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ELT2035 Signals: & Systems

This document provides additional exercises on Laplace transforms and signals and systems. It includes problems involving determining the Laplace transform of time functions, partial fraction expansions, evaluating integrals using Laplace transforms, determining differential equations from impulse responses, and sketching regions of convergence. Solutions are provided for each problem, demonstrating working through the steps to arrive at the final answers using properties of Laplace transforms.

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27 views

ELT2035 Signals: & Systems

This document provides additional exercises on Laplace transforms and signals and systems. It includes problems involving determining the Laplace transform of time functions, partial fraction expansions, evaluating integrals using Laplace transforms, determining differential equations from impulse responses, and sketching regions of convergence. Solutions are provided for each problem, demonstrating working through the steps to arrive at the final answers using properties of Laplace transforms.

Uploaded by

Trần Ngọc Tú
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ELT2035 Signals & Systems

Lecture 11: Laplace transform exercises

Hoang Gia Hung


Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications
University of Engineering and Technology, VNU Hanoi
Additional exercise 1
Determine the Laplace transform and associated ROC for each of the
following time functions.
a. 𝑥 𝑡 = σ∞ 𝑘
𝑘=0 𝑎 𝛿(𝑡 − 𝑘𝑇), 𝑎 > 0
b. 𝑥 𝑡 = sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝑏 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑢(𝑡), 𝑎 > 0
SOLUTION
a. We have:
∞
𝑋(𝑠) = σ∞ 𝑘
𝑘=0 𝑎 ‫׬‬−∞ 𝛿(𝑡 − 𝑘𝑇)𝑒
−𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡

1
= σ∞ 𝑘 −𝑠𝑘𝑇 =
𝑘=0 𝑎 𝑒 1−𝑎𝑒 −𝑠𝑇
ln 𝑎
The ROC is 𝑎𝑒 −𝑠𝑇 < 1 → 𝑎2𝑒 −2𝑠𝑇 < 0 → 2 ln 𝑎 − 2𝑠𝑇 < 1 → 𝑠 > .
𝑇
b. Consider 𝑦 𝑡 = sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝑏 𝑢 𝑡 = sin 𝜔𝑡 cos 𝑏 + cos 𝜔𝑡 sin 𝑏 𝑢(𝑡),
𝜔 𝑠
applying linearity property of the LT yields 𝑌 𝑠 = cos 𝑏 𝑠2 +𝜔2 + sin 𝑏 𝑠2+𝜔2
Since 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑦 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 , applying frequency shift property to 𝑌 𝑠 yields:
𝑠+𝑎+𝜔 cot 𝑏
𝑋 𝑠 = 𝑌 𝑠 + 𝑎 = sin 𝑏 .
𝑠+𝑎 2 +𝜔2
The ROC is Re 𝑠 = 𝜎 > −𝑎.
Additional exercise 2
ℒ 1
Using the identity 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 and properties of Laplace transform,
𝑠−𝑗𝜔
determine the time function 𝑥(𝑡) for each Laplace transform 𝑋(𝑠)
𝑠
a. 𝑋 𝑠 = , Re 𝑠 > 0.
𝑠 2 +4
𝑠+1
b. 𝑋 𝑠 = , Re 𝑠 > −1.
(𝑠+1)2 +4

SOLUTION:
𝑠 1 1 1 1
a. We have 𝑋 𝑠 = = + , thus 𝑥 𝑡 = ൫𝑒 𝑗2𝑡 +
𝑠 2 +4 2 𝑠+𝑗2 𝑠−𝑗2 2
𝑒 −𝑗2𝑡 ൯𝑢 𝑡 = cos 2𝑡 𝑢(𝑡).
b. Using the result in part a and applying frequency shift property, we
obtain 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑒 −𝑡 cos 2𝑡 𝑢(𝑡).
Additional exercise 3
∞
Evaluate the integral ‫׬‬−∞ 𝑥 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 biết
𝑠−2
1. 𝑋 𝑠 = 𝑠2 +𝑠+1
𝑠−1
2. 𝑋 𝑠 = 𝑠2 +2𝑠+1

SOLUTION:
1. We have
∞ ∞
𝑋 𝑠 = ‫׬‬−∞ 𝑥 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡  ‫׬‬−∞ 𝑥 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑋 0 = −2.
2. We have
∞ ∞
𝑋 𝑠 =න 𝑥 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡  න 𝑥 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑋 0 = −1.
−∞ −∞
Additional exercise 4
Apply the partial-fraction expansion method to determine 𝑥 𝑡 for each of
the following Laplace transform
2𝑠+14
a. 𝑋 𝑠 =
𝑠 2 +6𝑠+25
4𝑠 2 −15𝑠−10
b. 𝑋 𝑠 = 𝑠+2 3

SOLUTION:
𝐴 𝐵
a. We have 𝑋 𝑠 = 𝑠+3−𝑗4 + 𝑠+3+𝑗4 with 𝐴 = 𝑋(𝑠)(𝑠 + 3 − 𝑗4)ȁ𝑠=−3+𝑗4 =
1 − 𝑗, 𝐵 = 𝑋(𝑠)(𝑠 + 3 + 𝑗4)ȁ𝑠=−3−𝑗4 = 1 + 𝑗. Hence, 𝑥 𝑡 = ൣ(1 −
𝑗)𝑒 − 3+𝑗4 𝑡 + 1 + 𝑗 𝑒 − 3−𝑗4 𝑡 ൧𝑢(𝑡) = 2 2𝑒 −3𝑡 cos 4𝑡 − 45° 𝑢(𝑡).
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
b. We have 𝑋 𝑠 = 𝑠+2 + + with 𝐶 = 𝑠 + 2 3 𝑋(𝑠)ȁ𝑠=−2 = 36,
𝑠+2 2 𝑠+2 3
𝑑 3 𝑋(𝑠) 𝑑2
𝐵= 𝑠+2 ቚ = −31, 𝐴 = 𝑠 + 2 3 𝑋(𝑠) ቚ = 4.
𝑑𝑠 𝑠=−2 𝑑𝑠2 𝑠=−2
Hence, 𝑥 𝑡 = 4 − 31𝑡 + 18𝑡 2 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑢(𝑡).
Additional exercise 5
An LTI system has impulse response ℎ 𝑡 = 3𝑒 −𝑡 𝑢 𝑡 − 2𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑢 𝑡 .
Determine the differential equation description of the system.
SOLUTION:
3 2 𝑠+4
We have 𝐻 𝑠 = ℒ ℎ(𝑡) = 𝑠+1 − 𝑠+2 = 𝑠2+3𝑠+2.
𝑌(𝑠)
On the other hand, 𝐻 𝑠 = 𝑋(𝑠) ⟹ 𝑌 𝑠 𝑠 2 + 3𝑠 + 2 = 𝑋(𝑠) 𝑠 + 4 . (1)
Finally, taking the inverse Laplace transform on both sides of (1) and apply
differentiation and linearity properties, assuming zero initial conditions, to
yield:
𝑑2 𝑑 𝑑
𝑑𝑡 2
𝑦 𝑡 + 3 𝑑𝑡 𝑦 𝑡 + 2𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑑𝑡 𝑥 𝑡 + 4𝑥(𝑡).
Additional exercise 6
Consider a continuous-time LTI system for which the input 𝑥(𝑡) and output
𝑑2 𝑑
𝑦(𝑡) are related by the differential equation 𝑦 𝑡 − 𝑑𝑡 𝑦 𝑡 − 2𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑥(𝑡).
𝑑𝑡 2
a. Determine the transfer function 𝐻(𝑠) of the system.
b. Sketch the ROC for each of the following cases: (i) The system is stable
(ii) The system is causal (iii) The system is neither stable nor causal.
c. Determine ℎ(𝑡) when the system is causal.
SOLUTION:
a. Take Laplace transform on both sides of the ODE, assuming zero initial
𝑌(𝑠)
conditions, we have 𝑠 2 𝑌 𝑠 − 𝑠𝑌 𝑠 − 2𝑌 𝑠 = 𝑋(𝑠). Hence 𝐻 𝑠 = 𝑋(𝑠) =
1 1
= . The pole-zero plot is shown below
𝑠 2 −𝑠−2 (𝑠−2)(𝑠+1)
Additional exercise 6
solution (cont.)
b. (i) For a stable system, the ROC must include the 𝑗𝜔-axis (ii) For a causal
system, the ROC must be to the right of the rightmost pole (iii) For a
system that is not causal or stable, we are left with an ROC that is to the
left of 𝑠 = −1.
(i) (ii) (iii)

c. Since ℎ 𝑡 = ℒ −1 𝐻(𝑠) , to find the impulse response, we use the partial


−1Τ3 1 Τ3
fraction expansion 𝐻 𝑠 = + . We now take the inverse Laplace
𝑠+1 𝑠−2
transform of each term in the partial fraction expansion. Since the system
is causal, we choose right-sided signals in both cases. Thus,
1 1
ℎ 𝑡 = − 3 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑢 𝑡 + 3 𝑒 2𝑡 𝑢(𝑡).

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