Attempts of elements classification

By increasing the number of discovered elements, scientists classified them

according to their properties in order to :

-facilitate their study.

-find a relationship between elements.

The most important attempts are

Mendeleev’s Moseley’s Modern

Periodic Periodic periodic
table. table. table.

Mendeleev’s table:
Mendeleev arranged element according to atomic weight.
Mendeleev prepared 67 cards each element represented an element.

He arranged element of similar properties in vertical columns which were known

later as groups.

atomic weight from left to right in horizontal row(periods)

Advantage of Mendeleev’s table:

-He left gaps in his table to predict a new elements.

-He corrected the atomic weight of some elements .

Disadvantage of Mendeleev ‘s table :
-He had to make disturbance in the ascending order of atomic
weight of some elements.
-He had to deal with the isotopes of one element as different
elements.
Isotopes :they are element have different atomic weight and
same atomic number.

Moseley ‘s periodic table.

The English scientist Moseley discovered after x- rays

Element are related to their atomic number.
-He arranged element in an ascending to their atomic number.
-He added zero group which includes inert to the table.
-He specified a place below the table for lanthanides and actinides
elements .
NOTE: The newzealand scientist Rutherford discovered the
nucleus of the atom contains positively charged protons.
 Modern periodic table

The Danish scientist Bohr had discovered the main energy levels of the atom and
their number reaches 7 in the heaviest atoms.

-elements are classified in the modern periodic table in an ascending order to

*their atomic number.

*The way of filling the energy sublevels with electron.

Description of
modern periodic
table.
-The no. of known elements in the modern periodic table till now is 118
elements,92 elements are available in earth’s crust.

-The modern periodic table consists of :

-7 horizontal periods and 16 vertical groups(18 column).

S-block P-block d-block f- block

elements elements elements elements
Located on the Located on Located on the Located below
left side. right side. middle the periodic
table
They are They are Arranged in 8 They are
arranged ed in located on groups located below
right side in six
 two groups 1A groups 3B,4B,5B6B,7B the periodic
,2A 3A,4A,5A,6A,7A 8 1B,2B table
and zero group.

They are The include

known as lanthanides
transition and actinides.
elements.

They appear to
start from
period 4

How to locate the position of an element:

The element period number = no of energy levels occupied by electron.

The element group number = no of electron in outermost energy level.

Example : the electronic configuration of neon Ne10

+10
2 8 Located in period 2 group 0
Elements of the same group Element of the same period
They are similar in the no of differ
electrons in the outermost
energy level they are similar in
their chemical properties.
They are different in the similar
number of energy levels
occupied by electron.

Work sheet
1-Calculate the atomic number of the following elements:

1-An element is located in 1stperiod and group 1A

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2-Locate the position:

1-Neon Ne10 2-calcium Ca20 3-H1

Choose the correct answer:

1- The scientist who left vacancies in his table to be filled with suitable
discovered elements in the future is ……………………
a- Moseley b- Rutherford c- Bohr d Mendeleev.
2- The scientist who discovered that the nucleus of atom contains positively
charged proton is ………………………
a-Moseley b- Rutherford c- bohr d Mendeleev.
 3- The scientist who discovered the main energy levels is ………….
a-Moseley b- Rutherford c- bohr d Mendeleev
4- The no of known elements in the modern periodic table till now is ……….
a- 216 b- 118 c-316 d -16
5- The transitional element start to appear from beginning of the ……… period.
a- Second b- third c- fourth d- fifth
6- The element , which occupy the middle block (d) in the periodic table are
called ……………. Element.
a- Transition b- alkali c- alkaline earth d- noble gas
7- Which of the following belongs to the same group in the periodic table?
a- Na ,C b- Na Li c Na , Cu d- Na , Ne
8- The element whose atomic no (18) is …………….
a- Transition b- inert c- halogen.
H .W
Give reason :

1-Mendeleev left gaps in his periodic table .

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
2- elements of same group have similar properties.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
What is the scientific principle upon which the element are arranged in ;

1- Mendeleev’s periodic table.

………………………………………………………………………………………………..
2- Moseley’s periodic table .

………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

3- Modern periodic table.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Write the scientific term:
1- The block , that contains the series of lanthanides and actinids.
2- The block that contains the groups from (3A) to (7A).
3- A kind of elements symbolized by letter (b).
4- They indicated by letters s ,p d ,f.
5- They indicated by letters k,l,m,n,o,p,q.
6- The horizontal rows in mendeleev’table.
7- The vertical columns in mendeleev’table.
Lesson 2:

Graduation of the properties of elements in the modern periodic table

The graduation of some properties of the elements in periods and groups (A)

Such as:

1-Atomic size

2-Electronegativity.

3-Metallic and non-metallic properties.

-The atomic size is determined by known the atomic radius of the atom and its
measuring unit is picometre (Pm).

Graduation of atomic size of elements in the periodic table:

Atomic
Atomic size
size
decrease.
increase

In periods: by increasing the atomic number(from left to right),the atomic size

decreases
Give reason: due to the increase in the attraction force between the positive
nucleus and outermost electrons.

The atomic size of the elements of the same period is inversely proportional to the
atomic number.

In groups: by increasing the atomic number (from up to down) the atomic size
increase.

Due to the increase in the number of energy levels occupied by electrons.

The atomic size of elements of the same group is directly proportional to atomic
number.

The largest atom of element in size is cesium the smallest one is fluorine.

It is the ability of the atom in covalent molecule to attract the electron of

the chemical bond towards itself
Electronegativity increase.
decrease
In periods :
By increasing the atomic number (from left to right) the electronegativity
of the element of the same period is directly prop. To atomic number.

In groups: by increasing the atomic number the electronegativity

decrease
The electronegativity of the element of the same group is inversely prop.

Fluorine (f) which have the highest electronegativity.

Note: E N between two element more than 1.7 (ionic bond)
,less than 1.7 covalent bond.
 Polar compound:
They are covalent compound in which the difference in electronegativity
between their element is relatively high.
Example:
Water molecule - ammonia molecule
Water molecule:

• The ability of an oxygen atom to attract the two electron of covalent

bond towards is greater than the ability of hydrogen atom.
Water is consider one of the polar covalent.
Bec the difference in electronegativity between its elements is
relatively high.
Ammonia molecule :
It consists of combination of one nitrogen atom with three hydrogen
atoms.
The ability of a nitrogen atom to attract the two electrons of the
covalent bond towards it, is greater than that of a hydrogen.
Ammonia is considered one of the polar covalent compound .
 Bec the difference in electronegativity between its elements is
relatively high.
Polar compound Non-polar compound
it is a covalent compound it is a covalent compound
the electronegativity the electronegativity
between its elements is between its elements is
relatively high relatively low.
water molecule H2O Methane gas molecule CH4
o= 3.5 H= 2.1 c = 2.5 H = 2.1
3.5 – 2.1 = 1.4 2.5 – 2.1 = 0.4
Ammonia molecule Hydrogen sulphide H2S
n=3 h=2.1 S = 2.5 H = 2.1
3 – 2.1 = 0.9 2.5 – 2.1 = 0.4

• The covalent bond is described as a pure bond when the

electronegativity difference between the atoms equal zero ( oxygen
molecule O2)

Metallic and non-metallic

property
Element in the periodic table are classified into four main kinds:

Metal Non-metal

Metalloids
Noble gases
 1- Metal:
They are the elements which have less than four electrons in their
outermost energy levels

2-Nonmetal:
They are the elements which have morethan four elements.
Metallic elements tend to gain their outermost electron and change into
negative ions to reach to nearest noble gas. Electrons in their outermost
energy levels.

3-Metalloids :(semi metal)

They are the elements which have the properties of both metal and non
metal.
Graduation of metallic and non metallic property in the periodic table.

• In periods :
Starts with strong metal by increasing the atomic number:
The metallic property decrease till we reach metalloid.
Then the nonmetallic property appears and increase till reach the
strongest nonmetal and end in inert gas.

Metallic property decrease.

In groups:

A-In metallic groups:

The metallic property increase gradually as we go from top to

bottom as group(1A)Bec the atomic size increases

Metallic
property
increase

Cs is the most metallic

Li is the least metallic

B- In non metallic Non

groups. metallic
property
The nonmetallic property decrease gradually
decrease
as we go from top to bottom in group(7A) .

Bec the decrease in electronegativity.

The elements of this group are arranged descending according to the
graduation of nonmetallic property.
F the strongest nonmetal.
I is the least nonmetal element.
 • The atomic size decrease. *The electronegativity increase.
• The metallic property decrease * The non metallic property increase.

*The atomic size

increase.
*The metallic property
increase.
*The electronegativity
decrease.
*The non metallic
property decrease.

Chemical properties of metal:

1- Reaction of metals with dilute acids:
A-Some active metals such as Mg,Zn react with dilute acids giving
salt of acid and hydrogen gas is evolved.
Mg + 2HCl MgCl2 +H2
B-Inactive metals such as copper don’t react with dilute acid.
Cu + HCl no reaction .
2-Reaction of metals with oxygen:
Some metal react with oxygen giving metal oxides which called basic
oxides.
2Mg + O2 2MgO
MgO +H2O Mg(OH)2
3-Reaction of metal with water
Chemical activity series:
It is a series in which metals are arranged in decending order.
according to their activity

Metal Reaction with water

Potassium React quickly with water and hydrogen
sodium gas evolves burn with pop sound.
Calcium They react very slowly with cold water.
magnesium
Zinc They react with hot water at high temp.
iron
Copper They don’t react with water.
silver
 metal nonmetal
React with HCl
Mg + 2HCl MgCl2 +H2 No reaction

React with oxygen

C+O2 Co2
2Mg + O2 2MgO CO2+ H2O H2CO3
MgO +H2O Mg(OH)2
Basic oxides: Acidic oxides:
Metal oxide some of them Nonmetal oxide dissolve
dissolve in water forming in water forming acidic
alkaline solution. solution.

• Aluminum oxide are known as amphoteric oxide

They can react with acid and base.

worksheet:
Q (1): Choose :
1- The 3rd period starts with elements their oxides are as following:
-Acidic , amphotric , basic
-Acidic , basic , amphotric
-Basic , acidic , amphotric
-Basic , amphotric , acidic

2- In the same period the elements which have the highest electro-negativity lies in group
( 0 - 7A - 2A - 1A )
3-When sodium react with water …………………… gas evolves.

( O2 - CO2 - H2 - N2 )

4-Metal oxides are ……………………. Oxides.

( acidic – basic – amphotric – neutral )

5-When magnesium oxide react with water …………………….... is produced which turns the
litmus solution into ………………………… .

( Mg(OH)2 - MgO - MgCl - HCl )

6-Zinc and iron react with water only in ………………………… temperatures.

( low - high - medium - no correct answer )

7-Which of the following figures represent the graduation in electro-negativity in the second
period

Q (2) : Complete :
1- The polar compound is a …………………. Compound, the electro-negativity difference
between its elements is relatively ……………………………….. .
2- The atomic size of Na element is ………………………….. than the atomic size of P element
(they are in the same period).
3- Each period in the modern periodic table starts with ………………………… element and ends
with ………………………………….. element.
4- By increasing the atomic number , the value of mass number will ……………………….. in
period of the periodic table.
5- The strongest non-metal elements are in the ………………………. Group.
Q(3) : Write the scientific term :
1- The ability of the atom in the covalent molecule to attract the electrons towards itself.
(……………………………………………..)
2- A kind of elements in which their valency shell contain less than 4 electrons.
(…………………………………………)
3- A kind of oxides that react as acidic or basic oxides according to the reaction conditions.
(………………………………………………..)
4- A kind of elements which has more than 4 electrons in its outermost
shell(………………………………………………….)
5- Covalent compounds in which the difference between the electro-negativity of its
elements is relatively low. (……………………………………………………..)

H.W

Q (1): Give reasons for :

1- Fluoride is considered from the strongest non-metallic elements.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

2- By increasing the atomic number of the elements their atomic weight decreases..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

3- The increasing in the atomic size gradually in groups.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
 4- Aluminum oxide is considered as amphotric oxide.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

5- Sulfur dioxide is considered as acidic oxide.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

: Explain with chemical reaction (if found);

1- The behavior of iron, silver potassium in water.
2- Reaction between carbon (C) and hydrochloric acid HCl.
3- Reaction between (Mg) magnesium and HCl.
4- Reaction between (Mg) magnesium and oxygen (O2).
5- Reaction between water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2)
 Lesson three:
Main groups in the modern periodic table

Alkali metal Alkaline earth Halogen (group(7A))

(group(1A)) metals
(group(2A))
Located on left Located on left Located on right side of
side of modern side of modern modern periodic table
periodic periodic before inert gas in block
table.(first group) table.(second p (7A)
group)
Be4 F9
Li3 Mg12 Cl17
Na11 Ca20 Br35
K19 Sr38 I53
Rb37 Ba56 At85
Cs55 Ra88
Fr87
They are good They are good They are mono-valent
conductor of heat conductor of heat elements because their
and electricity. and electricity. outer most energy have 7
electron.

Most of them They tend to gain one

have low density. electron during chemical
Li,Na,K float on Their densities are reaction and convert into
water as their higher than alkali negative ion
density less than metal density M M-
water Ca is least density
Rb,Cs elements ,Br is the most
sink in water their density.
densities are All alkaline earth
greater than metals sink in
water. water.

They are mono- They are divalent They exists in the form of
valent because they have two diatomic molecules
they have one electron in (formed of two atom)
electron. outermost energy Their physical states is
They tend to lose levels. graduated from gas to
and fuming They tend to lose liquid to solid
positive ion. their valency and
foming positive
ions .
M M2+
They are active The chemical They are active elements
element they are activity of these they are found combing
kept under elements is less with other element
surface of than alkali metal Exept At prepared
kerosene activity.theyare They react with metal
Their chemical not kept under forming salt so they are
activity increase
as atomic size the surface of called halogen (forming
increase Cs is kerosene. salts)
most active metal. Their chemical 2K+Br2 2KBr
They are named activity increase Each element replaces
alkali metal as as their atomic the element below it in
their elements size increases bec. its salt solution.
react with water The loss of two Cl2+2KBr 2KCl2+Br2
forming alkaline valancy electrons Cl2+2KI 2NaCl+Br2
solution. becomes easier. Br2+2KI 2KBr+I2
Ba more active
thanCa more
active than Mg.
Properties of element and their uses:
element Its uses
Na It is used in liquid state in transferring heat
from inside the nuclear reactor to
outside(heat used in generate electricity)
Cobalt Its is used in food preservation
Bec. It emits gamma rays which prevent the
reproduction of microbes.
silicon Used in manufacture of electronic device(bec
it is semi conductor)
Liquefied nitrogen It is used in preservation of cornea of eye due
to the decrease in its boiling point(-196C)
 worksheet:
Q (1): Choose :
1- …………………………………. Is used in food preservatives.
( chlorine – liquefied nitrogen – iodine – radioactive cobalt 60)
2- The reaction of ………………………………….. with water is considered stronger than the
reaction of Na sodium in water. ( Cl - K - C - Br)
3- The halogen elements belong to group…………………..
( 1A - 2A - 6A - 7A )
4- The strongest alkali earth’s metals in reaction with water is ………………………
( Mg - Ca - Ba - Na )
5- ……………………….. is considered from halogens.
( Sodium – Chlorine – Helium – Calcium )
H.W

Q (1): Give reasons :

1- Elements of group (1A) is called alkali metals.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2- Silicon slides used in the manufacturing of computers.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3- Coal is used in getting rid of the odour of the refrigerator.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4- The chemical activity of the alkali earth’s metals increases with the increasing in atomic
size.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
5- Liquefied nitrogen is used in the preservation of eye cornea.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
 6- Sodium and potassium are kept under kerosene or paraffin.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Q (2) : What is the symbol which represents :

1- The most active metal.
2- The most active non-metal.

Q (3) : Show by balanced equations :

1- The reaction between sodium (Na) and water(H2O).
2- The reaction between chlorine (Cl) and potassium bromide (KBr).
3- The reaction between sodium (Na) and bromine (Br).
 Lesson 4
Water
Sources of water:
Waterareas (river,oceons and seas)
Rains wells springs
B-chemical properties of water
1-weakness of water ionization:

Ionization:

It is process of converting the

molecules into ion.

- Pure water is consider a weakly ionized material.

- H2O H+ +OH-
2- Water has a neutral effect on litmus paper:
Bec. When it ionzes,it gives equal number of
Positive hydrogen ion which are responsible for the acidic
property.
Negative hydroxide ion which are responsible for the basic
property.
 3-Resistance of water to decomposing:
Water doesn’t decompose into element (oxygen, hydrogen) under
normal condition or even by the effect of heat.
This property helps to keep the aqueous solution inside the cell of
living.

The idea of work of the Hoffman’s voltmeter which is used for the
electrolysis of acidified water.

During electrolysis of acidified water by Hoffman’s voltmeter,oxygen

gas evolves at the anode, while hydrogen gas evolves at the cathode.
Bec.oxygen ions are negatively charged so,oxygen gas evolves at the
anode, while hydrogen ions are positively charged so hydrogen gas
evolves at the cathode.
 -Adding few drops of dilute sulphuric acid to water during its
electrolysis by Hofmann’s voltammeter.
Bec pure water is bad conductor of electricity ,but acidified
water conducts electricity.

Water pollution:

It is the addition of any substance to water

which causes continuous change in water
properties.

Environmental pollutants can be divided

1-Natural 2- artificial
1- Natural pollutants:
-volcanic eruption.
-death of living
-lightning accompanying thunder storms.
2-Artifcial pollutants:
Burning coal
Types of water pollutions:
Kind of Its causes (origin) Its harms (damage)
pollution.
1-biological Mixing animal and The infection by
pollution. human wastes with many diseases such
water. as bilharzia, typhoid
and hepatitis.

2-Chemical Discharging factories Eating fish which

pollution and sewage in seas. contain high
concentration of lead
causes the death of
brain cells.
Mercury causes
blindness.
Arsenic increasing
the infection rate by
liver cancer.
3-thermal Increasing the Death of marine
pollution temp.(used in creatures due to the
cooling the nuclear separation of
reactors. dissolved oxygen
from water.

2- Radiant Dumping the atomic Increase in incidence

pollution wastes in seas. of cancer.
Protection of water from pollution:
1-Preventing or getting rid of sewage, wastes of factories and
dead animal in river.
2-Developing the stations of water purification.
3-disinfection of the drinking water tanks in periodical manner.
4-don’t store the tap water in empty plastic bottles.
Bec plastic reacts with chlorine gas leading to the increase in the
infection rates by cancer.
5-spreading environmental awareness among people to protect
water from pollution.
worksheet :

Q. (1): Choose from (B) what suits (A) column:

(A) (B)
Probably harm Responsible pollutant
1- Death of brain cells. 1- Lead
2- Cancer of liver. 2- Sodium
3- Blindness. 3- Mercury
4- Arsenic
 H.W

Q. (1): Give reasons:

1- Presence of hydrogen bonds between water molecules.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
2- Pure water doesn’t affect litmus papers.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
3- Although sugar is a covalent compound, it dissolves in water.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
4- Tap water should not be stored in plastic bottles of mineral water.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5- Water has a high boiling and freezing points.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Q. (2): What’s meant by:

1- Water pollution.
2- The latent heat of fusion.
3- Ionization.

Q. (3): How do we keep water from pollution?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Q. (4): What is the effect of the following on the water environment:

1- Drainage of factories wastes in rivers and seas.
2- Using of rivers and seas water for cooling the nuclear reactors.
3- Mixing of animal and man wastes with water.
 Unit 2
The atmosphere and protecting planet earth
Lesson1
The atmospheric layer.

Atmospheric envelope of earth:

It is a gaseous envelope rotating with

the earth around its axis and it extends
about 1000Km above sea level .

Atmospheric pressure:

It is the weight of air column of an atmospheric height

on unit area.

Normal atmospheric pressure:

It is the atmospheric pressure at sea level and it equals

1013.25mb.

1 bar = 1000 millibar.

The instruments of measuring the atmospheric pressure:
Aneroid: types of barometers
It is used to determine the possible day weather.
Altimeter: used by pilots to measure the elevation.
Atmospheric pressure maps:
Atmospheric maps:
They are maps in which the point of the same pressure are
connected together by curved lines called isobar.
Isobar: it is curved lines that join that points of equal pressure in
the atmospheric pressure maps.
Layer of atmospheric envelope
1- Troposphere There is region between each two successive layer
the temp. remains constant.
2- Stratosphere
1-tropopause :region between troposphere and
3- Mesosphere
stratosphere.
4- Thermosphere
2-stratopause: region between stratosphere and
mesosphere.

3-mesopause : region between mesosphere and

thermoshere.
troposphere stratosphere mesosphere thermosphere
First layer it means Second layer it is Third layer of Fourth layer it called
the disturbed layer called the ozonic atmospheric thermal layer bec it is the
all weather changes atmospheric envelope envelope
hottest layer.
take place in it. The coldest layer.
Thickness of Thickness of this layer Thickness of this Thickness of this layer
troposphere is 13 Km is 37 Km layer is 35 Km. 590Km.
Temp. layerdecrease Temp. increase until Temp. decreases at a Temp increase as we go up
at rate(6.50c)it reach reach (00c) high rate as we go up until it reach 12000c
to-600c Due to absorption of until it reach -90
u.v.
The atmospheric 1mb=0.001bar from Contains charged ions
pressure decrease as the normal.
we go up until it
become 100mb at its
top100=0.1bar from
the normal.
It contain 75% of It contain most of It contain limited
mass of the ozone gas which is quantities of helium
atmospheric air all found in atmospheric and
phenomena accur on at height of 20:40km hydrogen(vacuumed)
it .it contains 99% of (highly rarefied)
atmospheric water
vapour.
Air movement is The lower part of such It protect the planet
vertical. layer doesn’tcontain earth from celestial
cloud or weather rocky where they
disturbance and the burn as a result of
air movement is their friction with air
horizontal so pilots molecules forming
prefer to fly their meteors.
planes in this layer.
 Ionosphere layer:
Van-Allen belts:
It is a layer that
They are two magnetic belts
contains charged on
surrounding ionosphere and play
and it has an important
an important role in scattering
role in wireless
harmful charged cosmic radiations.
communications.

Aurora phenomenon:

It appears as bright colourful light curtain seen from the both poles

Importance: satellites orbit in exosphere are used

to transmit weather information and tv programs
 Worksheet:
Q. (1): choose:
1. Normal atmospheric pressure equals …………………………… millibar.
( 1013.25 - 76 - 1.013 - 760 )
2. ……………………………. Is located between stratosphere and mesosphere.
( stratopause – tropopause – mesopause – thermosphere )
3. Meteors burn in ……………………………… .
(mesosphere – ionosphere – exosphere – stratosphere )
4. The hottest atmospheric layer is ……………………………… .
( troposphere – stratosphere – mesosphere – thermosphere )
5. The coldest atmospheric layer is ………………………………… .
( troposphere – stratosphere – mesosphere – thermosphere )
6. The device used in measuring the atmospheric pressure is ……………………… .
( altimeter – aneroid – barometer – a and b )
7. The device used in measuring the altitude from the Earth’s surface is ………………………… .
( altimeter – aneroid – barometer – a and b )
8. The charged cosmic radiation are dispersed in the …………………… layer.
(troposphere – stratosphere – mesosphere – thermosphere )

H.W

Q. (1): Mention the importance of the following device:

1. Van Allen Belts.
2. Altimeter.
3. Satellites.
Q. (2): What’s meant by:
1. Atmospheric pressure.
2. The Aurora phenomenon.
3. Exosphere.

Q. (3): Give reasons:

1. The lower part of the stratosphere is suitable for plane flying.
2. The upper part of thermosphere is called ionosphere.
3. Rains, clouds and winds are in troposphere.
4. The upper part of stratosphere has relative high temperature than the lower part.
 Lesson 2
Erosion of ozone layer and global warming
Position of ozone layer
Located at height 20:40Km
Structure of ozone layer:
Consists of three oxygen atoms.
Formation of ozone gas:
1- Oxygen gas molecule absorbs u.v which causes the break
down of the bond between the two oxygen atoms giving two
free oxygen atom (2O)
O2 O+O
2- Each oxygen atom combines with an oxygen molecules
forming ozone molecule (O3)
O+O O3
Thickness of ozone layer:
20Km measuring unit is Dobson
Types of UV rays:
UV rays Near UV medium UV Far UV
wavelength 315:400 nm 280:315nm 100:280nm
Range of penetrate don’t don’t
penetration 100% penetrate penetrate
from ozone 95% 100%
layer.

Harms of far and medium UV rays:

living harmful effects
organisms
human: Increasing the rate of skin cancer.
cataract.
weakness of the immunity system.
amphibians: Spoil eggs.
decreasing the rate of
reproduction.
marine death of plankton.
destroying the marine food chains.
Terrestrial Upset the photosynthesis process.
plants: shortage of crops.
Erosion of ozone layer:
Scientists have noticed that there was erosion of ozone layer
above the south poles .this phenomenon is known as an ozone
hole that increase in September.
Bec all pollutants are pushed by wind toward south poles.
Ozone holes:

It means thinning layer

above the south poles.
Pollutants of ozone layer:
1-chorofluorocarbon compound(CFCs)(Freon)
-A cooling substance in air conditioning sets.
- A propellant substance in aerosols.
-A flatting substance in making foam backing.
-A Solvent substance for cleaning electric circuits.
2-Methyl bromide gas:
it is used as an insecticide.
3- Halons:
they are used in extinguishing fires.
4- Nitrogen oxides:
They are produce from the burning of fuel of
ultrasound airplanes.(concorde)
The effect of chlorofluorocarbon:
Steps of erosion ozone chemical equations
layer
First steps: CFCl3 CFCl2 +Cl
UV breakdown the
chlorofluorocarbon
compound and liberate
active chlorine atom(Cl)
second steps: Cl +O3 O2 +ClO
Active chlorine atom (Cl) ClO+O3 2O2+Cl
react with ozone
molecules (O3) forming
chlorine monoxide (ClO)
Third steps:
Chlorine monoxide
(ClO)react with other
ozone molecule, where
other active chlorine
atoms liberate and play
their role in destroying
more amount of ozone
gas.
Protecting the ozone layer:
Montreal protocol:(to protect ozone layer)
Some of these recommendations are:
• The use of CFCs must be reduced and find safer alternatives.
• Stop producing the ultrasound Concorde planes as their
exhausts affect the ozone layer.
Global warming phenomenon:
It is the continuous increase in the average temperature of
the ‘s near-surface air.
The most important greenhouse gases:
1-carbon dioxide gas.
2-CFCs
3-Methane gas(CH4).
4-Nitrous oxide (N2O).
5-Water vapour (H2O).
The reason for increasing greenhousegases ratio in the
atmosphere:
1-Fossil fuel burning.
2-Cutting trees.
3-Forests fires.
Interpretation of the greenhouse phenomenon:
1-It permits the visible light and short-waved rays produced from
the sun to pass.
2-the earth and it components absorb these rays and reemit the
radiation back in form of infrared radiation.
3-The infrared radiation cannot penetrate the atmosphere
because it has a long wavelength so it is kept trapped in the
troposphere causing the rise in planet earth ‘ temperature.

Greenhouse effect:

It is the trapping of infrared radiation in the

troposphere layer due to the increase in the ratio of
greenhouse gases which cause the increase in
temperature.
The ultraviolet radiation has a chemical effect, while infrared radiation
has a thermal effect.
The negative effects of global warming phenomenon:
*Melting the ice and snow of both south and north poles:
1-coastal areas as they could drown.
2-extinction of some polar animals like the polar bear and seals.
*severe climate changes:
1-tropical hurricanes such as hurricane Katrina in 2005.
2 –destructive floods.
3-Drought waves.
4-Forest fires.
How to overcome global warming:
Kyoto protocol that suggests:
1-reducing the ratio of bad emission by cutting down consumption
of fossil fuel .
2-searching for environmental friendly alternative energy
resources.
 worksheet :
Q. (1):choose :
1. Ozone layer is measured by a unit called …………………………… .
( Km - Dobson - nm - mm3 )
2. All are greenhouse gases except …………………………… .
(CO2 - O2 - N2O - CH4)
3. The ozone molecule is consist of ………………………. .
( 4 oxygen atoms – 2 oxygen atoms – 3 o atoms – 1 oxygen atoms)
4. The CFCs compounds break down under the effect of ultraviolet rays to release
………………………… atom.
(carbon - chloride - oxygen - Freon)
5. The ozone layer doesn’t allow the passage of ……………………………… ultraviolet rays.
(far - medium - near - a&b together)
6. ……………………. Is used as a coolant in cooling devices.
(Methyl bromide gas – Halons – Nitrogen oxide – Freon)
7. …………………….. is used as insecticide to preserve stored agricultural crops.
(Methyl bromide gas – Halons – Nitrogen oxide – Freon)

Q (2) : Mention 2 harmful effects that are caused by Global Warming

Q. (3): Put ( ) or (X) :

1. 50% of the mass of the atmospheric envelope is in some area in between sea level and a
3 km elevation ( )
2. The satellites revolve around the Earth in a region called exosphere ( )
3. The air moves horizontally in the bottom part of stratosphere ( )
4. The thickness of mesosphere is 60 km ( )
5. The ionosphere is surrounded by Van Allen’s belt which is responsible for scattering the
harmful cosmic rays away from Earth ( )
6. Lacking of plants on Earth will lead to increasing in temperature ( )
Q. (3): Write the scientific terms:
1. A phenomenon looks like a colorful light curtains seen in the two poles
(……………………………………………)
2. The atmospheric layer that contain a certain amount of helium and hydrogen gas
(………………………………………………..)
3. The gas resulting from the reaction between chlorine atom with ozone molecule
(………………………………………………….)
4. A phenomenon that increases the percentage of CO2 and leads to increasing in the
Earth’s temperature (……………………………………………..)
5. A region between mesosphere and thermosphere (………………………………………….)
H.W

Q. (1): Give reasons:

1. The increasing in the ratio of CO2 in the atmosphere.
2. Stop producing the Concord airplanes.
3. Formation of ozone layer in stratosphere.
4. The trading of producing CFCs compounds is prohibited.

The ozone layer is considered as the protective shield for all living organisms
 Unit 3
Lesson 1 fossil

Fossil:

They are traces and remains of old living organisms that are preserved in
sedimentary rock.

Trace: once of an old living Remains: traces that indicate the

indicate its activity during its remains of once an old living
life.ex:worm’tunnels after death.ex: remains of
adinosaur’s skull.

Types of fossils:

Fossils are classified according to the way of formation into several types among them
are:

4- petrified
2-Cast 3-Mold
1-Fossil of complete fossils.
body
1-fossil of a complete body:
Example of a complete body fossil:
A-Mammoth fossil: B-amber fossil:
Types of elephant occurred Pine trees which secreted
in Siberia. resinous matter that covers
It died and rapidly buried in insects.
snow it body didn’t
decompose.

2-cast

a-Hollow cast: as the face mask which has the same external details of
the face.
b- Solid cast : have the same internal details .

Solid cast: it is the replica of internal details of skeleton

Ex: ammonites fossil, nummulites fossil trilobite fossil.

4-petrified fossils:
They are fossils in which minerals replace the organic matter of
organism part by part leaving the shape without any changes.
Examples of petrified fossils:
Dinosaur’s tooth
Petrified wood are consider fossils although they look like rocks.
Bec.theygive us the detail about the life of once an old plant
Naming the petrified forest in qattamiya with wood mountain.
Bec. It contains petrified woods which look like rocks.
Petrification:
It is the process of replacing the wood material by silica to form petrified
woods.
Suitable conditions for fossils formation
1-presence of hard skeleton.
2-the body must be buried immediately after death.
3-the existence of a suitable medium .
Importance of fossils:
1-age determination of sedimentary rocks:
Index fossils indicate the age of sedimentary rocks.
Because the age of rocks in the same age of fossils existed in them.

Index fossils:

They are fossils of organisms that had lived for short period of time and
has wide geographic
2-figuring out the paleoenvironment:
Fossils give us an idea about the environment
Examples:
1-Nummulites fossils: they are found in limestone rocks of el-
Mokattam mountain are they indicate this area was a sea floor
more than 35 million years ago.
2-ferns fossils:
They indicate that the environment where they lived was a hot
and rainy tropical environment.
3-Coral fossils:
They indicate that the environment where they lived was clear
warm shallow seas.
3-Studing life evolution:

Fossil record:
Fossils exist in the rocks of different areas that indicate the extinction and evolution of organisms.

Gymnosperms angiosperms
Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds and mammals
Archaeopteryx: link between reptiles and birds.
4-Petroleum exploration:
The suitable condition of petroleum formation:
If they contain micro fossils like foraminifera and radiolarian.

Worksheet:
Q. (1): Complete:
1. Archaeopteryx represent the link between …………………………….. and………………………….. .
2. Fossils are used in ……………………. Exploration and determining the age of
…………………………… .
3. Complete fossils of insects are found preserved in……………………………… .
4. ……………………… is an example of microfossils.
5. The suitable medium to form a mammoth fossil is …………………………….. .
6. The fossil is a trace and remaining of living organisms …………………………. Preserved in
………………………………….. .
7. By studying the fossil record it shows that ………………….. started first in ………………………
then established on………………………….. .

Q. (2): Choose :
1. To have a fossil of any organism, it should have……………………….
- A hard skeleton
- A medium to protect it from decomposition
- Fast burial after death
- All the above
 2. On the solidification of resinous matter secreted by the pine trees in the old geological
periods it forms………………………
- Petrified wood
- Amber fossil
- Trilobite fossil
- Nummulites fossil
3. Not all the fossils are considered index fossils and that’s because they are characterized
by ………………………….
- Long range of time and limited geographical range.
- Short range of time and wide geographical range.
- Long range of time and wide geographical range.
- Short range of time and limited geographical range.
4. Which of the following fossils indicates that the environment they were formed in was a
hot and rainy tropical environment
- Nummulites - Ferns
- Coral - Archaeopteryx
5. What’s the kind of fossils formed when a plant leaf falls on a sedimentary rock in the
beginning of it formation then it solidified.
- Trace - Cast
- Mold - Petrified wood
H.W

Q. (1): Give reasons:

1. The petrified wood is considered from fossil in spite of their resemblance to rock.
2. Gebel Mokattam was once a sea floor more than 35 million years ago.
3. The amber is considered as suitable medium to form a complete body fossil.

Q. (2): What’s the difference between:

1. Trace and mold.
2. Cast and mold.
 Lesson 2: Extinction
*Extinction:
The continuous decrease without compensation in the number of a certain species of living
organisms until all members dies out.

Ex.: The wild ram called Arwa ram in Egypt is threaded to be extinct.

*The moment of extinction:

It is the date in which the last member of the extinct species dies out.

*Using fossils to indicate extinction:

- The fossils in rocks of different areas which are known as the fossil record indicates the
extinction of species of once living organisms.

- Most of them have appeared and extinct before the creation of man.

*Factors causing extinction of species:

Scientists postulated many theories to explain the great extinction phenomenon (Mass
extinction) such as:

➢ Meteorites that impact with Earth.

➢ The onset of the long glacial age.
➢ Poisonous gases emitted by active volcanoes.

Recent extinction that is occurring now is due to different factors, most of them are due to
humane interference in nature such as:

1. Destroying nature habitat:

- Tropical forests include about one third of the terrestrial living organisms, each
tree form a shelter of more than 300 species of living organisms.
 - Removing forest destroys the habitat of these species and drive them stray and
homeless.
- We lose 68 species of trees every day.
- Half the world’s trees has become extinct since 1950, scientists expect losing a
tree out of five in 2020.
2. Overhunting:
- Hundreds of reptiles and mammals species recently become extinct due to the
absence of laws that control the wild animal hunting.
- The development of the hunting weapons and the increasing interest of animals
skin and furs increases the rate of hunting.
3. Environmental pollution:
Since the industrial revolution in 1750 , pollution has propagated in all ecosystem.
Among those pollutions:
- Acid rains fall and destroy forest trees.
- Chemical insecticides that break down the food chain.
- Oil leaks in seas and oceans.
4. Climatic changes and natural disasters:
Natural disasters such as:
- Active volcanoes
- High marine tide (tsunami)
- Drought
- Floods
- Hurricanes

*The extinct and endangered species

First : Extinct species:

- Since the life establishment, it witnessed 5 mass extinctions. In each of them most
species extinct followed by the appearance of another more evolved types.
*Examples of some extinct animals:
1. Dodo bird: (stupid bird)
• Bird with short leg and small-sized wing, so it’s non-flying bird and can not run
quickly. It is one meter long and build their nest on the ground.
• These features make it easy for hunter to catch it, so it became extinct in 1681 in
the Indian island after 50 years from man invasion.
2. Quagga:
It is a mammal, midway between horse and zebra. The last member of its species was
killed in south Africa by hunters in 1883.
3. Passenger pigeon:
• Its native habitat was North America.
• The number of its members in 1850 was billion birds (1000 million).
• The last member died in one of the zoos in1914.
• Its extinction was due to:
➢ Cutting the oak and beech trees, where they used to build their nests.
➢ Mass hunting of the bird.
➢ Its female lays only one egg each spring.
4. Australian wild cat: (Tasmanian cat)
• This animal had a wolf’s head, dog’s tail, a pouch like Kangaroo, and striped skin
like tiger.
• The last member died in Sidney Zoo, Australia in 1936.
• Its extinction is due to being hunted by peasants because it preys on sheep and
chickens.
5. Golden frog:
The golden frog has disappeared since May 1989and has not been seen since that time.

Second : The endangered species:

➢ IUCN, the International Union for Conservation of Nature, was established in 1963 to
protect the endangered species.
 ➢ It issues every year a Red List , which is a list of endangered species and its level of
danger.
➢ The endangered levels are classified into 3 levels:
Critically Endangered (CR)
Endangered (EN)
Vulnerable (VU0
➢ They are 5000 species.

*Examples of endangered species:

in 2008 the Red List includes 450 species included:

1. Panda bear:
➢ Inhabits the Bamboo forest in northeast China.
➢ They are endangered because of:
- Their weak rate of reproduction.
- The rareness of bamboo plant (its only food) as it does not blossom except once
every 100 years.
2. Rhinoceros:
➢ It is endangered because its habitat started to transformed into a cultivated lands.
➢ They are hunted to use its horns for medical purposes.
3. Bald eagle:
➢ Its head is covered with white feathers, so it looks bald.
➢ It is endangered because it feeds on fish that contain poisonous matter that is dumped
in lakes and rivers.

4. Ibis bird:
➢ Disappeared from Aswan after the building of High Dam, due to loss of its nests.
➢ This bird is still found in Upstream Nile in Africa.
➢ It must be imported back to reproduce its species in the protectorates established in
the Nile islands of Aswan.
 ➢ This bird was important for Pharaohs so you can see its picture in the walls of their
temples, as they drank the only water from which this bird drank as it used to avoid
polluted water.
5. Papyrus plant:
➢ Grows in swamps of the Upper Nile.
➢ Pharaohs used it to make writing papers.
➢ It disappeared due to the drought of these swamps.
➢ It is now reproduce in Pharaonic Village in Giza (Hassan Ragab Village).

- There are also the double-dumped camel, snow tiger, blue whale, antelope deer and
orangutans. They are endangered species.

*Real life app.: Fashion and extinction

Instead of hunting animals to use its skin and furs in making coats and shoes, its better to use
the artificial copy of these skins and furs which looks exactly like the natural ones even
cheaper.

*Effect of extinction on the geological equilibrium:

• Each living organism plays a role in transferring the energy throughout the food chain.
• When one organism disappears, its role stops, affecting the rest organisms in the food
chain.

Extinction of one or more species in a balanced ecosystem caused a cavity in the ecosystem
that would disturb the ecosystem or may destroy it.
 ➢ The ecosystem is classified according to the degree of effect of extinction on it into:

Simple ecosystem Complicated ecosystem

Members Few members Multiple members

Effect Severely affected by the absence of It is not affected much by the

one specie because of the rarity of absence of a specie because it has
alternatives that compensates this many alternatives.
absence.

Ex. The Desert ecosystem. The Tropical ecosystem.

*Ways to protect living organisms from extinction:

1. Issuing rules that control the hunting in land, seas, and air specially for the rare types.
2. Increasing the awareness about the importance of the natural life to sustain the
existence of mankind.
3. Reproducing the endangered species and sending them back to their native habitat.
4. Establishing gene banks for those much endangered.
5. Establishing natural protectorates areas.

*Natural protectorates:

➢ Safe area established to protect the endangered species in their homeland.

➢ The most recognized protectorates are:
1. Bluestone in USA: it protects the grey bear.
2. Panda protectorate: in northeast China.
3. Ras Mohamed protectorate:
- in Egypt, which contain 134 types of rare coral reefs and also contains
colored fishes.
- It is the first one in Egypt which established in 1983.
4. Wadi Hetan:
- It is part of Wadi El-Raiyan protractorate in Fayoum.
- It contain about 205 complete whale skeleton fossils, from 406 whale
skeleton fossils.
- In 2005, the UNESCO declared Wadi Hetan as the best world heritage of
whale skeletons.
 Worksheet:
Q. (1): Mention the most important factors that cause species extinction now.

Q. (2): Give reasons:

1. The desert ecosystem is affected severely by the absence of on specie.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

2. The farmers hunt the Tasmanian cat.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

3. The dodo bird is an easy target to hunt.

./……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

4. The ibis bird is considered as endangered species.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

5. The UNESCO chooses Wadi Hetan as the best world heritage region.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Q. (3): What’s happen when:

1. The continuous evolution of manufacturing hunting weapons.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. Hunting the passenger pigeon in great numbers.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

3. The falling of acidic rains on the trees of forests.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Q. (4): Mention one example of:
1. Endangered bird. 2. Endangered plant.

3. Animal habitats bamboo forest. 4. Bird habitats in North America.

5. Extinct bird. 6. Extinct animal.

 Work Sheet
For Unit 1
Prep.2
Choose the correct answer between brackets:

1- ………….. form positively charged ions when they enter in the chemical reactions.
( Inert gases – Nonmetal – Halogens – Alkaline Earth metals )
2- The elements of group ( 7A ) are called ………..
( alkali metals – halogens – inert gases – alkaline Earth metals)
3- The number of known elements is ………..
( 216 – 116 – 316 – 16 )
4- The number of negative electrons in the atom in its normal state equals ………
( number of protons – number of neutrons – twice the number of protons
- half the number of neutrons )
5- The atomic number of the elements equals ……………
a- The sunt of neutron numbers inside the nucleus.
b- Sum of the number of electrons which rotate in the energy levels around its atom's
nucleus.
c- The number of protons inside the nucleus
d- b& c are correct.
6- The density of pure water in solid state is:
a- Less than its density in liquid state.
b- Equal to its density in vapour state.
c- Greater than its density in liquid state.
d- Greater than its density in vapour state.
7- In the periodic table, the elements which are identical in properties lie in the same:…..
( Period – Group – Nucleus – Energy )
8- The scientist who left vacancies in his table to be filled with suitable discovered elements
in future is:
( Mosely –– Bohr – Mendeleev )
9- The block which contains the groups 1A , 2A in the periodic table is ……..
(S–P–d–f )
10- The elements which occupy the middle block (d) in the periodic table is …………
elements.
( alkali – alkaline earth – transition – inert )

11- The scientist who discovered the main energy levels is: ………….
( Mendeleev – Bohr – Moseley – Rutherford )
12- Which of the following belongs to the same group in the periodic table?
( Na,C - Na,Li – Na,Cu - Na,Ne )
13- The scientist who discovered that the nucleus of the atom contains positively charged
particles is :
( Mendeleev – Moseley – Rutherford – Bohr )
14- The element which its atomic number (18) is: …………..
( Transitional element – Inert gas – Metallic element – Halogen element )
15- The element which its atomic number is (17) is similar in its chemical construction to
the element which its atomic number is: …………..
( 2 – 7 –9 – 19 )
16- The 3rd period starts with elements their oxides are as following:
a- Acidic, amphotoric then basic.
b- Acidic, basic then amphotoric.
c- Basic, acidic then amphotoric.
d- Basic, amphotoric then acidic.
17- Metal oxides are ……… oxides.
( acidic – basic – amphotoric – neutral )
18- The elements of 1st group are known as:………..
( Halogens – Inert gas – Alkalines – alkaline earth )
19- The hydrogen element belongs to: …………
( Group 1A –Group 2A – Group 7A – Group 6A )
20- The strongest alkaline earth metal in reaction with water is: ………….
( magnesium – calcium – barium – sodium )
21- The transitional elements start to appear from the beginning of the ……… period
( second - third- fourth – fifth )
22- There are …….. bonds between water and molecules.
( metallic - ionic - hydrogen – covalent )
 23- The volume of hydrogen gas evolving from water electrolysis equal ……… the oxygen
volume.
( that of – double- half - four times )

Complete the following statements:

1- In Mendeleev's table the elements are arranged ………. According to their atomic
weight.
2- The Newzealandscientist Rutherford discovered that the atom contains …………. Of
positive charge.
3- The alkali metal elements are ……….. valent.
4- Halogens lie in the elements of …………. group.
5- The two scientists ………. and ………. made modifications on Mendeleev's table.
6- Moseley put ………… and ………… series below the periodic table.
7- The D-block contains …………. Elements.
8- The transitional elements starts from ……….. period in the modern periodic table.
9- The modern periodic table consists of …………. Horizontal periods, ………… vertical
groups.
10- By increasing the atomic number, the value of mass numbers will ………. in the periods
of the periodic table.
11- By increasing the atomic number, the value of electro negativity ………. in the groups
of the periodic table.
12- Each period in the modern periodic table starts with ………. Elements and ends with
………….. elements.
13- The strongest non-metal elements are in the ………… group.
14- Mendeleev organized the elements according to the similarity in ……
15- Sodium is kept under the surface of ……. So as not to react with …...
16- The electro negativity in the modern periodic table increase from ……..
to ……. Inside the same group.
17- The last level of metallic elements contains ……… than four electrons
when the non-metallic elements contain …….. than four electron in their last level.
18- The elements of group 7A are called ………
19- The bond between water molecules is called …….. bond.
Write the chemical equations representing the following:

1- Dissolving of magnesium oxide in water.

2- The reaction between chlorine gas and potassium bromide.
3- The electrolysis of water

Mention one difference between each of:

1- Flourine molecule and helium molecule.

2- Natural and industrial water pollutants.

Give reasons:

1- Water molecule is from the polar molecules.

2- Sodium is kept in kerosene.
3- Fluoride is considered from the strongest non-metallic elements.
4- Cesium is considered from the strongest metallic elements.
5- Sulphur dioxide is considered as basic oxide.
6- Aluminum oxide is considered an amphotoric oxide.
7- By increasing the atomic number of the elements their atomic weight decrease.
8- Starch (NH3) is considered as ionic-covalent compound.
9- Itʼs hard to identify the properties metalloids from their electronic structure.
10- Rain, clouds, winds are in the troposphere.
11- Liquefied nitrogen is used in preserving cornea.
12- Barium oxide is considered as basic oxide.

Write brief notes on:

1- The relation between water density and its temperature.

Put ( √ ) in front of the correct answer and ( x ) in front of the wrong ones in the
following:

1- The alkaline earth metals are good conductors of heat and electricity. ( )
2- Halogens are univalent metals. ( )
3- The elements are arranged descendingly according to their atomic
weight in the modern periodic table. ( )
4- The chemical elements have been categorized in a table to ease its
studying. ( )
5- The elements with the same physical and chemical properties has
been put in horizontal periods. ( )
6- Mendeleev arranged the elements descendingly according to their
mass. ( )
7- Mendeleev put more than element in the same place like Nickel
and cobalt. ( )

8- Rutherford discovered that the nucleus contains +ve charged

protons. ( )
9- The atomic number of every element increases by one over the
element that precedes it in the same period. ( )
10- Bohr had discovered the main energy levels. ( )
11- The transitional elements group are symbolized by (d). ( )
12- The number of known elements till now is 92 elements. ( )
13- The atomic size increase in periods as the atomicnumber increase. ( )
14- In water molecule the oxygen element has more affinity to attract
thebonding electrons than the hydrogen element. ( )
15- The covalent bond becomes ionic when the difference in electro
negativity between the bonded atom = zero. ( )
16- It is easy to identify the semi-metals from their electronic
structure. ( )
17- Each period starts with a weak metal. ( )
18- The metallic property in group (1A) increase as we go from up
to down in the group. ( )
19- 50 % of the mass of the atmospheric envelope is in some area
in between the sea level and 3 Km elevation. ( )
20- The earth alkalines are good heat conductors. ( )
21- The elements of block "P" are organized in 5 groups ( )
22- The halons are produced from supersonic airplanes. ( )
23- The elements of the group (1A) and (2A) are good conductors
for heat and electricity. ( )
Write the scientific term for the following statement:

1- Elements layer at which the air moves vertically.

2- An atom lost or gained one electron.
3- A bond that exists between water molecules.
4- The ascending order of the element according to their atomic mass.
5- The ascending order of the element according to their atomic number.
6- The horizontal rows in Mendeleevʼs table.
7- The vertical column in Mendeleevʼs table.
8- Indicated by the letters K, L, M, N, O.
9- Indicated by the letters S, P, d, F
10- A kind of elements symbolized by letter (B)
11- The block that contains the group from 3A to 6A.
12- The block that contains the series of luthanides and actinides.
13- The ability of the atom in the covalent molecule to attract the chemical bond
electron to it.
14- A kind of oxides react as basic oxides or acidic oxides according to the
reaction condition.
15- A kind of elements in which their valency electrons contains less than
4 electrons.
16- A kind of elements in which their valency electrons contains more than
4 electrons.
17- A group contains the strongest non-metal.
18- The block that contains the group from 3A to 7A.
19- The ability of the atom in covalent molecule to attract the chemical: bond electrons to it.
20- Elements in block "S" and they are dicovalent and lie in the second group of the periodic
table.

Compare between the following

1- Alkalies and earth Alkalies.

2- The group and the period in the periodic table.

3- The property of the atomic volume and the property of the electro negativity in the periodic
table (in view of definition)

Connect the underlined word(s)

1- The elements in Mendeleevʼs table are arranged according to the atomic number.

2- Rutherford discovered the main energy levels.

3- The elements were arranged in Moseleyʼs table according to the way the energy sublevels
were filled.

4- The electro negativity values increase in the groups as atomic number increase.

5- Each period ends with a non-metal.

6- The strongest non-metal element occurs in the 1st group (1A).

7- Non-metal oxides are considered basic oxides.

8- The elements of the 1st group (1A) are known as basic earth metal.

General exercise for unit two

Choose the correct answer:

1-Meteors are formed in……………… (exosphere-thermosphere –mesosphere-stratosphere )

2-The hottest atmospheric layer is…………… ( exosphere-thermosphere –mesosphere-

stratosphere )

3- The coldest atmospheric layer is …………… ( exosphere-thermosphere –mesosphere-

stratosphere )

4-The planes fly in the ………………….. layer .( exosphere-thermosphere –mesosphere-

stratosphere )

5-The device used in measuring the atmospheric pressure is : (Altimeter-Aneroid-Barometer –

a and b )
6-…………….. layer extends from the sea level to the tropopause.

(.( exosphere-thermosphere –mesosphere-stratosphere )

7- The device used in measuring the altitude from the earth surface is ………..(the altimeter –
aneroid –barometer –a and b)

8-The …………. Layer extend from the tropopause to the stratosphere.

.( exosphere-thermosphere –mesosphere-stratosphere )

9-The charged cosmic radiations are dispersed in the …………. Layer.

(thermosphere –mesosphere-stratosphere-ionosphere)

10- The ……………….. layer extends from the stratopause to the meso pause.

(troposphere –stratosphere –mesosphere-thermosphere)

11- The …………… is much vacuumed layer .

(troposphere –stratosphere –mesosphere-thermosphere)

12-The temperature decreases by …………… at 2Km above earth surface.

(6.50C- 130C-5.60C-9.750C )

13-The atmospheric pressure is the ……………………. Of an air column per a unit area.

(mass –volume – weight – density)

14-Meteors are burnt in the layer ……………..(troposphere –stratosphere-mesosphere –

thermosphere )

15-The ionosphere is located in the upper part of the ……………. Layer.

(troposphere –stratosphere-mesosphere – thermosphere )

16-The air moves ……………..in the stratosphere layer.

(Horizontally –vertically –no correct answer)

17-The ionosphere is surrounded by two ………….. belts.

(magnetic – electrical –ionic –thermal )

18-The atmospheric pressure on the top of a mountain ……………… the atmospheric pressure at
the sea level.

(is greater than –is less than –equals –equals half of )

19-The standard atmospheric pressure at the sea level is ………………….millibar.

(76 – 1000 – 1013.25 -1300 )

20-The …………… is considered the 1st atmospheric layer of the atmospheric layer.

(troposphere –stratosphere-mesosphere – thermosphere )

21-The ……………….is considered the 2nd atmospheric layer of the atmospheric layers.

(troposphere – stratosphere –mesosphere – thermosphere)

22-The ozone layer is in the …………….

(troposphere – stratosphere –mesosphere – thermosphere)

23-The ozone molecule consists of ……………………

(4 oxygen atoms -2oxygen atoms – 3 oxygen atoms one oxygen atom)

24- The ozone layer absorbs ………………..

(infrared rays –U.V- X-rays –light rays )

25-The ozone hole appears over ………………

(the north pole –the south pole –the middle east)

26-The ………….. is used in extinguish fires.

(methyl bromide gas –halons –nitrogen oxide – U.V rays )

27-The CFCs compound break down under the effect of ultravioler rays to release ………………
atoms.

(carbon – chloride – oxygen – Freon )

28-………………. Is considered one of the chlorofluorocarbon compounds.

(ozone – oxygen –water vapour –nothing )

29-The ozone layer doesn’t allow the passage of …………..U.V rays.

(far –medium –a and b – near )

30- ……………. Are considered to have a large thermal effect.

(infrared rays – visible rays –U.V RAYS- all the above )

31-The ozone hole increases in ……………… of each year.

(October – September – December – January )

32-…………….. is used as a coolant in cooling devices.

(methyl bromide gas – halons – nitrogen oxide Freon )

33-……………. Is used as an insecticide to preserve stored agricultural crops.

(methyl bromide gas – halons – nitrogen oxide Freon )

34- ………………………… results from the burning fuel of ultrasound airplanes (concord)

(methyl bromide gas – halons – nitrogen oxide Freon )

35 –From the negative effects of global warming is …………….

-melting of ice at 2 poles.

-severe climatic changes

-the lack of ozone gas

A and b

36- Global warming happens because of ;

- The lack of co2 in the atmospheric envelope.

- The increase of the amount of co2
- The lack of plants on earth.
- B and c

37-The ozone is measured by a unit called ………………

(millibar –km-dopson)

38-The increase of co2 is caused by ……………

(cutting trees –burning forests – burning fossil fuel –all above)

Complete the following :

1-The thickness of troposphere is about ……………………….

2-As we go up 1 km above the sea level the temperature ………….. with …………..

3- The atmospheric pressure at sea level equals ……………… millibar.

4- The aneroid is used to …………….

5- The stratosphere extends with thickness equals ……………….. km.

6-On the formation of ozone layer the oxygen molecules absorbs …………which breaks the
bond between ………………. To make each atom bonds with …………. Forming the ozone
molecules.

7-The U.V rays are three kinds …………………,………………………,……………

8- From the harmful effects of far and medium U.V rays on human are
…………….,……………………..,………………….

9-- From the harmful effects of far and medium U.V rays on amphibians are ………………….
and ……………………..

10--- From the harmful effects of far and medium U.V rays on marine organisms are
……………………… and…………………..

11-From the harmful effects of far and medium U.V rays on earth plants are ………………..
,……………………,………………..

12- The ozone gas is formed in two steps: ………………………..

……………………………………………………………….…………………………………..

13- ………………,…………….. and……………… are considered from ozone layer pollutants.

14-…………………. Is used as insecticide to preserve the agriculture storage.

15-When the density of green house gases increase in earth ‘s atmospheric envelope it
allows the passage of …………… and ……………..

16- …………….. and ……………… are from Montreal protocol commandments.

17- The global warming phenomenon means ……………………..

18- The nanometer equals ………………. Meter.

19- The glass permits the passage of ……………… and ………………… rays coming from the sun
to be absorbed by earth in the green house .
 20- The lights in Eiffel tower, light and sound project in Abu simbel temple Aswan and other
monuments are turned off in the ………………………. Day.

20-

Atmospheric its order thickness content

layer
………………. third ……………….. ………………
2- the …………. …………. …………..
stratosphere. …………. 590km …………..
3-………..

Put ( √ ) or ( x )

1- 50 % of the mass of the atmospheric envelope is in some area in between the sea level
and a 3 km elevation.
2- The troposphere is the 1stlayer in the atmospheric envelope.
3- All the atmospheric phenomena like rain, wind and clouds accur in the ionosphere.
4- The mesosphere is the coolest region in the atmospheric envelope.
5- The satellites revolve around the earth in a region called the exosphere.
6- The standard atmospheric pressure at sea level equals76 millibar.
7- The temperature in the troposphere decrease at a rate of 6.5 degree each 1 km up.
8- The ionosphere is surrounded by van Ellen’s belt which is responsible for scattering the
harmful cosmic rays away from earth.
9- The stratosphere is the 3rdlayer in the atmospheric envelope.
10- The air moves horizontally in the bottom part of the stratosphere.
11- The troposphere contains most of the atmospheric envelope.
12- The altimeter is used to determine the elevation of airplanes from the sea level.
13- The aurora phenomenon appears as colored light curtains at the north and south poles.
14- The pilots prefer to fly their airplanes in the upper layer of the mesosphere.
15- The air moves vertically in the stratosphere.
16- The ozone layer is in the stratosphere.
17- The millibar is the unit of measuring the ozone degree.
18- The increase of carbon dioxide percentage in the atmospheric envelope leads to the
increase in temperature.
19- Lacking of plants on earth leads to the increase in temperature.
20- The extinction of some polar animals is from the negative effects of global warming.
21- The ozone layer allows the passage of all U.V rays near and medium
22- The ozone layer acts as a protective shield for the living organisms.
23- The halons are produced from the burning of supersonic airplanes fuel.
24- The world celebrates the ozone day in December of each year.
25- Methyl bromide is used in extinguishing fires.
26- Nitrogen oxides results from fuel burning .
27- The ozone layer erosion differs every year.
28- The methane gas and nitrous oxide are consider from the green house gases.
29- The ozone molecules is formed by bonding three free oxygen atoms together.
30- The ozone layer lies at altitude from 20-30 km.
31- The far and medium U.V rays cause skin cancer and cataract to humans.
32- The Freon is used as a coolant in cooling devices.
33- Methyl bromide is used as an insecticide.
34- The U.V rays break CFCs to release active chlorine atoms.
35-

Write the scientific term:

1- A region between mesosphere and thermosphere.

2- The 4th layer of the atmospheric envelope.
3- A device used to measure the altitude from earth’s surface.
4- A layer of the atmospheric envelope in which air moves vertically.
5- Two magnetic belts help in dispersing the harmful cosmic radiation away from the
earth.
6- A phenomenon looks like a colorful light curtains seen in the two poles.
7- The atmospheric envelope layer that contains a certain amount of helium and hydrogen
gas only .
8- The region where the atmospheric envelope merges with the outer space.
9- A phenomenon that increase the percentage of carbon dioxide and leads to an increase
in temperature.
10- A kind of gases formed in the stratosphere .
11- The gas resulting from the reaction of a chlorine atom with ozone gas.
12- A kind of rays causes the rising of temperature in the troposphere layer.
column (a) column (b)
1-altimeter a- A device used to determine
today’s weather.
2-aneroid b-a suitable layer for air planes
flying.
3-troposhere c-A device used to measure the
altitude of planes.
4-thermospher d-the hottest layer in the
atmospheric envelope.
5-stratosphere e-the layer that has all the weather
phenomena.
6-mesosphere f- the coolest layer in the
atmospheric envelope.

Give reasons:

1-rain,clouds and winds are in the troposphere.

2-The ionosphere is very important to radio stations.

3- The occurrence of aurora phenomenon.

4-The temperature increase as we go higher in the stratosphere.

5-The continuity of ozone layer erosion.

6-The ozone layer acts as a protective shield for the living organisms.
 7- The increase of the carbon dioxide percentage in the atmosphere envelope.

8- The trading or producing CFCs compound is prohibited.

compare between the following:

Altimeter and aneroid.

The troposphere and ionosphere layer.

The mesosphere and thermosphere.

The atmospheric pressure and atmospheric envelope.

What is the important of:

1-The two van Ellen’s belt.

2-ozone layer.

3-altimeter.

4-ionosphere.

5-satellites.

6-mesosphere.

7- troposphere.

8- exosphere.

9- aneroid.
 Revision for practical exam
Experiment (1)

Metal with dilute acid :

Observation:

1- Gas evolve with bubbles.

2- No gas evolves.
Conclusions:
Mg + 2 HCl MgCl2+H2
Cu + HCl no reaction
Experiment (2)

Observation:

Bubbles barium greater than calcium.

Bubbles calcium greater than magnesium.

Conclusions:
Ba > Ca > Mg
Experiment (3)

Hoffman voltmeter

Observation:

oxygen half hydrogen.

Conclusions:
2H2O 2H2 + O2

Experiment (4)

Reaction of alkali metals with water .

Observation:

Sodium float on surface and produce hydrogen gas and produce bomb.
Conclusions:
Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2
Experimen (5)

Dodo bird (extinct)

Passenger pigeon(extinct)

Quagga (extinct)

Rhinoceros ( endangered )

Panda (endangered )