Global green house gas emission

30% 30%
Green house emission (GHG) %

30% 25% 24%

25% 21%
25%

Green house emission

20% 20%
14%
15%

(GHG) %
15% 10%
15%
9% 10% 6%
10% 7%
5%
4% 5%
5%
0%
0%

Top six emittters in GHG emission Top sectors in GHG emission

[Source -EPA (Environmantal protection agency) StatistaCharts (2017)]

1
Percentage of ownership- Cumulative

95%
100% Renewable
90%

80%
Conventional
installed capacity

70%

60%

50%
37% 33%
40% 30%

30%

20%
3%
10% 2%

0%
State Private Central
Gross renewable energy installed capacity (percentage)- Ownership wise in India

[Source - Mazid et al., 2020]

2
Renewable and fossil fuel prediction
for the future

[Source -Institute for energy resource (IEA)]

3
 180 175

160

140
120.1
120
Renewable target 2022

100 Target Installed capacity

100
Under implementation Tenderd
80 73.35
60.93 60
60
44.4
40
23.33 34.98 21.55
20 9.54
7.02 9.54
4.5 5.23
13.8 10 0 5 0.73
0
Solar (GW) Wind (GW) Bioenergy (GW) Small hydro (GW) Toatl (GW)

Renewable energy target, installed capacity, under implementation, tendered in

India
[Source - Mazid et al., 2020]
4
√
Run on renewable source
for hydrogen production

×
Run on non-renewable source for
hydrogen production

5
 CIRCULAR BIOECONOMY

• Biohydrogen
and Biodiesel • Single cell
production protein
Nutraceuticals
Biofuels and
pharmaceuticals

ALGAE
• Algal • Atmospheric
cultivation Industrial Carbon dioxide
on mitigation
Wastewater Climate
industrial • Reduction of
waster treatment Water
water pollution

The circular bioeconomy constitutes a vital principle of the circular economy that will drastically revolutionize our approach towards the management and clearance of biowaste into bio-based
value-added products and bio-energy. A sustainable circular bioeconomy is expected to contribute towards addressing contemporary challenges like global warming, fossil
resource paucity, ecosystem degradation, food shortages and poor municipal biowaste management. The circular bioeconomy is envisioned to deliver multiple bio-based products
from bioresources and feedstock such as algae. VII International Conference on Sustainable Energy & Environmental Challenges (16th-18th December 2022)
7
 Green technology for sustainable biohydrogen production
Source- Rao et al.,2020] 8
 Algae as renewable energy source
Algae are used as biofertilizer for crops as
rich source of nitrogen, phosphorous,
ALGAL BIOTECHNOLOGY (Chlorella, Dunaliella, Gracillaria, and
Sargassum produce fuels like diesel,
potassium, iodine, iron, calcium, silica and
gasoline, methane, ethanol, butanol and
vitamins
aviation fuel)

Algae have therapeutic importance; Algae can grow on land or water (arid,
Chlorellin from Chlorella is broad spectrum saline, marshy) unsuitable for crop
antibiotic cultivation.

Algal storage materials like starch, gelatin

and lipids are used as gelling agent in They scavenge green house gases and can
jellies, ice-creams, confectionaries and be used for carbon dioxide mitigation
bacteriological media

Algae are used in formation of bio-solar Algae are cheap source for waste water
cells treatment and biogas production

Genetically engineered algae are used to

Algal pigments have antioxidant properties
enhance biofuel production and as source
and therefore used in formulation of age
VII International Conference on Sustainable Energy & of protein and vitamin rich food and
proofing cosmetics
Environmental Challenges (16th-18th December 2022) fodder
 Biohydrogen production using kitchen waste

[Srivastava N et al., 2021]

10
 Need of biohydrogen to meet increasing energy demand
[Source-Sekoai et al., 2015]

11
 Introduction to Algae
Algae are very simple chlorophyll-containing organisms composed of one cell or grouped
together in colonies or as organisms with many cells, sometimes collaborating together as
simple tissues

 They vary greatly in size – unicellular of 3–10 μm (microns) to giant kelps up to 70 m long
and growing at up to 50 cm per day.

Algae are found everywhere on earth: in the sea, rivers and lakes, on soil and walls, in
animal and plants (as symbionts-partners collaborating together).

Algae are heterogeneous group of plants with a long fossil history.

Two major types of algae can be identified:
1) The macroalgae (seaweeds) occupy the littoral zone, which included green algae, brown
algae and red algae.
2) The micro algae are found in both bentheic and littoral habitats and also throughout the
ocean waters as phytoplankton.

 Phytoplankton comprises organisms such as diatoms (bacillariophyta), dinoflagellates

(dinophyta), green and yellow–brown flagellates (chlorophyta; prasino-phyta;
prymnesiophyta, cryptophyta, chrysophyta and rhaphidiophyta) and blue–green algae (cyano-
phyta). VII International Conference on Sustainable Energy &
Environmental Challenges (16th-18th December 2022)
[El Gamal et al., 2010]
 A new map of algae industry
published (2013) online by the
algae biomass organization shows
algae production facilities and
research projects stretching from
coast to coast, illustrating a
nationwide opportunity for a new
and growing industry ( renewable
fuels, feeds, fertilizers, chemicals
and pharmaceutical industry)

VII International Conference on Sustainable Energy &

Environmental Challenges (16th-18th December 2022)
 Why Algae ?

Easy cultivation.
Need little attention.
High growth rate.
Algae cultivation leads to the removal of nutrients, heavy
metals, dyes, and pharmaceutical waste from wastewater.
Carbon neutral and carbon fixing.
Extracted lipids from microalgae are utilized for biodiesel
production
Lipid extracted microalgae can act as feedstocks for the
production of bio-ethanol, bio-butanol, and biogas
Bio-char formed from microalgae can act as bio-sorbents.

VII International Conference on Sustainable Energy &

Environmental Challenges (16th-18th December 2022)
[Roshdy Ali et al., 2019]
A typical algal cell depicting biotechnological engineering for boosting algal biofuel (biodiesel, bioethanol, and biohydrogen) production. Photosynthetic
carbon-capture by green algae leads to biosynthesis of starch, fatty acids, TAGs and lipids which upon transesterification making fatty acid methyl esters
(FAMEs-major components of biodiesel). The rectangles (1–4) displayed at the bottom emphasizing the main and self explanatory biotechnological strategies
for improvement of algal biofuels. The abbreviations used are TAGs (Triacylglycerols), and FAMEs (Fatty Acid Methyl Esters).
VII International Conference on Sustainable Energy &
Environmental Challenges (16th-18th December 2022)
Khan, S., & Fu, P. (2020). Biotechnological perspectives on algae: a viable option for next generation biofuels. Current opinion in biotechnology, 62, 146-152.
Metabolic pathways in unicellular microalgae for bio- Algae Chemical Composition
molecules synthesis
Crude Protein (CP) in dry Different Mineral Contents in
matter of Algae Some Genera of Algae

VII International Conference on Sustainable Energy & [Rodrigues D et al., 2015]

Environmental Challenges (16th-18th December 2022)
[Mehariya S et al., 2021]
BIOHYDROGEN PRODUCTION

VII International Conference on Sustainable Energy &

Environmental Challenges (16th-18th December 2022)
 Hydrogen production by sequential dark and photo-fermentation using wet biomass hydrolysate of Spirulina platensis:
Response surface methodological approach

• In this study, the potential of algal biomass i.e. Spirulina platensis • In the present study, 1% (w/v) Spirulina platensis hydrolyzate
hydrolysate as a substrate for sequential fermentative (I-stage) and produced 23.06 ± 3.63 mmol of H2 with yield of 1.92 ± 0.20 mmol
photo-fermentative (II-stage) biohydrogen production was evaluated H2/g COD reduced. In the second stage experiment 1510 ± 35 mL/l
hydrogen was produced using inoculum volume-20.0% (v/v) and
• Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was employed to find the
inoculum age-48 h of co-culture of Rhodobacter sphaeroides
optimum photo-fermentation conditions. From the preliminary
NMBL-01 and Bacillus firmus NMBL-03 under conditions pH-5.95,
optimization experiments, it was found that the significantly
D.F. of dark fermentate-20.30 folds, Fe(II) sulfate
affecting factors for H2 production were pH, dilution fold (D.F.) of
concentration0.412 mM, temperature-32±2 C and light intensity-2.5
fermentate and Fe(II) sulfate concentration during photo-
klux.
fermentation (second stage).

VII International Conference on Sustainable Energy &

Environmental Challenges (16th-18th December 2022)
 Effect of Fe(II) sulfate concentration in
fermentation media (diluted 20 folds) on
cumulative photobiohydrogen production by
co-culture of Rhodobacter sphaeroides
NMBL01 and Bacillus firmus NMBL-03
(initial medium pH ¡6.0, inoculum volume-
20.0% (v/v), inoculum age-48 h, temperature-
32±2 C and light intensity-2.5 klux).

3-D surface plot showing the effect of D.F. and Fe(II) sulfate concentration (mM) (A),
pH and Fe(II) sulfate concentration (mM) (B), and pH and D.F. on cumulative
biohydrogen production (i.e. response C8).

VII International
Pandey, A., Sinha, P., & Pandey, A. (2021). Hydrogen production Conference
by sequential on photofermentation
dark and Sustainable Energy & using wet biomass hydrolysate of Spirulina platensis:
Environmental Challenges (16th-18th December 2022)
Response surface methodological approach. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 46(10), 7137-7146.
 A) B) C)

3-D surface plot for lipid content (% DCW) with different concentration (A) NaH2PO4 (g/l) vs pH, (B) NaH2PO4 (g/l) vs salinity (%), (C) NaNO3 (g/l) vs
salinity (%); other two variables was kept at central value

Swain, P., Tiwari, A., & Pandey, A. (2020). Enhanced lipid productionVII
in International Conference
Tetraselmis sp. on Sustainable
by two stage Energy & using simulated dairy wastewater as feedstock. Biomass and
process optimization
Bioenergy, 139, 105643. Environmental Challenges (16th-18th December 2022)
 ANABAENA IYENGIRI

VII International Conference on Sustainable Energy &

Environmental Challenges (16th-18th December 2022)
 Microalgae cultivation
To commercialize algal production, the first challenge is the mass production of algal
biomass with minimal energy input and in a cost-effective manner.

Phototrophic cultivation appears to be the preferred method to cultivate algal because

sunlight is abundantly available at no cost.

Phototrophic algal can capture CO2 from flue gases and could potentially act as a
superior carbon sink, offering an added advantage to this cultivation method.

The open pond system and the closed-photobioreactor are among the cultivation systems
that are suitable for growing phototrophic algal.

An ideal cultivation system should meet the following requirements:

(1) has an effective illumination area,
(2) utilize optimal gas-liquid transfer,
(3) be simple to operate,
(4) maintain a low contamination level
(5) has low capital and operating cost and
(6) utilize a minimal amount of land.

VII International Conference on Sustainable Energy &

Environmental Challenges (16th-18th December 2022) [Roshdy Ali et al., 2019]
 Algae Production System-Open system

Open systems can be simply categorized into natural waters (lakes, lagoons, ponds) and
artificial ponds or containers.
The most commonly used systems include shallow big ponds, tanks, circular ponds and
raceway ponds.
The open ponds are much easier to construct and operate than most closed systems.

Limitations
1) Major limitations in open ponds include poor light utilization by the cells, evaporative
water losses, diffusion of CO2 to the atmosphere.
2) Requirement of large areas of land.
3) Light exposure of microalgae.
4) Contaminations by predators, alien microalgae species, and other fast growing
microorganisms that restrict the commercial production of algae in open culture
systems.
5) Inefficient stirring mechanisms provided in open cultivation systems, their gas
transfer rates are relatively poorer than the closed systems.
6) All these limitations lead to lower biomass productivities for the open systems when
compared with those of closed systems.
7) Nevertheless, the simple operation and easy scale-up for mass cultivation make the open
systems the first priority option for microalgae cultivation in the industrial applications.
VII International Conference on Sustainable Energy &
Environmental Challenges (16th-18th December 2022)
[Roshdy Ali et al., 2019]
Raceway pond for algal cultivation
Raceway pond system is currently the most economically feasible cultivation
method for mass production of algal biomass primarily due to its relatively low
capital cost and ease of operation.

 The pond usually consists of a closed-loop recirculation channel (oval in

shape) where mixing and circulation are provided by paddle wheels to avoid
algal biomass sedimentation. The CO2 source is sparged at the bottom of the
raceway pond.

A raceway pond is normally constructed with either concrete or compacted

earth and lined with white plastic bags.

The depth of the pond is usually 0.2–0.5m to ensure that algal receive
adequate exposure to sunlight.

Under this cultivation system, algal biomass productivity and yield are
Raceway pond for algal cultivation
recorded as 0.05–0.1 g/L/day and 0.3–0.5 g/L, respectively.

 However, they are highly dependent on algal strains, cultivation conditions,

and local weather.
VII International Conference on Sustainable Energy &
Environmental Challenges (16th-18th December 2022) [Roshdy Ali et al., 2019]
Examples of ORP (Open raceway pond) systems used for production of microalgae.
a) refers to the commercial production of Nannochloropsis sp. in Israel
b) refers to ORP systems located in California
VII International Conference on Sustainable Energy &
Environmental Challenges (16th-18th December 2022) [Rocca S et al., 2015]
 Algae Production System-Closed System

The closed systems refer to the photo-bioreactors, which have no direct exchange of
gases and contaminants between the cultivation systems and the outside environment.
The necessary gas exchange is performed through a sterilized gas filter to avoid the
contamination occurred inside the culture system.
 The closed and open PBRs for biofuels are characterized with the minimization of
contamination over the open systems. In addition to the typical drawback of high
equipment cost, the closed-system photo-bioreactors do have several major advantages
over open system.

1) Photo-bioreactors could minimize contamination and allow axenic algal cultivation

of monocultures.
2) Photo-bioreactors offer better control over conditions such as pH, temperature, light,
CO2 concentration, and so on.
3) Using photo-bioreactors leads to less CO2 loss and prevents water evaporation.
4) Photo-bioreactors permit higher cell concentrations.
5) Photo-bioreactors permit the production of complex biopharmaceuticals.

VII International Conference on Sustainable Energy &

Environmental Challenges (16th-18th December 2022)
[Roshdy Ali et al., 2019]
 Vertical-column photo-bioreactors

A vertical column photobioreactor is made up of vertical

tubing (glass or acrylic) that is transparent to allow the
penetration of light for the autotrophic cultivation of
microalgae.

A gas sparger system is installed at the bottom of the

reactor; this converts the inlet gas into tiny bubbles, which
provides driving force for mixing and mass transfer of CO2,
and removes the O2 produced during photosynthesis.

Vertical tubular photobioreactors can be divided into

bubble column and airlift reactor based on their liquid flow
patterns inside the photobioreactor.

Vertical-column photobioreactors for

microalgae cultivation
VII International Conference on Sustainable Energy &
Environmental Challenges (16th-18th December 2022) [Roshdy Ali et al., 2019]
 Flat-Plate Photobioreactor

Flat panel photobioreactors feature important

advantages for mass production of photoautotrophic
microorganisms.

The simple flat-plate photobioreactor consists of

vertically translucent flat plates, which are illuminated on
both sides and stirred by aeration.

The plate surface is usually made of glass or optical

light film and the circulation is achieved by the same
means of air bubbles rising as with the tubular systems.

However, these systems may also experience problems

with relatively high space requirements, high light energy
requirements, difficulties in cleaning, and possible low
efficiency in terms of mass production per unit of space.
Flat-Plate Photo-bioreactor
VII International Conference on Sustainable Energy &
Environmental Challenges (16th-18th December 2022) [Roshdy Ali et al., 2019]
Horizontal Tubular Photo-bioreactor

Tubular systems are widely used in the commercialized

production for a closed system.

Usually they are made of transparent polypropylene acrylic or

polyvinylchloride pipes with small internal diameters to
increase the penetration of light.

Mixing and agitation of the culture is maintained by an air

pump to provide the circulation.

The most significant characteristic of this tubular system

different to the vertical column bioreactor is the improvement
of air-residence time inside the tubular bioreactor, which can
provide more dissolved CO2. These systems could use artificial
light but there are also designed based on natural light
(sunlight) provided from outside of the tube.
Horizontal Tubular Photobioreactor
VII International Conference on Sustainable Energy &
Environmental Challenges (16th-18th December 2022)
[Roshdy Ali et al., 2019]
 Examples of PBR (Photo-bioreactors)
a) and b) show tubular PBR in vertical and horizontal configurations, respectively, as developed at Wageningen University (The
Netherlands)
c) shows tubular PBRs developed at Fitoplancton Marino SA (Spain)
VII International Conference on Sustainable Energy &
Environmental Challenges (16th-18th December 2022) [Rocca S et al., 2015]
Closed photobioreactors are more productive than
open ponds with productivity ranges from 0.02 to
3.22 g L−1 per day for closed reactors and 0.06–
0.42 g L−1 per day for open ponds.

Closed systems are limited by cost and operation

difficulties. Furthermore, the requirement for the
treatment of a large volume of wastewater using closed
system configurations hinders their application at large-
scale.

On the other hand, cultivation of microalgae in open

system can be productive and cheaper, generating
biomass up to 30 g dry weight m−2 per day.

Open pond cultivation systems (which include lakes,

lagoons, circular ponds, inclined cascades, raceway pond)
are currently the promising system for efficient and
competitive biomass production based on economics.

Climatological conditions, biotic, and abiotic pollutions

are always difficult to control in open systems.
VII International Conference on Sustainable Energy &
Environmental Challenges (16th-18th December 2022)
[Nwoba EG et al., 2020]
Main advantages and limitations of open ponds and tubular/flat panel
PBR systems

VII International Conference on Sustainable Energy &

Environmental Challenges (16th-18th December 2022)
[Rocca S et al., 2015]
Algae production flow chart for value added product
extraction

VII International Conference on Sustainable Energy &

Environmental Challenges (16th-18th December 2022)
 Recovery efficiency of microalgal biomass (in %), energy consumption
(in MJ/m3 ) and costs (USD/ton) of harvesting techniques for various
microalgal strains

n. a. = not available VII International Conference on Sustainable Energy &

information Environmental Challenges (16th-18th December 2022) [Rocca S et al., 2015]
Lipids content (% dry wt. biomass) and productivity (in mg/l/day) of various microalgal strains

VII International Conference on Sustainable Energy &

Environmental Challenges (16th-18th December 2022) [Rocca S et al., 2015]
 Fatty Acid Composition of Algae

VII International Conference on Sustainable Energy &

Environmental Challenges (16th-18th December 2022) [Rodrigues D et al., 2015]
 Algae Composition vs other Plants for oil yield Carbohydrates in Algae

Estimated oil content and yield of different biodiesel feedstocks

Carbohydrates present in different types of algae

VII International Conference on Sustainable Energy &

[Lee CH et al., 2012] Environmental Challenges (16th-18th December 2022)
[Pathy A et al., 2022]
 EXOPOLYSACCHARIDE EXTRACTION FROM DIFFERENT ALGAE

• Cyanobacteria and green algae are phototrophic

microorganisms showing high diversity in their EPS
cellular structure in response to the environmental A) Bracteacoccus sp
conditions of the niche where they occur.
• Production of exopolysaccharides (EPS) in response
to adverse conditions is one of the important features
of these organisms.
• EPS are present mainly around their cells/ filaments
as an enveloped layer and released outside.
• EPS play protective functions and are important for
their survival in stressed habitats exposed to
radiation, desiccation and elevated temperatures. EPS

VII International Conference on Sustainable Energy & B) Oocystis lacustris

Environmental Challenges (16th-18th December 2022)
Kumar, D., Kaštánek, P., & Adhikary, S. P. (2018). Exopolysaccharides from cyanobacteria and microalgae and their commercial application. Current Science, 115(2), 234-241.
 Anabaena iyengiri biomass as natural biowaste for extraction of pigments, EPS, lipids, biodiesel and
biohydogen

Exopolysaccharide
extracted from
Anabaena iiyengiri
biomass yield of 8.6 % by weight, 14g/L
anabaena was
obtained 3.12gL-1

Anbaena iiyengiri

Pigments extracted from Anbaena

iiyengiri (3885 ± 286 µg/L)

Algal waste residues used for bio-

hydrogen production via dark
Application: Zero-emission Biohydrogen produced: fermentation
aircrafts and road transports 13.4 ± 1.2 moleson HSustainable
2/g of
VII International Conference Energy &
dry waste
Environmental of algal
Challenges massDecember 2022)
(16th-18th
 Third generation fuels

ALGAE-BASED BIOFUELS

VII International Conference on Sustainable Energy &

Environmental Challenges (16th-18th December 2022)
 Biofuels

Microalgae are generally more

efficient converters of solar
energy due to simple cellular
structure.

Algae can metabolize various

waste streams (e.g., municipal
wastewater, carbon dioxide from
industrial flue gas) and produce
products with a wide variety of
compositions and uses.

These products include lipids,

which can be processed into
biodiesel, carbohydrates, which
can be processed into ethanol, and Algal bio-fuels production chain Biofuel production via pyrolysis or HTL from microalgae
proteins, which can be used for grown in ORP-Open Raceway Pond ("d" is the distance
between the microalgal biomass production units and the
human and animal consumption. conversion facilities)
VII International Conference on Sustainable Energy &
Environmental Challenges (16th-18th December 2022)
[Hannon M et al., 2010]
Biodiesel production using algal biomass
Algae can proliferate and produce high concentrations of algal biomass and a high content of lipids.
Biodiesel is generally produced from algal biomass by the transesterification method.
Transesterification is a process of conversion of lipids (predominantly TAG) to biodiesel and glycerol in the presence of alkali
or acid.
Algal biomass is harvested and utilized to extract lipids, which can be further trans-esterified to biodiesel by converting them
to fatty acid methyl esters.
The screening and selection of algae are significant elements for efficient biodiesel generation.
Various factors such as; cetane number, calorific value, melting point, and viscosity govern the quality and performance
of the fuel.
Metabolic engineering of algal strains is one of the potential approaches to enhance the efficacy of biodiesel.
A stydy reported 34.53–230.38 mg/L/day biodiesel production from Chlorella biomass containing high fatty acid content.
 Zhu et al. (2014) have employed a pilot-scale photo-bioreactor for wastewater treatment by Chlorella zofingiensis. They
reported lipid content >50% dcw in the biomass of Chlorella zofingiensis, which can be further converted to high-quality
biodiesel.
In a similar study, Sharma et al. (2016) have also reported 13.62 t/ha/year of biodiesel generation by employing Chlorella
vulgaris biomass.

VII International Conference on Sustainable Energy &

Environmental Challenges (16th-18th December 2022)
[Bhatt P et al., 2022]
Lipid Pathway to Biodiesel Production
Lipids produced by microalgae generally include neutral lipids, polar lipids, wax esters,
sterols and hydrocarbons.
Lipids produced by microalgae can be grouped into two categories, storage lipids (non-
polar lipids) and structural lipids (polar lipids).
Kennedy
Storage lipids are mainly in the form of Pathway
TAG made of predominately saturated
FAs and some unsaturated FAs which can
be transesterified to produce biodiesel.
Triacylglycerides (TAGs) generally
serve as energy storage in microalgae
that, once extracted, can be easily
converted into biodiesel through
transesterification reactions.

CoA= Coenzyme A, DAG= Diacylglycerol

DGAT=Diacyl-glycerol acyltransferase
ER= Endoplasmic reticulum, GPAT=Glycerol-3-phosphate
acyltransferase, FAS=Fatty acid synthesis, G3P=Glycerol-3- Alternative
phosphate, LPAT= Lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase, LPA=
Pathway
Lysophosphatidic acid, MAG=Monoacyglycerol
PA=Phosphatidic acid, PAP=Phosphatidic acid phosphatise, Lipid biosynthesis pathway in an algal cell
PL=Phospholipids, PDAT=Phospholipid:diacylglycerol
acyltransferase
VII International Conference on Sustainable Energy &
Environmental Challenges (16th-18th December 2022) [Li-Beisson Y et al. 2013]
Main materials and energy inputs and outputs of biodiesel production from microalgae grown in ORP-Open Raceway pond
("d" is the distance between the microalgal lipids production units and the conversion facilities).

VII International Conference on Sustainable Energy &

Environmental Challenges (16th-18th December 2022) [Rocca S et al., 2015]
 LIPID PRODUCTION FROM ALGAE
Enhanced lipid production in Tetraselmis sp. by two stage process optimization using simulated
dairy wastewater as feedstock

Figure 1. Stress factors and their levels in CCD

Figure 3. Growth curve of Tetraselmis sp. in different dilutions of simulated dairy

wastewater (SDW) and control media.

Figure 2. CCD experimental plan with predicted and observedVII International Conference
Figureon4.Sustainable
GraphicalEnergy &
representation of lipid content (% DCW) observed in different runs
Environmental Challenges (16th-18th December 2022)
responses of lipid content (% DCW) of CCD.
Bioethanol production using algal biomass
The algal cell wall consists of an abundant quantity of fats and polysaccharides (cellulose, mannans, starch, sulfated
glycans, and xylans).
Chemical or enzymatic methods can reduce to simple sugars that may be bio-transformed to ethanol in an anaerobic
environment.
Ethanol can be obtained from algal biomass in steps that include;
1) Screening of suitable algal strain,
2) Cultivation,
3) Pretreatment,
4) Liquefaction,
5) Saccharification,
6) Fermentation, and Distillation.

Chlamydomonas sp. QWY37 in piggery wastewater reported a decontamination rate of about 81% for chemical oxygen
demand, 96% for total nitrogen, and 100% for total phosphorous.
 Chlamydomonas sp. QWY37 biomass contained high carbohydrate (944 mg L-1d-1) content that may be subsequently
transformed to ethanol (61 g/L) by employing engineered yeast.
Tsolcha et al. (2021) efficiently utilized the algae cultivated on agricultural and industrial effluents and reported high
bioethanol production (85.9% theoretical yield).
Recently, wastewater-grown algae biomass has been considered the potential feedstock for bioenergy production

VII International Conference on Sustainable Energy &

Environmental Challenges (16th-18th December 2022)
[Bhatt P et al., 2022]
Bio-methane production using algal biomass
Algae can also be utilized for the generation
of biogas, which can be employed for generating
electricity, fuel cells, and liquid fuel. Biogas consists of
55–75% methane and 25–45% CO2 and is produced
through anaerobic digestion.
Algal biomass remaining after lipid extraction can
be further processed through anaerobic digestion to
produce biogas.
Biogas generation occurs by hydrolytic cleavage of
the sugars and fats followed by acetate formation
with subsequent conversion to methane.
Algal cells consist of high concentrations of
polysaccharides that can furnish carbon to
methanogens for methane production, thus
functioning as an important substrate for biogas
generation.
Algal strains belonging
Main processes stages of biogas and bioethanol production
to Euglena, Scenedesmus, Spirulina, and Ulva have
from macroalgae grown at offshore site
been reported for biogas generation.
Biogas was produced at the rate of 4 g VS/L/day
by Arthrospira platensis on co-fermentation with high Conference on Sustainable Energy &
VII International
[Bhatt P et al., 2022]
Environmental Challenges (16th-18th December 2022)
carbon-containing co-substrates. [Rocca S et al., 2015]
Methane yields (in m3 of CH4/kg VS) of different microalgal species

VII International Conference on Sustainable Energy &

Environmental Challenges (16th-18th December 2022) [Rocca S et al., 2015]
Biohydrogen production using algal biomass
Hydrogen enhancing condition
Hydrogen is produced from algal biomass either in light or 1. Efficient algal strain
in the absence of light. 2. Proper choice of inoculum
During the light-dependent process, water undergoes 3. Suitable carbohydrate source
photolysis by algae with subsequent fermentation by 4. Optimum experimental condition
autotrophic microbes, whereas during the light- 5. Pretreatment
independent method, dark fermentation occurs 6. Algae-Bacteria Co-cultivation
in anaerobic conditions. 7. Integrated hybrid system
Dark fermentation occurs in anaerobic conditions. 8. Use of nanomaterials
 Batista et al. (2015) performed cultivation of Scenedesmus
obliquus in a photo-bioreactor by employing urban Hydrogen inhibiting condition
wastewater and reported hydrogen production of 1. Oxygen Sensitivity
56.8 mL·H2/gvs by dark fermentation. 2. Aerobic Condition
 Biomass of Chlorella vulgaris sp., TISTR 8411 was bio- 3. Extreme Temperature
transformed to bio-hydrogen through anaerobic solid-state 4. Extreme pH
fermentation with subsequent light-independent
fermentation.
This sequential process was reported to produce Factors influencing algal bio-hydrogen
16.2 mL·H2/gvs. production

VII International Conference on Sustainable Energy &

Environmental Challenges (16th-18th December 2022)
[Bhatt P et al., 2022]
 Optimization of sugar release from banana peel powder Intensification of hydrogen production by B.
waste (BPPW) using box-behnken design (BBD): BPPW to licheniformis using kitchen waste as substrate
biohydrogen conversion

• Biohydrogen production using this laboratory isolate was performed

using pre-treated kitchen waste as substrate at optimized pH 6.5 with
yield of 12.29 ± 1.2 mmolH2/gCOD reduced.
• Effect of macronutrients and micronutrients were studied by varying
concentrations on the hydrogen production.
• Hydrogen production substantially increased from 14.10 ± 1.4
• Pre-treatment conditions were optimized using Box-Bhenken design. mmolH2/gCOD, 17.027 ± 1.7 mmolH2/gCOD, 17.029 ± 1.7
• Maximum 5243.62 mg/ml total sugar release was achieved. Banana peel is a mmolH2/gCOD to 17.62 ± 1.8 mmol/gCOD reduced kitchen waste
favourable biowaste for bio-hydrogen evolution. by B. licheniformis at optimized concentrations of different metals
• Maximum cumulative biohydrogen gas 43 ml/30 ml media was generated at like magnesium (MgCl2) 0.59 g/L, nitrogen (NH4Cl) 7 g/L, nickel
5% w/v banana peel waste. (NiCl2) 180 mg/L, and iron (II) (FeSO4) 67 mg/L respectively.
VII International
Rai, P., Pandey, A., & Pandey, A. (2019). Optimization of sugar release from banana Conference on Srivastava,
peel powder waste Sustainable S.,Energy
Kumar,& A., Pandey, A., & Pandey, A. (2017). Intensification of hydrogen production by B.
(BPPW) using box-behnken design (BBD): BPPW to biohydrogen conversion.Environmental Challenges
International Journal of (16th-18th December
licheniformis using2022)
kitchen waste as substrate. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 42(34), 21659-
Hydrogen Energy, 44(47), 25505-25513. 21666.
 Graphical presentation of global rise in H2 demand

[Source-Almomani et al., 2020]

51
(a) (b)

Global collectable crop residues (a) and production capacity of biohydrogen from crop residues (b) from 2013 to
2030
[Karimi et al., 2020] 52
 Global production capacity of biohydrogen from crop residues from 2013 to 2030

[Karimi et al., 2020] 53

[Karimi et al., 2020]
Advantages, disadvantages, and future research direction for biohydrogen production from crop residues 54
[Karimi et al., 2020]
Advantages, disadvantages, and future research direction for biohydrogen production from crop residues 55
 Historical Announced SDS

Low-carbon hydrogen production, 2010-2030, historical, announced and in the sustainable development scenario (SDS)
2030

[Source- https://www.iea.org/fuels-and-technologies/hydrogen]
56
 Hydrogen production technologies acceleration
Dehghanimadvar et al., 2020

57
 Renewable enrgy potential (MW)

160

Wind Power Small hydro power 142.31

140

Biomass power Bagasse cogeneration

120

waste to energy Solar

100
84.431
80

60

40

20

0
Andhra Gujrat Karnataka Madhya Maharashtra Odisa Rajasthan Tamil Nadu Telangana
Pradesh Pradesh

State wise renewable energy potential in India

[Source-Mazid et al., 2020]
58
 Dark fermentation Photo fermentation
3.51

2.7

867.2 144.2
892.3
176.1

23 2.7
0.05 2.5 0.14 2.5
17.8 2
Glucose substrate Culture production cost Glucose substrate Culture production cost
Power cost Labor cost Power cost Labor cost
Gas seperation & handling cost Operating cost Gas seperation & handling cost Operating cost
General supply cost
General supply cost

Various costs associated with dark and photo fermentation process

[Source-Das et al., 2020]
59
 Conversion of Biowastes to Biofuels

[Lee SY et al., 2019] 60

Acetogenesis

Anaerobic digestion process and microorganisms involved in biogas production

61
 √

√
Hydrogen production technologies
[Source- Dehghanimadvar et al., 2020] 62
 Fermentation pathways for biohydrogen production
[Source- Pandey et al.,2011]
63
 Dark and photo fermentation processes linked through Single stage and two stage integrated fermentation
organic acids
[Source- Yadav et al.,2020]
64
 Fermentative liquid waste & its promising application
[Source- Rao et al.,2020] 65
 Technology Development in Biohydrogen Production

Reactor Application

Molecular Application

Biowaste Saccherification

Nanotechnology Application

Bioinformatics Application

Potential microbes Application

66
 • Cell adsorbed solid matrices reported maximum
biohydrogen potential results as 62 ± 5.6 mL H2/30 mL
(control), 138 mL ± 7 mL H2/30 mL (foam), 103.75 ± 6.7
mL H2/30 mL (coconut coir), and 96 ± 6.36 mL H2/30 mL
(wood shaving).
• Experimental validation of the optimized setpoints
produced maximum cumulative hydrogen production of • In cell entrapment, alginate supplemented TiO2-NP reported
2.77 L/L medium (highly close to the predicted response results as 32 mL ± 2.8/30 mL (control- 0 TiO2 mg/L), 35 ±
i.e. 3.2 L H2/L) with a maximum yield of 3.85 mol 2.4 mL/30 mL (200 TiO2 mg/L), 40 ± 2.8 mL/30 mL (400
H2/mol sugar TiO2 mg/L), 53 ± 4 mL/30 mL (600 TiO2 mg/L), 75 ± 4.2
mL/30 Energy
VII International Conference on Sustainable mL (800
& TiO2 mg/L), and 93 ± 3 mL/30 mL (1000
Environmental Challenges (16th-18th December 2022)
TiO2 mg/L) respectively
The highest cumulative volumetric bio hydrogen gas 43 ml H2/30 ml media was achieved at 5% w/v of pretreated BPPW
VII International Conference on Sustainable Energy &
Environmental Challenges (16th-18th December 2022)
Maximum biogas production was observed to be 1665 mL Lipid content was 51.65% , COD removal was 95% and
after 72hours of incubation at pH 6.5. the major fatty acids were C-16:0, C-18:0, C-18:1

VII International Conference on Sustainable Energy &

Environmental Challenges (16th-18th December 2022)
 Hydrogen yield achievements using
different substrates in lab

Highest hydrogen production of 17.62 ± 1.8 mmol/g COD

reduced (equivalent to molar yield of 3.7360 mol H2 per mol
of reducing sugar) was obtained using Bacillus licheniformis
AP1
VII International Conference on Sustainable Energy &
Environmental Challenges (16th-18th December 2022) Pandey A et al., 2013, 2009, 2017, 2018
 Pure culture = Rhodobacter sphaeroides
NMBL-01

VII International Conference on Sustainable Energy &

Environmental Challenges (16th-18th December 2022)
Pandey A et al., 2012
Impacts of nano-forms in augmentation of bio-hydrogen
production in lab
Mixed culture (Rhodobacter sphaeroides NMBL-02 & E. coli NMBL-04
Pure culture (Rhodobacter sphaeroides NMBL-02)
2000
1800
production mL/L
Total hydrogen

1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
Fe bulk form Fe nano form Control Titanium oxide
(300 ug/mL) (300 ug/mL (60 ug/mL)

Types of nanoforms
VII International Conference on Sustainable Energy &
Environmental Challenges (16th-18th December 2022) Pandey A et al., 2015, 2014
 VII International Conference on Sustainable Energy &
Environmental Challenges (16th-18th December 2022)
 VII International Conference on Sustainable Energy &
Environmental Challenges (16th-18th December 2022)
 VII International Conference on Sustainable Energy &
Environmental Challenges (16th-18th December 2022)
ALGAE IN PHARMACEUTICALS

VII International Conference on Sustainable Energy &

Environmental Challenges (16th-18th December 2022)
CURRENT APPLICATION OF ALGAE
WORLDWIDE

VII International Conference on Sustainable Energy &

Environmental Challenges (16th-18th December 2022)
 Current application of Algae worldwide

A) The integrated wastewater treatment and algal biomass based bio-crude oil production by pyrolysis, as designed by the
United States based company, Algae Systems LLC.
B) (B) The offshore algal cultivation system with the proprietary floating photo-bioreactors
VII International Conference on Sustainable Energy &
Environmental Challenges (16th-18th December 2022)
(A) Sapphire’s green crude farm with raceway open ponds The flexible plastic film photobioreactors used by
(B) Seambiotic’s pilot plant Algenol

VII International Conference on Sustainable Energy &

Environmental Challenges (16th-18th December 2022)
(A) Custom-made 25,000L capacity photobioreactor of Pond Technologies Inc. at the St. Mary’s steel plant, Ontario, Canada.
(B) Reducers cool and equalize the pressure of unfiltered emission before feeding into the photo-bioreactor

VII International Conference on Sustainable Energy &

Environmental Challenges (16th-18th December 2022)
 FUTURE PROSPECTS OF ALGAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

• Algae (including microalgae and cyanobacteria) are efficient and sustainable tools for achieving energy security
with a growing global population and for reducing our current dependency on fossil fuels because of their
capacity to produce biofuel. Algal metabolic and genetic engineering may result in unique and promising strains
that are more effective in creating alternative biofuels.
• In addition to colours, lectins, fibres, halogenated compounds, steroids, antioxidants, vitamins, polyketides,
polysaccharides, EPS, proteins, and vital lipids, algae are also rich providers of other chemicals. As a result of
their numerous applications in pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals, they are widely used in various nations.
• Algal secondary metabolites exhibit antiviral, anticancer, and antibacterial properties, among other therapeutic
uses.
• Because biocides are more readily biodegradable in nature than other synthetic pesticides, they have become
widely used as an environmentally beneficial strategy. Although there has undoubtedly been a tremendous
improvement in our knowledge of algal metabolites over the past few decades, there are still many obstacles to
overcome.
• Our stage is prepared and the moment has come to solve the mystery of algal based biofuels as we enter the era
of blossoming algae. Undoubtedly, new scenarios with particular implications for humans and environment will
emerge as a result of the discovery of novel roles for algae.

VII S.,
Singh, R., Parihar, P., Singh, M., Bajguz, A., Kumar, J., Singh, International Conference
... & Prasad, S. M. on Sustainable
(2017). Energy &potential applications of cyanobacteria and algal metabolites
Uncovering
Environmental Challenges (16th-18th December 2022)
in biology, agriculture and medicine: current status and future prospects. Frontiers in microbiology, 8, 515.
82
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• Singh, R., Parihar, P., Singh, M., Bajguz, A., Kumar, J., Singh, S., ... & Prasad, S. M. (2017).
Uncovering potential applications of cyanobacteria and algal metabolites in biology, agriculture
and medicine: current status and future prospects. Frontiers in microbiology, 8, 515.
• Rai, P., Pandey, A., & Pandey, A. (2019). Optimization of sugar release from banana peel powder
waste (BPPW) using box-behnken design (BBD): BPPW to biohydrogen conversion. International
Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 44(47), 25505-25513.
• Srivastava, S., Kumar, A., Pandey, A., & Pandey, A. (2017). Intensification of hydrogen production
by B. licheniformis using kitchen waste as substrate. International Journal of Hydrogen
Energy, 42(34), 21659-21666.
• Pandey, A., Sinha, P., & Pandey, A. (2021). Hydrogen production by sequential dark and
photofermentation using wet biomass hydrolysate of Spirulina platensis: Response surface
methodological approach. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 46(10), 7137-7146.
• Khan, S., & Fu, P. (2020). Biotechnological perspectives on algae: a viable option for next
generation biofuels. Current opinion in biotechnology, 62, 146-152.
• Kumar, D., Kaštánek, P., & Adhikary, S. P. (2018). Exopolysaccharides from cyanobacteria and
microalgae and their commercial application. Current Science, 115(2), 234-241.
VII International Conference on Sustainable Energy &
Environmental Challenges (16th-18th December 2022)
• El Gamal AA. Biological importance of marine algae. Saudi pharmaceutical journal. 2010 Jan
1;18(1):1-25.
• Pathy A, Nageshwari K, Ramaraj R, Maniam GP, Govindan N, Balasubramanian P. Biohydrogen
production using algae: Potentiality, Economics and Challenges. Bioresource Technology. 2022
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• Rodrigues D, Freitas AC, Pereira L, Rocha-Santos TA, Vasconcelos MW, Roriz M, Rodríguez-
Alcalá LM, Gomes AM, Duarte AC. Chemical composition of red, brown and green macroalgae
from Buarcos bay in Central West Coast of Portugal. Food chemistry. 2015 Sep 15;183:197-207.
• Lee CH. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. Coastal and Ocean. 2012;5(2):62-70.
• Mehariya S, Goswami RK, Karthikeysan OP, Verma P. Microalgae for high-value products: A way
towards green nutraceutical and pharmaceutical compounds. Chemosphere. 2021 Oct
1;280:130553.
• Rocca S, Agostini A, Giuntoli J, Marelli L. Biofuels from algae: technology options, energy
balance and GHG emissions. JRC Available at: http://publications. jrc. ec. europa.
eu/repository/bitstream/JRC98760/algae_biofuels_report_21122015. pdf. 2015.
• Hannon M, Gimpel J, Tran M, Rasala B, Mayfield S. Biofuels from algae: challenges and
potential. Biofuels. 2010 Sep 1;1(5):763-84.
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mechanism, and application of biomass for production of value-added product. Environmental
Pollution. 2022 Sep 15;309:119688.
• Li-Beisson Y, Peltier G. Third-generation biofuels: current and future research on microalgal lipid
biotechnology. Ocl. 2013 Nov 1;20(6):D606.

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• Nwoba EG, Vadiveloo A, Ogbonna CN, Ubi BE, Ogbonna JC, Moheimani NR. Algal cultivation for treating
wastewater in African developing countries: A review. CLEAN–Soil, Air, Water. 2020 Mar;48(3):2000052.
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using kitchen waste as substrate. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 2017 Aug 24;42(34):21659-66.
• Rai P, Pandey A, Pandey A. Evaluation of low cost immobilized support matrices in augmentation of
biohydrogen potential in dark fermentation process using B. licheniformis AP1. Fuel. 2022 Feb
15;310:122275.
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box-behnken design (BBD): BPPW to biohydrogen conversion. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy.
2019 Oct 4;44(47):25505-13.
• Pandey A, Srivastava S, Rai P, Duke M. Cheese whey to biohydrogen and useful organic acids: A non-
pathogenic microbial treatment by L. acidophilus. Scientific reports. 2019 Jun 6;9(1):1-9.
• Singh N, Rai P, Pandey A, Pandey A. Exploring the potential of Bacillus licheniformis AP1 for fermentive
biohydrogen production using starch substrate: BBD based process parameter optimization. Fuel. 2022 Jul
1;319:123668.
• Pandey A, Sinha P, Pandey A. Hydrogen production by sequential dark and photofermentation using wet
biomass hydrolysate of Spirulina platensis: Response surface methodological approach. International Journal
of Hydrogen Energy. 2021 Feb 8;46(10):7137-46.
• Swain P, Tiwari A, Pandey A. Enhanced lipid production in Tetraselmis sp. by two stage process optimization
using simulated dairy wastewater as feedstock. Biomass and Bioenergy. 2020 Aug 1;139:105643.
VII International Conference on Sustainable Energy &
Environmental Challenges (16th-18th December 2022)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
P
r
o
f

A
n
J
a
n
a

P
a
n
d
e RESEARCH
y GROUP
VII International Conference on Sustainable Energy &
Environmental Challenges (16th-18th December 2022)
THANKYOU

VII International Conference on Sustainable Energy &

Environmental Challenges (16th-18th December 2022)