UCSP Reviewer Q3 – F_PPTX.

The Goals of Anthropology

Lesson 1: Understanding Culture, 1. Spot the similarities of human
Society and Politics culture.
2. Spot the difference.
Social Science: Studies how people
3. Impart knowledge about humanity.
behave in his/her environment or the world.
Sociology: Study of society; how humans
Goal:
interact and form relations with its
Improve the human condition and solve
institution.
problems despite varieties and differences.
Etymology:
Anthropology: “The science of humanity”;
French “sociologe”, meaning
Studies the evolution of man biologically
companion/associate. Greek “logos”,
and culturally over time.
meaning knowledge.
Anthropology is the father or the grandfather
Latin “socius”, meaning
of all social sciences.
companion/associate.
Etymology:
Auguste Comte: Father of Sociology
Greek “antropos”, meaning human, and
“logos”, meaning knowledge. Harriet Martineau: Mother of Sociology
Franz Boas: Considered the father of Fields of Sociology
modern anthropology and the father of
American anthropology. 1. Social Organization
How an individual forms a pattern of
- He developed a scientific method for relationships within its social groups.
anthropology.
- He originated the notion of “culture”. 2. Social Psychology
Studies an individual's mind and
Branches or Fields of Anthropology
behavior with other people.
1. Physical/Biological Anthropology:
Traces the emergence of humanity 3. Applied Sociology
through the evolution of biology over Utilizing the knowledge of sociology
time. to solve problems within society.

2. Cultural Anthropology: 4. Human Ecology

Studies the evolution of human Studies people's interaction with
culture and its differences over time. non-human nature and different
cultures.
3. Linguistic Anthropology:
Goals of Sociology
Studies the aspect of humanity
through language as a cultural 1. Study the nature of humanity.
resource. 2. Appreciate society.
3. Understanding intrapersonal factors.
4. Archeology 4. Understanding of mankind.
Studies past artifacts or materials 5. Guide better decisions.
that indicate human activities in the 6. Gather systematic information.
past.
Political Science: Study of Politics 2. Enculturation: Internalizing and
adopting the cultural norms of one’s
Politics: Practice of decision-making for a
own culture. Ensuring that they will
group or institution with power and authority.
culturally fit in the society.
Fields of Political Science:
3. Acculturation:
1. Public Administration Learning/understanding, and
Studies how government works and adapting to culture outside one’s
functions. own culture (outside the country).

2. Economy Politics
Studies the interplay of economics, Patterned Social Interactions:
politics, and law, and its implications.
Social Interaction: Mutual influence of 2 or
more people in each other’s behavior; the
3. Comparative Politics
foundation of social order.
Studies the politics of foreign states
and compares it with other states. Social interaction helps us filter the culture
that we learn and identify what suits us.
Goals of Political Science
Erving Goffman: Created the notion of
1. Make better citizens.
microsociology or social interaction. It is the
2. Keep social order and harmony.
process of how we act and react to those
3. Protect rights.
around us.
4. Avoid conflict and promote
cooperation. Five Types of Social Interaction
1. Exchange: The notion of doing a
good deed shall receive something
Lesson 2: Aspects of Culture
in return.
The Aspects of Culture:
2. Cooperation: A group of people
1. Dynamic, Flexible, and Adaptable helping each other to achieve the
Culture is dynamic, as it evolves same goal.
through time. Flexible as groups
can exhibit different beliefs/cultures. 3. Competition: This may be viewed
Adaptable in such a way that opposite of cooperation.
people can appreciate other
cultures. 4. Conflict: Involves violence and
2. Shared and Contested disobedience of rules just to achieve
Culture can be shared among their goals.
people and contested due to
varying dominant cultures. 5. Coercion: The use of force to
Socialization and Enculturation persuade others.

1. Socialization: Process in which an Note: Good and bad culture can be

individual acquires skill and transmitted through socialization and
knowledge as a member of society. enculturation.
Occurs in interaction.
Characteristics of Culture Cultural Adaptation: Process and time that
a person integrates into a new culture and
- Dynamic, Flexible and Adaptive
feels comfortable with it.
- Shared and Contested
- Symbolic and Material Biological Evolution: Biological change
- Subject to Change pioneered by natural selection, genetic drift,
and mutation.
Culture as Learned Through
Socialization and Enculturation Cultural Evolution: The change of cultural
practices over time.
1. Culture is dynamic
2. Every person can learn culture. Socio-Political Evolution: The change and
Process of enculturation. development of social and political systems.
3. Enculturation: Individuals learn
Neolithic Evolution: The transition of
traditional norms and culture and
humans from a hunter-gatherer lifestyle to
assimilate them.
agricultural communities and the rise of
4. Assimilate: Take into mind and
complex social structures.
understand.
5. Norms: Ideal cultural pattern that is Early Civilization: Emerged due to
to be seen within the society. Neolithic evolution. Driven by biological
evolution and adaptations.
Cultural Relativism and Ethnocentrism
The Rise of States: Development of
Ethnocentrism: Thinking that one’s self-
centralized power. States emerge as
culture is superior and standard to other
societies.
cultures.
Democratization: Power vested in people.
Etymology:
Greek “ethnos” – nation Second-Three Patterned Social
Greek “kentron” – center Interactions
Cultural Relativism: Ability to understand 1. Identity Formation: Identity
and not judge other cultures. development and establishing a
place within the society.
Franz Boas established cultural relativism
2. Norms and Values: Rules and
as an analytical tool in the 20th century.
expectations of the community that
Human Biocultural Evolution and Social the individual will follow.
Evolution 3. Statuses and Roles: Social
behaviors and positions associated
Human Bio Biocultural Evolution and with them.
Social Evolution: Is a complex interplay of
biological and cultural evolution that shapes Social Controls
the trajectory of human history.
Social Control: The way the norms, rules,
Social Dynamics: Study of the behavior of and structures are controlled and govern
groups and the interactions of their human behavior.
members.
e.g: Social loafing
Four Types of Social Control
1. Gossip: Spreading of rumors and
information about people’s lives,
behavior, or affairs.

2. Social Ostracism: Excluding an

individual from social interaction or
social group.

3. Law: Rules that are enforced by the

government to limit and control
human behavior.

4. Punishment: Penalty or
consequences for violating the law.

Deviance
Deviant Behavior: Actions that violate laws
and social norms.
Four Types of Deviances
1. Ritualism: Conform with the rules
and norms of the society, but does
not seek for advancement. Hence,
stagnation.

2. Innovation: Shakes established

fundamental norms and values.

3. Rebellion: Trying to oppose the

norms and seeks new established
rules within the society.

4. Retreatism: Excluding oneself from

social interactions and the society.