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Vector Space

This document defines vector spaces and their properties. A vector space is a set of vectors that is closed under vector addition and scalar multiplication. It discusses the eight axioms that define vector addition and scalar multiplication, including closure, commutativity, associativity, identity, and inverses. Properties derived from the axioms are also presented, such as order of operations and negation. An example problem shows that the set of linear polynomials, 2x2 matrices, and 3-component row vectors satisfy the vector space axioms.

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104 views

Vector Space

This document defines vector spaces and their properties. A vector space is a set of vectors that is closed under vector addition and scalar multiplication. It discusses the eight axioms that define vector addition and scalar multiplication, including closure, commutativity, associativity, identity, and inverses. Properties derived from the axioms are also presented, such as order of operations and negation. An example problem shows that the set of linear polynomials, 2x2 matrices, and 3-component row vectors satisfy the vector space axioms.

Uploaded by

mahadgaashanle
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Name: Mahad Omar Ahmed

Class: BIT27-B

Topic: vector spaces

Vector Space Definition


A space comprised of vectors, collectively with the associative and commutative law of addition of
vectors and also the associative and distributive process of multiplication of vectors by scalars is called
vector space. A vector space consists of a set of V (elements of V are called vectors), a field F (elements
of F are scalars) and the two operations
Vector addition is an operation that takes two vectors u, v V, and it produces the third vector u + v
V

Scalar Multiplication is an operation that takes a scalar c F and a vector v V and it produces a new
vector uv V.

Where both the operations must satisfy the following condition

Elements of V are mostly called vectors and the elements of F are mostly scalars. There are different
types of vectors. To qualify the vector space V, the addition and multiplication operation must stick to
the number of requirements called axioms. The axioms generalise the properties of vectors introduced
in the field F. If it is over the real numbers R is called a real vector space and over the complex
numbers, C is called the complex vector space.

Vector Space Axioms


All the axioms should be universally quantified. For vector addition and scalar multiplication, it should
obey some of the axioms. Here eight axiom rules are given.

Conditions for Vector Addition

An operation vector addition ‘ + ‘ must satisfy the following conditions:

Closure : If x and y are any vectors in the vector space V, then x + y belongs to V

• Commutative Law : For all vectors x and y in V, then x + y = y + x


• Associative Law : For all vectors x, y and z in V, then x + (y + z) = (x + y) + z
• Additive Identity : For any vector x in V, the vector space contains the additive identity element
and it is denoted by ‘ 0 ‘ such that 0 + x = x and x + 0 = x

• Additive inverse : For each vector x in V, there is an additive inverse -x to get a solution in V.
Condition for Scalar Multiplication

An operation scalar multiplication is defined between a scalar and a vector and it should satisfy the
following condition :

Closure: If x is any vector and c is any real number in the vector space V, then x. c belongs to V

• Associative Law: For all real numbers c and d, and the vector x in V, then c. (d. v) = (c . d). v
• Distributive law: For all real numbers c and d, and the vector x in V, (c + d).v = c.v + c.d
• Distributive law: For all real numbers c and the vectors x and y in V, c.(x + y) = c. x + c. y 
Unitary Law : For all vectors x in V, then 1.v = v.1 = v

Vector Space Properties


Here are some basic properties that are derived from the axioms are

• The addition operation of a finite list of vectors v1 v2, . . , vk can be calculated in any order,
then the solution of the addition process will be the same.  If x + y = 0, then the value
should be y = −x.
• The negation of 0 is 0. This means that the value of −0 = 0.
• The negation or the negative value of the negation of a vector is the vector itself: −(−v) = v.
• If x + y = x, if and only if y = 0. Therefore, 0 is the only vector that behaves like 0.
• The product of any vector with zero times gives the zero vector. 0 x y = 0 for every vector in y.
• For every real number c, any scalar times of the zero vector is the zero vector. c0 = 0
• If the value cx= 0, then either c = 0 or x = 0. The product of a scalar and a vector is equal to
when either scalar is 0 or a vector is 0.
• The scalar value −1 times a vector is the negation of the vector: (−1)x = −x. We define
subtraction in terms of addition by defining x − y as an abbreviation for x + (−y).

x − y = x + (−y)

All the normal properties of subtraction follow:

• x + y = z then the value x = z − y.  c(x − y) = cx − cy.


• (c − d)x = cx – dx
Vector Space Problems
Go through the vector space problem provided here.

Question : Show that each of the conditions provided is in vector space

1. The set of linear polynomials p1={a0+a1x|a0,a1R} under the addition and scalar multiplication
operations.
2. Under usual matrix operation, the set of 2 x 2 matrix with real entries
3. Three component row vectors with usual operations

Solution : Conditions checked from the axioms and properties:

1. The zero element is 0 + 0x is zero


2. The zero element of the vector space under 2 x 2 matrix is zero
3. The zero element of three component row vectors are zeros 4. The closure property of
addition involves is in A because (x1+x2) + (y1+y2) – (z1+z2) + (w1+w2) = (x, + y1-z1+w1) + (x2+y2-
z2+w2) = 0 + 0 Similarly, the closure of scalar multiplication can be obtained.

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