HAN Automotive

SEV Lesson 5:
Aerodynamics

Saving Energy in a Vehicle

Note: most figures in this PowerPoint are from the reader SEV, others are directly sourced

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content
• Static and dynamic pressure
• The relation between pressure and force
• Bernoulli’s Law
• Laminar and Turbulent Flows
• The influence of the border layer around objects
• Methods to lower the air resistance
• The drag force coefficient
• Calculate the power needed to overcome air resistance
• Stationary Mass Flow

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Static and Dynamic pressure

Static Pressure

𝑝𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣 = 𝑝ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟 =  ∙ 𝑔 ∙ ℎ

Dynamic Pressure

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𝑝𝑑𝑦𝑛 =  𝑣 2 [𝑃𝑎]
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https://aviation.stackexchange.com/questions/36656/how-can-dynamic-and-static-pressure-be-explained?rq=1

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Bernoulli’s Law
air=1.3 [kg/m3]
Wind = 10 [m/s]

2 3
Glass-plate = 2 [m2]
Glass
1
Wind
Calculate the Force
on the glass plate
because of the wind
1 1
𝑝1 +  𝑔 ℎ1 +  𝑣12 = 𝑝2 +  𝑔 ℎ2 +  𝑣22
2 2
1 1
105 + 1.3 ∙ 9.81 ∙ 0 + ∙ 1.3 ∙ 102 = 𝑝2 + 1.3 ∙ 9.81 ∙ 0 + ∙ 1.3 ∙ 02
2 2
𝑝2 = 100 065 𝑃𝑎

This means for the Force on the glass plate:

𝐹
𝑝 = 𝐴 => 𝐹 = 𝑝 ∙ 𝐴 = 65 ∙ 2 = 130 [𝑁]

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How high can we get the water ?

Try to calculate the maximum height,

while pumping with maximum vacuum. 2
water = 1000 [kg/m3]

Remember:
1 1
1
𝑝1 +  𝑔 ℎ1 +  𝑣12 = 𝑝2 +  𝑔 ℎ2 +  𝑣22
2 2

105 + 0 + 0 = 0 + 1000 ∙ 9.81 ∙ ℎ2 + 0

ℎ2 = 10.19 [𝑚]

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 Venturi => the carburetor

1 1 1 1
𝑝1 +  𝑔 ℎ1 +  𝑣12 = 𝑝2 +  𝑔 ℎ2 +  𝑣22 𝑝1 + 𝑣12 = 𝑝2 + 𝑣22
2 2 2 2
𝑝1 + 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝑝2 + 𝑏𝑖𝑔
𝑝2 < 𝑝1
Who can prove with Bernoulli’s principle that the
pressure in the venturi is lower?

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Aerodynamics in practice

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Border layer (grenslaag [NL])

https://www.rideapart.com/articles/255508/when-motorcycle-helmets-look-like-golf-balls/

• the speed of the medium at the border layer of the object is always zero
• Polishing the surfaces of objects to lessen the drag forces is not always true
• Within the border layer the friction causes a drag force
• The dimples on the surface of a golf ball makes it easier for the air to leave the
surface, the border layer becomes thinner and the friction is lower

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Pressure around the object

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 A few tips
A few tips :
• Avoid sharp edges at the front
• when you need to use obstacles
(like wipers…) make a dimple or
edge in your construction to release
the border layer.
• Let the frontal area increase slowly
at the front, but also at the rear!
• Look at good practices on the
internet.
The drag force coefficient has the
minimum value when you can reach
the speed of sound. If not, then review
the tips above

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Drag force example
A Mc Laren F1 has a power of 465 [kW] (around 630 [hp]),
and has a top speed of 380 [km/h].
How much power is needed to overcome only the air resistance?

We need some numbers of course: First we calculate the speed in [m/s] :

𝑘𝑔
𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 1.3 𝑚3 380
𝑐𝑑 = 0.32 [−] 𝑣= = 105.5 [𝑚/𝑠]
3.6
𝐴 = 1.8 [𝑚2 ]

Now we fill in the formula for the Air resistance:

1 1
𝐹𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 𝑐𝑑 ∗ 𝐴 ∗  𝑣 = 0.32 ∗ 1.8 ∗ ∗ 1.3 ∗ 105.52 = 4.17 [𝑘𝑁]
2
2 2
The power is Force times velocity:
𝑃 = 𝐹 ∗ 𝑣 = 4.17 ∗ 105.5 = 440 [𝑘𝑊]
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stationary mass flow

Definitions :
𝑘𝑔
𝑚ሶ mass flow or mass flux with unit
𝑠

𝑚3
𝑉ሶ volume flow or volume flux with unit
𝑠
𝑘𝑔
𝜌 density with unit
𝑚3

𝐴 cross-sectional area with unit 𝑚2

1
For a cilindrical pipe 𝐴= 4
𝜋𝑑 2

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stationary mass flow

There is stationary flow if the mass which passes per unit of time
remains constant.
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For a cilindrical pipe 𝑚ሶ = 𝜌 𝐴 𝑣 = 4
𝜋∙𝑑 2 𝜌 𝑣 = constant

In the case of a liquid the volume flow is also constant because a liquid
is incompressible (density remains the same)

𝑚ሶ = 𝜌 𝐴 𝑣 = 𝜌 𝜑𝑉

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𝑉ሶ = 𝐴 𝑣 = 4𝜋∙𝑑 2 𝑣 = constant

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 A liquid flows through a pipe that narrows

𝑚ሶ 1 = 𝑚ሶ 2 ⇒ 𝜌1 ∙ 𝐴1 ∙ 𝑣1 = 𝜌2 ∙ 𝐴2 ∙ 𝑣2

Because liquids are incompressible there follows 𝜌1 = 𝜌2

So 𝐴1 ∙ 𝑣1 = 𝐴2 ∙ 𝑣2 ⟹ 1
4
𝜋𝑑12 𝑣1 = 1
4
𝜋𝑑22 𝑣2 ⟹ 𝑑12 𝑣1 = 𝑑22 𝑣2

𝑑1 2
𝑣2 = 𝑣1 ⟹ 𝑑1 > 𝑑2 ⟹ 𝑣2 > 𝑣1
𝑑2

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A liquid flows through a pipe that narrows

𝑑1 2
𝑣2 = 𝑣1
𝑑2

twice as narrow ⟹ four times faster

three times narrower ⟹ nine times faster

four times narrower ⟹ sixteen times faster

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A liquid through a pipe that splits into two pipes

𝑚ሶ 1 = 𝑚ሶ 2 + 𝑚ሶ 3 ⇒ 𝑚ሶ 1 = 𝜌 ∙ 𝐴 ∙ 𝑣 2 + 𝜌∙𝐴∙𝑣 3

𝑚ሶ 1 = 𝜌 ∙ 14𝜋𝑑2 ∙ 𝑣 + 𝜌 ∙ 14𝜋𝑑2 ∙ 𝑣
2 3

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Homework Aerodynamics

Please study chapter 5 of the reader:

Saving Energy in a Vehicle-Reader 2022.pdf:

And do the exercises of week 5

see Education / Onderwijs Online

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