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Herschel, which preserves a very nice hexagonal shape. The higher you drop the marble the bigger
the diameter of the crater will be. The line graph does not pass through the origin (0,0) because the
graph paper is too small to accommodate 10 sets of results (average of both sets of data). Typically,
materials from space hit Earth at about 20 kilometers (slightly more than 12 miles) per second.
Investigate how mass affects the diameter of an impact crater. To investigate the height dropped
from a crater and the affect in the size. The sand must be also very flat seeing that I’m dropping a
marble and then measuring the crater, otherwise it wouldn’t be a fair test as the sand could be
uneven. I had to be extremely accurate with my compass, and had to make sure I measured from the
very end of the crater to the other. Each measurement was done in millimetres, which made it very
accurate, and for some I have chosen to include at least 1 d.p. I was then able to make clear and
reliable justifiable judgements. The thing I will change in my investigation is height at which the ball
is released from. The crater was quite wide therefore it was hard to see where to take the readings. I
am going to do this by dropping a ball bearing with a mass of 63.7g, from varying heights into a tub
of sand and then measuring the width of the crater it made. The small increments of 5cm allowed me
to work with a lot of results and a lot more accurate results. The reason they were proportional is
because the deeper the crater produced the wider it must be and therefore they should be reasonably
proportional. I will only change the height of which I will be dropping the marble, for example
dropping the marble at multiples of ten. The pendulum ball remained unchanged throughout the
course of the experiment as well. This meter stand is metal and tall enough to hold a meter ruler; it
also has a claw extended from its body to hold the ruler. Let the wax dip into the 3 craters you made,
making sure that it fills up to the full level, but don’t go over the top, wait until they have set
properly, and lift it out of the sand and onto the newspapers. These will be the smallest height I
intend to drop the ball bearing from and the greatest height I intend to drop it from. This shows that
the graph would eventually level off. This will vary my results, therefore making it easier and more
reliable to make a clear conclusion on my results. However the size of the marble will have to stay the
same as it will affect the size of the crater. Take measurements and calculate gravitational potential
energy. The terraces are best seen on the east side of the crater where they look like the pictures you
may have seen in travel magazines of rice paddies decorating steep hillsides in many Asian countries.
The mass of the ball was kept constant and the flour was shaken within the container to as near a
horizontal level as possible so that it did not affect the next result by causing the depth of the crater
to be changed. This made the average closer to the repeat readings though the average was still a
little further from the repeat readings than I would have anticipated. I have predicted this because the
higher the object is dropped from the more gravitational potential energy the. I am going to do this
by dropping a ball bearing with a mass of 63.7g, from varying heights into a tub of sand and then
measuring the width of the crater it made. The volume of same is measured by pouring it into a
beaker and then weighed on an electronic weighing balance for further accuracy. As the sand is
pushed down it has nowhere else to go but out, this means the diameter of the crater increases.
But this would mean using new sand every time as I would not be sure as to how much water
remained in the sand after each experiment due to evaporation etc. The difference being that in the
case of Tycho, the terraces result from an orderly collapse of the bedrock that formed the original
inner wall of the rim as it slid into the initial impact cavity. The lava within the crater has covered the
collapse features of the crater rim and the lower parts of the outer rim scarps. But it certainly has one
straight segment to its outer rim (lower right): so I would identify this as a hybrid too. A higher drop
would mean that there is a greater gravitational potential energy. Take measurements and calculate
gravitational potential energy. This was indeed the fundamental conclusion of a Finnish PhD thesis in
2009. This was probably caused by some outliers, that were not taken out, or at the time were not
considered outliers. In the case of crater rim collapse by messy landslides made of lots of short
fractures, long straight scarps might have formed as collapse initiated - but there’s no requirement for
them to do so. Callipers could be used to measure the width of the crater whereas better technology
could be used to drop the ball. I think they’re also absent from the north and west sides, but the
illumination isn’t definitive in this image. This is to be expected, as the ball will have some horizontal
speed from the release ramp. This stage is longer than the compression stage, lasting an amount of
time roughly equal to the square root of the diameter of the impactor divided by the acceleration due
to gravity from the target. Simple crater formations tend to be bowl-shaped, complex crater
formations are much larger. They are not major outliers and therefore I have chosen to plot them on
my graph. This is because at a higher point there is more gravitational potential energy. When
something falls, its gravitational potential energy is converted into kinetic energy, so the further it
falls, the faster it goes. I will repeat each height three times to give an accurate range of results. I
thought that if a graph of distance across the crater against height the ball was dropped from would
produce a graph with a straight line meaning that they were proportional. The volume of same is
measured by pouring it into a beaker and then weighed on an electronic weighing balance for further
accuracy. The minority of results that didn’t fit the trend my have been due to. But now looking at it,
they do look like outliers, meaning some of the range bars overlap. I chose them not be the same
range from each height to the next to make it a clear comparison between them all. For example you
could take a wider range of readings or repeat the experiment a few more times in order to be more
accurate. This will vary my results, therefore making it easier and more reliable to make a clear
conclusion on my results. Reviews Select overall rating (no rating) Your rating is required to reflect
your happiness. Hence crater rims tend to remain circular in outline. The thing I will change in my
investigation is height at which the ball is released from. Our customer service team will review your
report and will be in touch. ?1.00 (no rating) 0 reviews BUY NOW Save for later ?1.00 (no rating) 0
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GorillaPhysics Resources 4.59 31 reviews Not the right resource. The results for this relationship are
not sound enough for a conclusion to be made.
The kinetic energy it has at any instant will always equal the potential energy it has lost. I originally
talked to him about putting together this presentation using his images some 2 years ago - and now,
at last, we have it in hand. Also any slight mistake in using the compass could have changed my
measurements, thus giving me these inaccuracies. This is when the impactor's energy is converted
into heat and kinetic energy in the target, as the pressure generated by the impact is so great that even
solid material can act somewhat fluid, and flow away from the impact site. The only disadvantage is
that by using this formula, the crater has to be a perfect semi-sphere, however by eye the crater was
obviously not a perfect semi-sphere. This was because the higher the object was dropped from the
more gravitational potential energy the object gathered, increasing the speed of the ball, concluding
the ball had more of an impact on the surface, creating a bigger crater as the gravitational energy was
transferred as kinetic energy to the sand. This is proven by the fact that the greater the distance
between the ball and the ground, the greater the gravitational potential energy that the ball possesses.
This is the perfect scale and size for me because I need it to go up to at least 60 cm and am planning
to use increments of 5 cm. This last point is going to be common to the next two images as well, so
keep it in mind. So if the mass of the ball bearing were greater the G.P.E would be greater so
therefore the K.E would be higher so the crater would be larger. But it certainly has one straight
segment to its outer rim (lower right): so I would identify this as a hybrid too. This minor problem
could be a major problem for my results. So if my graph were a straight line it would be a very big
crater. The ruler has increments of millimetres; this is useful because I expect craters to be small
enough to measure in millimetres. This lead to the diameter of the craters being changed greatly from
the expected values. We’ve also included a few images from other sources, that I’ll point out as we
go. Gravity and drag forces are involved in the dropping of the marble, and then as it hits the sand, a
small amount of kinetic energy is created. An Investigation to find out how Dropping Height affects
size of a Crater c. Looking at just the south and east sides, I’m struck by the angularity of the
network of long discrete scarps in the south vs the smooth arc of landslide material, both at the foot
of the scarps and in the east where the scarps are absent. This supports what I predicted using the
knowledge I already had. This could be due to the masses of the balls being slightly different. This
increase in speed will cause the ball to hit the ground harder. As shown in the preliminary work, a
large range of heights is required to get a satisfactory range of results. This was based on the
scientific knowledge that as the Marble is dropped at a higher point it gains more Gravitational
Potential Energy, therefore there is a bigger force which in turn will make the size of the crater
bigger. This could be improved by having a platform which is attached to the ruler and can also be
moved to any level of the ruler to roll the ball off since the effect of gravity will not have any
difference being rolled. When it hits the sand the kinetic energy is transferred into the sand as heat
and more kinetic energy moving the sand out of the way. It only appears to be affected by the entry
angle, which determines the vertical component of the velocity. The depth once again has not been
affected by the velocity of the ball, so this is encouraging. How does the drop height of a small and
a large marble affect the size of t. To find out if my graph would level off I tried dropping the ball
bearing from 2 metres, twice my maximum height of 1 metre.
These are much easier to read from than a ruler and they are much more accurate. Possibly a rake or
a large flat object could have been used to level the sand and break up any clumps. We didn’t
include most of the outliers which I thought were extravagantly different to my other results, so it
wouldn’t affect my overall results that much. If I were to drop it with my hand using the naked eye,
this would make my results unreliable. I have chosen to vary the height of the marble being dropper
from. By using averages, it is much easier to make a clear judgment of how the results are. The graph
produced was not straight however and had a number of different details to its shape. In some
craters, a central peak may form as some of the target material splashes back upwards at the initial
point of impact. Because I am measuring the width of the crater I need to keep the size of the ball
bearing the same. A higher drop would mean that there is a greater gravitational potential energy. The
diameter of the pendulum ball was measured before the start of the experiment and noted down.
Measuring large heights was impractical with metre rules, and only a certain number of balls were
available at a good range of diameters. See other similar resources ?1.00 (no rating) 0 reviews BUY
NOW Save for later Not quite what you were looking for. Experiment To Investigate What Affects
the Size of a Crater. Let the wax dip into the 3 craters you made, making sure that it fills up to the
full level, but don’t go over the top, wait until they have set properly, and lift it out of the sand and
onto the newspapers. The difference being that in the case of Tycho, the terraces result from an
orderly collapse of the bedrock that formed the original inner wall of the rim as it slid into the initial
impact cavity. This would have made sure that the sand was roughly the same density throughout.
This meter stand is metal and tall enough to hold a meter ruler; it also has a claw extended from its
body to hold the ruler. This would allow me to remove the ball with the magnet and thus measure
the depth of the crater. I could then be sure that the marble was dropped from the right distance. To
find out if my graph would level off I tried dropping the ball bearing from 2 metres, twice my
maximum height of 1 metre. For instance if the sand I was dropping the marble into had already
been disturbed, my results would be different to what they should have been, therefore giving me an
inaccurate datum. Why hexagonal ? I suggest that 6 is the minimum number of fractures required to
circumscribe an initially circular planform of the initial transient impact cavity. For instance if the
temperature of the room had changed during the experiment, which could make the air moist,
therefore making the sand more moist which will increase the density. The number of data collected
makes the results reliable. This is a layer of material thrown out by the formation of a crater. This
effort has given me a very accurate conclusion and reliable graphs and results, which corresponded
greatly to my hypothesis and the science behind the experiment. Investigate how mass affects the
diameter of an impact crater. The only disadvantage is that by using this formula, the crater has to be
a perfect semi-sphere, however by eye the crater was obviously not a perfect semi-sphere. I have
chosen to use a marble because it is perfectly rounded without any jagged edges, which will make the
almost perfect semi-sphere for a crater.
I can also change the height of the claw and the tightness of the claw. This is the perfect scale and
size for me because I need it to go up to at least 60 cm and am planning to use increments of 5 cm.
The aim of this investigation is to investigate how varying the vertical he. So therefore the more
energy the ball bearing has when it hits the sand the wider the crater it should make. For Deep
Impact, this stage will last around 300 seconds. I have predicted this because the higher the object is
dropped from the more gravitational potential energy the. I believe I gained enough results in order
to make an accurate conclusion on my hypothesis. Investigate how mass affects the diameter of an
impact crater. When the ball is dropped, all this energy is converted into kinetic energy and it is used
up to create a crater in the ground. The depth once again has not been affected by the velocity of the
ball, so this is encouraging. Let the wax dip into the 3 craters you made, making sure that it fills up to
the full level, but don’t go over the top, wait until they have set properly, and lift it out of the sand
and onto the newspapers. Why? I think that it’s so large that the collapse scarps are so numerous that
they merge visually into a pretty continuous circular geometry. Because I am measuring the width of
the crater I need to keep the size of the ball bearing the same. This is when the impactor's energy is
converted into heat and kinetic energy in the target, as the pressure generated by the impact is so
great that even solid material can act somewhat fluid, and flow away from the impact site. So if my
graph were a straight line it would be a very big crater. Just like Egede, it looks to me like a distorted
square with 4 “straight” sides. Millions of tons of limestone and sandstone were blasted out of the
crater, covering the ground for a mile in every direction. (From source 5). Look at the crater rim -
and separate the base of the collapsed terraces and landslides from the outer rim scarps. To make the
experiment more accurate with the same apparatus I could have emptied the sand container as
previously mentioned. The weight was changed by adding iron balls each time. A higher drop would
mean that there is a greater gravitational potential energy. Large, fast-moving objects release a lot of
energy and form large, complex craters. (From source 7). After this if the ball had been dropped
from a higher height it would have no longer produced a bigger crater because there would be no
sand left to push outwards. I want to draw your attention here to the very obvious scarps on the
south side of the outer crater rim, and their absence on the well illuminated east side. It would be
sensible to predict that more energy would make for longer, deeper craters. A best-fit line was drawn
with some difficulty and so error bars were added to each plotted point. A longer tray would have
been able to produce a wider range of results. The size of the tray in which the sand is placed is also
important as it varies on how much sand is placed into the sand tray and how wide the tray is. So if
my graph were a straight line it would be a very big crater. There are just two obvious and clear
outliers, which I have circled in blue as well.