support the dome are called flying
prose. Fiction is divided into chapters.
buttresses.
● Nonfiction. This is the opposite of fiction
because the subject matter comes from real life.
Nonfiction works are all based on real people and
real world experiences.

● Drama. This genre includes all plays or any

written works that are meant to be performed. This
type of literature is written with the intention of
being performed for an audience.

Media of Architecture ● MUSIC

The following are materials that are used for Is defined as the art of combining and regulating
creating buildings and infrastructure: sounds of varying pitch to produce compositions that
express various ideas and feelings. Music particularly
 Stones and Bricks
appeals to emotions.
 Lumber (wood)
 Iron and Steel Media in Music
 Concrete ● Vocal Medium. The oldest and most popular
medium for music is the human voice. It is the most
personal as it comes from within the person. As the
music developed as an art form, the medium which is
C. LITERATURE AND THE COMBINED ARTS the human voice has been classified: (komein,2008).

● LITERATURE 1. Soprano is the highest female singing voice.

Literature is the art of combining spoken or 2. Contra Alto is a female singing voice that is low
written words and their meanings into forms which and rich in quality.
have artistic and emotional appeal. The writer uses 3. Tenor is the highest adult male singing voice.
words to build up its compositions. The words are used
 4. Bass is a male singing voice that is low and rich
in quality.

5. Baritone is a male singing voice that is between

tenor and bass.

● Instrumental Medium. These medium may be

natural or invented to produce a distinct type of sound.
Musical instruments produce sound by blowing,
beating, plucking or through the use of a bow.

The following are descriptions of the traditional

instruments of music:

1. String instruments provide the basic orchestral

sounds. They produce tones by means of the vibration
of the stretched string. There are two kinds of string 4. Percussion instruments make sound by hitting
instruments: them with the hands, special sticks or by striking or
shaking their parts together.

2. Woodwind instruments create sounds by

bowing into them. The air blown causes vibration which
can be altered by shortening or lengthening the column 5. Keyboard instruments make sound by means of
of air inside the instrument. a keyboard which consists of a series of black and white
keys. Depression of a key produces sound. The piano,
harpsichord, celesta and organ belong to this group.

3. Brass instruments have cup shaped

mouthpieces and expands into a bell shaped end. Sound
is produced by blowing into the mouthpiece. The sound
can be altered depending on the tension of the lips.
● DANCE

Dance is said to be the oldest of all arts. Man’s Genres of Drama

gestures express emotions through rhythmic
In the following discussion, a brief description of
movements. Body movements heighten the pleasure of
the genres of drama will be given: (DiYanni,2000):
being and at the same time mirror the life of the society.
The medium of dance is the body of the dancer. It is ● Tragedy is one of literature’s greatest dramatic
through his body that ideas or feelings are genre. It is drama that presents life as solemn and
communicated to the audience. serious. In tragedy, the central character, the hero
(or heroine) who is admired at the first part, later
Types of Dance
becomes arrogant and not worthy at all. This
Dances may vary depending on the place of origin, character flaw is the reason why he comes to some
the music, the reason for the dance and the type of sad or disastrous end.
dancers. The following are some general
● Melodrama is a type of drama that emphasizes
classification of dances:
the never ending battle between good and evil
● Ethnologic (ethnic) dances includes folk dances where in good always wins. Melodramas make use
associated with a national and/or cultural groups. of stereotyped characters like hero, his heroine, and
For Philippine folk dances, examples are tinikling, villain.
pandago sa ilaw and singkil.
● Comedy is drama that is the exact opposite of
● Social or ballroom dances are the type of dancing tragedy. Tragedies and comedies have similar
that are generally performed in pairs. Examples are components but differ in the characteristics of each
tango, waltz and boogie. one.

● Ballet is a type of dance which originated in the ● Satire portrays human weakness and criticizes
royal courts of the medieval era. It may be a solo or human behavior to prove the path to some form of
concerted performance on the stage accompanied salvation for human actions. Romantic comedies
by music. A ballet is generally built around a theme portray human weakness in more subtle way.
or story. Examples are swan lake, and the
● Farce is a light humorous play in which the
nutcracker.
examples are on jokes, humorous physical action,
● Modern Dance are sometimes called contemporary exaggerated situations and improbable characters.
or interpretive dances. They represent a rebellion
against the classical formalism of ballet. These
dances emphasize personal communication of ● CINEMA
moods and themes and is strongly influenced by
societal trends in music. Examples are hip hop and The cinema can be described as a series of
the popular dance crazes. images that are projected onto a screen to create the
illusion of motion. This is also known as motion pictures,
● Musical comedy (musicale) refers to those dances movies or films and is considered to be one of the most
performed by one dancer or a group of dancers in popular forms of entertainment today.
theaters, night clubs, motion pictures and television.
It combines various forms of ballet, modern, tap and Motion pictures are recorded using specially
acrobatics. designed cameras that capture the images on rolls of
film. After being processed and printed, the film is run
through a projector, which shines light through the film
so that the images are displayed on a screen.
● DRAMA AND THEATER

Drama is a genre of literature that is intended to

be acted out or performed on stage in front of an Genres of Motion Pictures
audience.
● Feature films are the movies most commonly
shown in large movie theaters. They typically last from 1
½ to 2 hours. These films portray fictional stories or
stories based on real events but are portrayed by
actors.

● Animated movies follow the same format as

feature films, but use images created by
artists/animators. These films create the illusion of ● Experimental films are sequence of images,
movement from a series of two dimensional drawings, literal or abstract, which do not necessarily from a
three dimensional objects or computer generated narrative. An experimental film can be animated, live
images. action, computer generated, or a combination of all
three.

● Educational films are specifically intended to

facilitate learning at home or in the classrooms. Their
aim is to provide instruction on various subjects ranging
from history to cooking.

● Documentary movies deal primarily with facts,

not fiction. Documentaries are usually not shown
theaters, but are broadcast regularly on cable and
television.

PEOPLE BEHIND MOTION PICTURE

There are a lot of people involve in such a

project, but described below are only some of these
important people:

1. Actors play the roles of the characters in the

film. They do more than just act. They prepare
themselves for the role both mentally and physically.
Only then can they begin to face the camera.
2. Producer handles finances which includes:
paying for the production of the project, hiring actors
and the production process, and making arrangements
for distributing the finished film to theaters.

3. Screenwriter develops stories and ideas for the

screen or adapts interesting written pieces of work as
motion pictures. For example, Star Wars saga, Lord of
the rings, Harry Potter and Pirates of the Caribbean.

4. Director Studies the script, plans and visualizes

the film should be portrayed and guides the actors and
the production crew as they carry out the project.