PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG PASIG

ALCALDE JOSE ST., KAPASIGAN, 1600 PASIG CITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

DESIGN EXPERIMENT NUMBER 2:

SCHMITT TRIGGER USING OP-AMP

ECE 157: ELECTRONICS 3: ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS AND DESIGN/ 3A

SATURDAY / 1:00 PM TO 4:00 PM

SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:

ESPEDILLA, QUADDA MAE P. ENGR. MICHAEL S. MATIAS
RAMOS, KENNETH R.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

To design and construct a Schmitt Trigger circuit using 741 op-amp thru
MultiSim/CircuitMaker

To analyze the input and output waveform of Schmitt Trigger and measure the
upper and lowertrigger point
PRINCIPLES:

Schmitt trigger circuit is a regenerative comparator, or it is a comparator with

hysteresis. This circuit uses positive feedback and the op-amp is operated in saturation.
The output can take two values +V sat and –V sat. When output equals +V sat, the
voltage appearing at the non-inverting terminal is VUT or VUTP=+V sat(R1/R1+R2) called
the upper threshold point. Similarly, when output is equal to -V sat, the voltage
appearing at the non-inverting terminal is VLT or VLTP=-V sat(R1/R1+R2) called the
lower threshold point. When Vin is greater than UTP, the output will switch from +V sat
to –V sat. Same when Vin is less than LTP; the output will switch from -V sat to +V sat.
The difference between UTP and LTP is called hysteresis. Hysteresis avoids false
triggering of the circuit by noise. Hysteresis curve is the plot of Vo versus Vin. Schmitt
trigger circuit is used to convert any irregular wave into square wave.
PROCEDURE:
PART-A
1. Construct the Schmitt Trigger circuit shown in Figure 2.1 using
MultiSim/CircuitMaker.

Figure 2.1: Schmitt Trigger circuit using 741 op-amp

2. Set the value of Vin to 10Vpp with a frequency of 1kHz.

3. Observe the input and output waveform.
4. Measure the value of output voltage, VLTP and VUTP.
5. Record the result and illustrate the input and output waveforms. (Use
separate paper for illustration)
6. Change the value of R1 according to Table 2.1.
7. Repeat procedures 1 to 5.
8. Complete Table 2.1 and illustrate the input and output waveforms. (Use
separate paper for illustration)
 Table 2.1: Different value of R1

R1 V OUT V UTP V LTP

10Ω 14.1V 106.488mV 13.816V
3.3kΩ 14.1V UNMEASURABLE UNMEASURABLE
6kΩ 14.1V UNMEASURABLE UNMEASURABLE

9. Revert the value of R1 based on Figure 2.1.

10. This time change the value of R2 according to Table 2.2.
11. Repeat procedures 1-5.

Table 2.2: Different Value of R2.

R2 V OUT V UTP V LTP

50Ω 14.1V UNMEASURABLE UNMEASURABLE
1kΩ 14.1V UNMEASURABLE UNMEASURABLE
5kΩ 14.1V 1.264V 14.116V

12. Complete Table 2.2 and illustrate the input and output waveforms. (Use
separate paper for illustration).
PART-B

1. Construct the Schmitt Trigger circuit shown in Figure 2.2 using

MultiSim/CircuitMaker.
 Figure 2.1: Schmitt Trigger circuit with VREF equals to +8V

2. Using again an oscilloscope, observe the input and output waveform. Input
waveform is measuredat point A.
3. Change the value of VREF to 7V.
4. Run again the simulation. Record your observation and illustrate the input
and output waveforms.(Use separate paper for illustration)
5. Change the value of VREF to 5V.
6. Run again the simulation. Record your observation and illustrate the input
and output waveforms.(Use separate paper for illustration)
7. Change the value of VREF to 2V.
8. Record your observation and illustrate the input and output waveforms. (Use
separate paper for illustration ).

Table 2.3: Different Value of VREF

VREF V OUT V UTP V LTP
7V 14.1V 4.814V 14.114V
5V 14.1V 3.874V 14.115V
2V 14.1V 2.422V 14.114V
ILLUSTRATIONS:

A. How to set-up the circuit in MultiSim/ Circuit Maker

First, to be able to conduct the experiment we open Multisim and created a new
circuit.

Figure A.1

We search the components we will be needed, and then tap and drag the components to
the workspace in the right area.
Figure A.2: Search box.

Figure A.3: workspace

And then we connect the components with wire. After that, we input the value of every
each of the components and then we run the circuit to see the wave that is forming.

Figure A.4: connecting the components

LEGENDS:

red black red blue

Input Output Upper Trigger Lower Trigger
signal signal Point Point
PART A:
First setting: Different values of R1
Initial Values:
AC voltage = 10Vpp at 1kHz
Resistors = (R1=1kΩ, R2=3.3kΩ)
Op-Amp 741
VCC=15V
VEE=-15V

Figure 1: Initial values of 10Vpp with a frequency of 1kHz and R1 = 1kΩ, the V UTP =
3.107V and the V LTP= -14.115V
Second setting: Different values of R1
Initial Values:
AC voltage = 10Vpp at 1kHz
Resistors = (R1=10Ω, R2=3.3kΩ)
Op-Amp 741
VCC=15V
VEE=-15V

Figure 2: The R1 is varied to a value of 10Ω, V UTP =-106.488mV and the V LTP =13.816V
Third setting: Different values of R1
Initial Values:
AC voltage = 10Vpp at 1kHz
Resistors = (R1=3.3kΩ, R2=3.3kΩ)
Op-Amp 741
VCC=15V
VEE=-15V

Figure 3: The R1 is varied to be a value of 3.3kΩ and we can see that the output signal is
a flat line. V UTP and V LTP are both unmeasurable.
Fourth setting: Different values of R1
Initial Values:
AC voltage = 10Vpp at 1kHz
Resistors = (R1=6kΩ, R2=3.3kΩ)
Op-Amp 741
VCC=15V
VEE=-15V

Figure 4: The R1 is varied to be a value of 6kΩ and like in figure 3 it is also flat line.
V UTP and V LTP are both unmeasurable
First setting: Different values of R2
Initial Values:
AC voltage = 10Vpp at 1kHz
Resistors = (R1=1kΩ, R2=50Ω)
Op-Amp 741
VCC=15V
VEE=-15V

Figure 5: In this figure we revert the value of R1 into 1kΩ and we varied the R2 into 50Ω,
we can see that the output signal is also flat line. V UTP and V LTP are both unmeasurable.
Second setting: Different values of R2
Initial Values:
AC voltage = 10Vpp at 1kHz
Resistors = (R1=1kΩ, R2=1kΩ)
Op-Amp 741
VCC=15V
VEE=-15V

Figure 6: The R1 value remains at 1kΩ and the R2 is varied to be 1kΩ, it also has a flat
line in output signal. V UTP and V LTP are both unmeasurable.
Third setting: Different values of R2
Initial Values:
AC voltage = 10Vpp at 1kHz
Resistors = (R1=1kΩ, R2=5kΩ)
Op-Amp 741
VCC=15V
VEE=-15V

Figure 7: The value of R2 is now at 5kΩ and it has a square wave output signal.
V UTP = 1.264V and V LTP is 14.116V
Part B:
First Setting: Different V REF
Initial Values:
Triangular Voltage = 5V at 3msec
AC source 3.45Vrms at 60Hz
V REF =8V
Resistors = (R1= 1kΩ, R2 = 3.3kΩ, R3 = 1kΩ, R4 = 1kΩ, R5 = 1kΩ)
Op-Amp 741.

Figure 8: The initial values are 5v 3msec in triangular voltage, 3.45Vrms in AC source,
and 8V in V REF we can see that the output signal is a flat line. V UTP and V LTP are both
unmeasurable.
Second Setting: Different V REF
Initial Values:
Triangular Voltage = 5V at 3msec
AC source 3.45Vrms at 60Hz
V REF =7V
Resistors = (R1= 1kΩ, R2 = 3.3kΩ, R3 = 1kΩ, R4 = 1kΩ, R5 = 1kΩ)
Op-Amp 741.

Figure 9: The V ref if varied to s value of 7V, it shows that the output signal is a square
wave signal that is narrowing and widening. V UTP = 4.814V V LTP = 14.114V.
Third Setting: Different V REF
Initial Values:
Triangular Voltage = 5V at 3msec
AC source 3.45Vrms at 60Hz
V REF =5V
Resistors = (R1= 1kΩ, R2 = 3.3kΩ, R3 = 1kΩ, R4 = 1kΩ, R5 = 1kΩ)
Op-Amp 741.

Figure 10: The V ref is varied to a value of 5V and we can see that the square wave signal
in the output is much narrower than in figure 9. V UTP = 3.874V V LTP = 14.115V
Fourth Setting: Different V REF
Initial Values:
Triangular Voltage = 5V at 3msec
AC source 3.45Vrms at 60Hz
V REF =2V
Resistors = (R1= 1kΩ, R2 = 3.3kΩ, R3 = 1kΩ, R4 = 1kΩ, R5 = 1kΩ)
Op-Amp 741

Figure 11: The V ref is varied to a value of 2V and it also has a square wave signal that is
narrowing and widening like in figure 9 and figure 10. V UTP = 2.422V and V LTP =
14.114V.
OBSERVATIONS:

After simulating the laboratory experiment, we noticed in Part A that the output
waveform parameter is not exactly as the square wave. As we varied the different
values of R1 we noticed that the higher the R1 (Figure 3: 3.3kΩ and Figure 4: 6kΩ)
there is no output waveform parameter but when the value is lower (Figure 1: 1kΩ
and Figure 2: 10 Ω) there is an output waveform parameter. As we varied the
different values of R2 we noticed that it is opposite happen from R1. The higher the
value of R2 (Figure 7: 5kΩ) there will be an output waveform parameter but when
the value of R2 is lower (Figure 5: 50Ω and Figure 6: 1kΩ) there is no output
waveform parameter. In Part B, we noticed that as V REF is set to a higher value there
is no output waveform parameter. As we set it to the lower value the output
waveform parameter compresses and narrow.
TECHNICAL DISCUSSION:

In this experiment, our group made a simulation of a Schmitt trigger using Op-Amp.
In this simulation we recorded the V UTP and V LTP of the circuit. While doing the
experiment procedures our group had some doubts in the outcome of the signals
because in other variations the output signal is just flat line that’s why we didn’t
know if we have some errors regarding the values or we made an error in the
connection so we ask other groups if they also have the same outcome in the
oscilloscope and during the discussion one of our classmate ask if it is alright that
the waveform that produce is flat line then our professor said it means that the
value is unmeasurable. We can see in the illustration that some figures have a flat
line in their output signal as shown in illustrations figures 3, 4, 5, 6, and 8 they are
all flat line that is why the V UTP and V LTP are both unmeasurable. We can also see in
the tables that all the output voltages are similar with each other.
CONCLUSION:

To sum up everything that has been stated so far, we learned that the input voltage
triggers the output voltage every time that it exceeds a certain voltage level, V LTP
and V UTP. We also learned from the simulation in Part A, changing the values of R1
the higher the value nothing output waveform parameter, the lower the value there
will be an output waveform parameter. Opposite from R2 the higher the value there
will be an output waveform parameter, the lower the value no output waveform
parameter. In Part B, changing the values of V REF, we learned that the higher the
value no output waveform parameter, the lower the value there will be an output
waveform parameter.
REFERENCES:

https://www.eeeguide.com
/schmitt-trigger-circuit-
diagram/

https://www.electronicshu
b.org/schmitt-trigger-
basics/