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Although this was much more accurate than using a bunsen to heat the water, the accuracy of the
water bath to maintain the desired temperature is questionable. The temperature of the environment
remained fairly constant throughout the course of the experiment. By measuring the length in time it
takes for this to happen you will be able to find out how long it took to produce the equivalent
amount of iodine. It may now be possible to draw certain conclusions from the results about the
nature of the reaction that has been investigated. Of course distilled water was used so as to prevent
reactions that might have occurred between salts in regular water and the actual reactants of the
reactions. Investigating the Factors Affecting the Rate of Reaction for the Iodine Clo. Thank you, for
helping us keep this platform clean. Therefore, I must conduct trial experiments to decide the best
method to use, and become acquainted with that method. After studying Graph 1 carefully and
checking its accuracy alongside the actual results, I have decided that because the increase in the
half-lives is only gradual and Graph 3 clearly shows that the rate is proportional to the concentration,
this reaction is first order with respect to H 2 O 2. The time taken for the reaction to finish was then
recorded. From this a final set of graphs were drawn showing the rate of reaction against
concentration (Graphs 3 and 6). The actual process of drawing the graphs provides a number of
sources for error. The sizes of the water drops were not all equal, even though pipettes were
cautiously picked so that all three looked about the same size. However, in order to consider the
possible errors that I may have made, I also drew two more lines on the same graph giving the values
of the maximum and minimum gradients. The time taken for the change colour to occur was
measured from the first drop of Solution A in Solution B to the first appearance of colour in new
solution. This corresponds to a large increase in the number of collisions occurring with the necessary
minimum energy or activation energy, E A. Upload Read for free FAQ and support Language (EN)
Sign in Skip carousel Carousel Previous Carousel Next What is Scribd. It is important to add specific
volumes of water to the wells for Solution A, so as to dilute the concentration, and yield a volume of
10 drops of solution in the well. The presence of H 2 SO 4 is required however for the reaction to
proceed, it can therefore be deduced that it is acting as a catalyst, and is not a factor that should be
investigated. Steps 1-4 continue until all of the NaHSO3 has been used up. By measuring the length
in time it takes for this to happen you will be able to find out how long it took to produce the
equivalent amount of iodine. It should be treated as having the same hazardous properties as above,
but also containing iodine which although in this form is not particularly hazardous, has the ability to
stain skin and clothing. When the ln (rate) of a reaction is plotted against the rate of a reaction, the
following shaped graph is typical. Therefore when conducting these procedures, extra care and
vigilance must be taken; acknowledging these possible risks should result in safe laboratory work.
When transferring Solution A from spot plate A to B, the pipette might have accidentally touched
Solution B. Therefore, each time a new batch was made up, to say that it was exactly the same
concentration as the previous batch would be impossible. Materials: Page 2 and 3: Procedure: For all
parts of procedu. Once the contents of both tubes had reached this temperature, the were mixed and
left in the water bath. Through the recording and analysis of raw data, this investigation also allows
us to apply generally accepted scientific rules and to test them against results gained from accurate
experimental procedures. Where there are anomalous results that are clearly errors when compared to
the other results gained, these results will be discarded, and not included when averages are being
taken.
The time taken for the change colour to occur was measured from the first drop of Solution A in
Solution B to the first appearance of colour in new solution. In part 2, temperature was varied while
concentration remained constant. Thus each Well had a total volume of 10 drops in it, and each Well
from 1 to 10 had a decreasing concentration of KIO 3. Analysis of the results allowed calculation of
the rate constant k. The time was then recorded, and the experiment was repeated three more times.
Firstly, the various solutions that were being used were not all taken from the same batch of
solutions. I felt that there was no reason to ignore or discard any of these results. Thank you, for
helping us keep this platform clean. The rate of this reaction depends on the temperature, and on the
concentrations of iodate ions. Contact with the skin or eyes must also be avoided as it may be
slightly corrosive, but more likely it would cause irritation to the skin. The regression value is also
closest to 1 when a straight line of best fit is made. Firstly, the concentration of reactants may have
been inaccurate. This corresponds to a large increase in the number of collisions occurring with the
necessary minimum energy or activation energy, E A. There were no significantly anomalous results
recorded, as all of them seemed to follow the same pattern when plotted on the graphs. Drawing an
accurate curve freehand is quite difficult requiring a steady and smooth action, and although this
skill can be improved with practise, it still provides sources of error. The chemical nature of reactants
could not be altered during the experiment. The order of reaction is the exponent value that describes
the initial concentration dependence of a particular reactant. When you prepare the solutions A, B,
and C, the chemicals begin to mix and form new chemical compounds. To find the order of the
reaction with respect to iodide ions, I will have to know how the initial rate of the reaction varies
with iodide ion concentration. This change in colour denotes the completion of the reaction. I then
continued this with the other mixtures in the table, which only differ in the concentration of iodide
ions, the water is added to keep the volume at a constant. This piece of information shows that for
every increase in the concentration of iodate ions, the rate of reaction will not only increase as well,
but increase by the same amount that the concentration of iodate ions increases. (i.e. if the
concentration of iodate ions is doubled, the rate of reaction will also be doubled. Materials: Page 2
and 3: Procedure: For all parts of procedu. Modifications that could be made to perhaps increase the
accuracy of the volumes measured could include using more accurate burettes; spending more time
on both practising the technique, and conducting the actual experiment. It was made clear from early
on in the investigation through background knowledge and trial experiments the concentration of
these two substances does not have an effect on the rate of the reaction. For a number of the
experiments conducted, the colour change that indicates when the reaction is complete, was not
always as instantaneous as previously described. In order to do this I will have to do the following.
The temperature was also kept the same to ensure constant conditions. The editors will have a look at
it as soon as possible. It should not be swallowed or allowed to penetrate the skin as it may have
toxic properties at these concentrations.
Also, the calculating of the half-lives requires further drawing using a ruler that is only accurate to
the nearest millimetre. You will begin recording reaction time as soon as you first mix the two
solutions. By measuring the gradient of this graph, a value for the activation energy E A can be
calculated. Where there are anomalous results that are clearly errors when compared to the other
results gained, these results will be discarded, and not included when averages are being taken. A
graph showing how the rate of a reaction increase when compared to temperature will have the
following general shape. Steps 1-4 continue until all of the NaHSO3 has been used up. Therefore
there is a possibility that volumes were not always measured to the accuracy capable, this may have
been due to bad technique, or possibly the fact that there was limited time and a certain amount of
pressure to complete all of the practical work. This process was continued until no visible traces of
colour could be detected when different concentrations of Solution A were added to constant
concentrations of Solution B. To find the order of the reaction with respect to iodide ions, I will have
to know how the initial rate of the reaction varies with iodide ion concentration. The water bath that
was being used seemed to be temperamental and not always particularly accurate, this may have lead
to errors in the results. The editors will have a look at it as soon as possible. Thank you, for helping
us keep this platform clean. It was made clear from early on in the investigation through background
knowledge and trial experiments the concentration of these two substances does not have an effect
on the rate of the reaction. Thus each Well had a total volume of 10 drops in it, and each Well from
1 to 10 had a decreasing concentration of KIO 3. Analysis of the results allowed calculation of the
rate constant k. After studying Graph 1 carefully and checking its accuracy alongside the actual
results, I have decided that because the increase in the half-lives is only gradual and Graph 3 clearly
shows that the rate is proportional to the concentration, this reaction is first order with respect to H 2
O 2. In order to obtain a time delay of a few seconds to a few minutes with a reasonably sharp color
development, a measured amount of a reducing agent thiosulfate ion is included in the mixture. Step
(5) is a very fast step, and does not contribute to the reaction time. This is the value that will be used
as the final answer. In each case, through conducting a large number of experiments it has been
possible to gain Maximum, Minimum, and Average results, displaying the occurrence of any
anomalies, or inaccuracies in the results. There were no significantly anomalous results recorded, as
all of them seemed to follow the same pattern when plotted on the graphs. This piece of information
shows that for every increase in the concentration of iodate ions, the rate of reaction will not only
increase as well, but increase by the same amount that the concentration of iodate ions increases. (i.e.
if the concentration of iodate ions is doubled, the rate of reaction will also be doubled. This signals
when the reaction between KIO3 and NaHSO3 is complete. The chemical nature of reactants could
not be altered during the experiment. This reaction alone does not give very impressive delays and
color changes. Drawing an accurate curve freehand is quite difficult requiring a steady and smooth
action, and although this skill can be improved with practise, it still provides sources of error. In the
second conical flask was placed 20ml of H 2 O 2, and two squirts of 2% starch solution from a
bulbous pipette. The temperature of the environment remained fairly constant throughout the course
of the experiment. Thank you, for helping us keep this platform clean. Use a different graduated
cylinder to measure exactly 10.0 mL of solution B and pour it into a second 100 mL beaker 3.
Once the reaction was completed and the instantaneous colour change was seen, the stopclock was
stopped immediately. This would have thrown off the accuracy of the concentration of Solution A.
Surface area played no part since the system had no boundaries. To find the order of the reaction
with respect to iodide ions, I will have to know how the initial rate of the reaction varies with iodide
ion concentration. It should not be swallowed or allowed to penetrate the skin as it may have toxic
properties at these concentrations. Therefore, for the same reasons as already stated above for the
reactions concerning H 2 O 2, I deduce that the order of the reaction with respect to KI is also first
order. The first concentration that was investigated, was that of H 2 O 2. This was conducted in
exactly the same way as the H 2 O 2, However, the total volume of KI used was only ever 10ml; the
same number of different concentrations were still tested though. Can you predict the time it will
take for the iodine clock to ring. One person should record the time of reaction while the other
partner mixes the solutions. The water bath that was being used seemed to be temperamental and not
always particularly accurate, this may have lead to errors in the results. So no starch-iodine colour
will appear until all of the thiosulphate has been used up, you will suddenly see the clear mixture
transform into a blue-black. Also, the calculating of the half-lives requires further drawing using a
ruler that is only accurate to the nearest millimetre. Hydrochloric acid, HCl was a suggested catalyst
but it was not used as the reactants were very much capable of quickly reacting with aid. I believe
that there is no reason to doubt the methodology behind this investigation, the results gained show
what was required to see how concentration and temperature affect the rate of reaction. As always,
measuring short time intervals prove difficult and times may have been inexact. From this a final set
of graphs were drawn showing the rate of reaction against concentration (Graphs 3 and 6). Of
course distilled water was used so as to prevent reactions that might have occurred between salts in
regular water and the actual reactants of the reactions. I am not sure why there was variation in the
times it took for the actual colour change to occur, and therefore modifications to the method cannot
be made, however this opens up the possibility for further investigation. Two test tubes were taken,
in the first was placed. The rate of change of concentration of substance B, r B may also have been
measured. Therefore it can be deduced that the order of reaction with respect to. The stopclock was
then stopped when the reaction was completed, the end point could be observed with a sudden
change in colour from an initial colourless solution, to a deep purple solution. The units of k depend
on the order of the reaction and can be worked out from the rest of the rate equation. This signals
when the reaction between KIO3 and NaHSO3 is complete. The reaction was found to be faster at
higher temperatures, following an Arrhenius relationship. When the ln (rate) of a reaction is plotted
against the rate of a reaction, the following shaped graph is typical. The chemicals, quantities and
techniques that are to be used will all be looked at, and assessments will be made. By the nature of
the water bath, it also meant that only very few experiments could be heated and prepared at any one
time.
The water bath that was being used seemed to be temperamental and not always particularly
accurate, this may have lead to errors in the results. Through the recording and analysis of raw data,
this investigation also allows us to apply generally accepted scientific rules and to test them against
results gained from accurate experimental procedures. In order to do this I will have to do the
following. Pour one of the solutions into the other, then pour the solutions back and forth sever times
to ensure thorough mixing. When transferring Solution A from spot plate A to B, the pipette might
have accidentally touched Solution B. Doing such investigations can be tedious, but the realization
that the results are actually beneficial and reliable makes it worthwhile. In part 1, the concentration of
iodine and hydrogen peroxide were varied while temperature remained constant. Although this was
much more accurate than using a bunsen to heat the water, the accuracy of the water bath to maintain
the desired temperature is questionable. You will begin recording reaction time as soon as you first
mix the two solutions. The method was then repeated using each of the remaining prepared test
tubes; all of the results were recorded. This is the value that will be used as the final answer. This
was conducted in exactly the same way as the H 2 O 2, However, the total volume of KI used was
only ever 10ml; the same number of different concentrations were still tested though. The rate of this
reaction depends on the temperature, and on the concentrations of iodate ions. Therefore, the rate is
independent of the concentration. The iodine that is then produced reacts immediately reacts with
thiosulphate ions as follows. However, part of this investigation is to investigate how the temperature
affects the rate of reaction, therefore this will be varied when investigating the effects of
temperature. When you prepare the solutions A, B, and C, the chemicals begin to mix and form new
chemical compounds. Therefore there is a possibility that volumes were not always measured to the
accuracy capable, this may have been due to bad technique, or possibly the fact that there was limited
time and a certain amount of pressure to complete all of the practical work. Gaining the correct
temperature of both solutions using the water bath heated by a bunsen, was almost impossible, the
temperature fluctuated constantly. The time taken for the change colour to occur was measured from
the first drop of Solution A in Solution B to the first appearance of colour in new solution. The
pipette was not allowed to touch Solution B so as to eliminate the need for rinsing it after each
reaction. Therefore a 1.0M concentration will be used throughout this investigation. The stopclock
was then stopped when the reaction was completed, the end point could be observed with a sudden
change in colour from an initial colourless solution, to a deep purple solution. Can you predict the
time it will take for the iodine clock to ring. If results are to be discarded, then this will be clearly
stated. Upload Read for free FAQ and support Language (EN) Sign in Skip carousel Carousel
Previous Carousel Next What is Scribd. I believe that there is no reason to doubt the methodology
behind this investigation, the results gained show what was required to see how concentration and
temperature affect the rate of reaction. After studying Graph 1 carefully and checking its accuracy
alongside the actual results, I have decided that because the increase in the half-lives is only gradual
and Graph 3 clearly shows that the rate is proportional to the concentration, this reaction is first order
with respect to H 2 O 2. Therefore a modification that might be made could be to perhaps use a
more sophisticated and reliable water bath. This piece of information shows that for every increase in
the concentration of iodate ions, the rate of reaction will not only increase as well, but increase by
the same amount that the concentration of iodate ions increases. (i.e. if the concentration of iodate
ions is doubled, the rate of reaction will also be doubled.
By measuring the gradient of this graph, a value for the activation energy E A can be calculated.
Then the I2 is no longer consumed by reaction (4) so the iodine (I2) reacts with starch to give the
blue-black color change. The rate of the entire reaction can be measured by timing how long it takes
before the blue color appears once the two solutions are mixed. An actual concentration may be
deduced through further trial experiments as this may also be effected by the other reactants. In this
reaction though, errors occur, but not so much that the results were not acceptable. The second set of
graphs drawn were identical to the first set, but rather than calculating half-lives, they were used to
find the gradient at five points along each graph (Graphs 2 and 5). The pipette was not allowed to
touch Solution B so as to eliminate the need for rinsing it after each reaction. The actual process of
drawing the graphs provides a number of sources for error. The iodine that is then produced reacts
immediately reacts with thiosulphate ions as follows. In order to do this I will have to do the
following. It was made clear from early on in the investigation through background knowledge and
trial experiments the concentration of these two substances does not have an effect on the rate of the
reaction. The reaction was found to be faster at higher temperatures, following an Arrhenius
relationship. Of course distilled water was used so as to prevent reactions that might have occurred
between salts in regular water and the actual reactants of the reactions. The editors will have a look
at it as soon as possible. Therefore there is a possibility that volumes were not always measured to
the accuracy capable, this may have been due to bad technique, or possibly the fact that there was
limited time and a certain amount of pressure to complete all of the practical work. The rate of this
reaction depends on the temperature, and on the concentrations of iodate ions. Therefore a
modification that might be made could be to perhaps use a more sophisticated and reliable water
bath. Investigating the Factors Affecting the Rate of Reaction for the Iodine Clo. I am not sure why
there was variation in the times it took for the actual colour change to occur, and therefore
modifications to the method cannot be made, however this opens up the possibility for further
investigation. Hydrochloric acid, HCl was a suggested catalyst but it was not used as the reactants
were very much capable of quickly reacting with aid. However, in order to consider the possible
errors that I may have made, I also drew two more lines on the same graph giving the values of the
maximum and minimum gradients. The n wait for the completion of the reaction. 4. Record the time
at the instant the deep blue-black colour first appears. Varying the concentration of the KIO3
solution and changing the temperature at which the reaction takes place can affect the reaction rate
of KIO3 and NaHSO3. In part 1, the concentration of iodine and hydrogen peroxide were varied
while temperature remained constant. The color change occurs abruptly, like an alarm clock ringing.
Where there are anomalous results that are clearly errors when compared to the other results gained,
these results will be discarded, and not included when averages are being taken. In part 2,
temperature was varied while concentration remained constant. Therefore when conducting these
procedures, extra care and vigilance must be taken; acknowledging these possible risks should result
in safe laboratory work. This is the reason for the starch solution, as iodine forms an intense blue-
black presence once they come together. And so this is a very real area where errors in the results
may have occurred.