Revision Notes

Class - 9 Mathematics

Chapter 10 - Circles

Introduction
Circle:
● The locus of the points at a certain distance from a fixed point is defined as
a circle.

Chord:
● A chord is a straight line that connects any two points on a circle.

● A chord is represented by the letters AB .

● If the longest chord passes through the centre of the circle, it is termed as the
diameter.
● The radius is twice as long as the diameter.
● A diameter is referred to as a CD .
● A secant is a line that divides a circle in half.

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● PQR is a secant of a circle.

Circumference:
● Circumference refers to the length of a full circle.
● The circumference of a circle is defined as the border curve (or perimeter) of
the circle.

Arc:
● An arc is any section or a part of the circumference.
● A diameter divides a circle into two equal pieces.
● A minor arc is one that is smaller than a semicircle.
● A major arc is one that is larger than a semicircle.

● ADC is a minor arc, whereas ABC is a major arc.

Sector:
● A sector is the area between an arc and the two radii that connects the arc's
centre and end points.
● A segment is a section of a circle that has been cut off by a chord.

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Concentric circles:
Concentric circles are circles with the same centre.

Theorem 1 :
A straight line drawn from the centre of a circle to bisect a chord which is not a
diameter, is at right angles to the chord.

● Given Data:
o Here, AB is a chord of a circle with the centre O .
o The midpoint of AB is M .
o OM is joined.
● To Prove:
AMO = BMO = 900
● Construction:
Join AO and BO .
● Proof:

In AOM and BOM

Statement Reason
AO = BO radii
AM = BM Data
OM = OM Common
AOM  BOM ( S.S.S )
AMO = BMO Statement ( 4 )

But AMO + BMO = 1800 Linear pair

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AMO = BMO = 900 Statements ( 5 ) and ( 6 )

Theorem 2 (Converse of theorem 1 ):

The perpendicular to a chord from the centre of a circle bisects the chord.

● Given Data:
o Here, AB is a chord of a circle with the centre O .
o OM ⊥ AB
● To Prove:
AM = BM
● Construction:
Join AO and BO .
● Proof:
In AOM and BOM

Statement Reason
AMO = BMO Each 900 (data)
AO = BO Radii
OM = OM Common
AOM  BOM ( R.H.S)
AM = BM Statement ( 4 )

The transposition of a statement consisting of 'data' and 'to prove' is the

converse of a theorem.
We can see how it works by looking at the previous two theorems:

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 Theorem Converse of theorem
1 Data: M is the mid-point of AB To prove: M is the mid-point of AB
2 To prove: OM ⊥ AB Data: OM ⊥ AB

Theorem 3 :
Equal chords of a circle are equidistant from the centre.

● Given Data:
o Here, AB and CD are equal chords of a circle with centre O .
o OK ⊥ AB and OL ⊥ CD
● To Prove:
OK = OL

Statement Reason
1 ⊥ from the centre bisects the chord.
AK = AB
2
1 ⊥ from the centre bisects the chord.
CL = CD
2
But AB = CD data
AK = CL Statements (1) , ( 2 ) and ( 3)

In AOK and COL

AKO = CLO Each 900 (data)
AO = CO radii
AK = CL Statements ( 4 )

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 AOK  COL ( R.H.S)
OK = OL Statements ( 8 )
● Construction:
Join AO and CO .
● Proof:
Theorem 4 (Converse of theorem 3 ):
Chords which are equidistant from the centre of a circle are equal.

● Given Data:
o Here, AB and CD are equal chords of a circle with centre O .
o OK ⊥ AB and OL ⊥ CD
o OK = OL
● To Prove:
AB = CD
● Construction:
Join AO and CO .

Statement Reason
AKO = CLO Each 900 (data)
AO = CO radii
OK = OL data
AOK  COL ( R.H.S)
AK = CL Statements ( 4 )
1 ⊥ from the centre bisects the chord.
But AK = AB
2

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 1 ⊥ from the centre bisects the chord.
CL = CD
2
AB = CD Statements ( 5 ) , ( 6 ) and ( 7 )
● Proof:
In AOK and COL
Theorem 5 :
There is one circle, and only one, which passes through three given points not in
a straight line.

● Given Data:
Here, X, Y and Z are three points not in a straight line.
● To Prove:
A unique circle passes through X, Y and Z .
● Construction:
o Join XY and YZ .
o Draw perpendicular bisectors of XY and YZ to meet at O .
● Proof:
Statement Reason
OX = OY O lies on the ⊥ bisector of XY
OY = OZ O lies on the ⊥ bisector of YZ
OX = OY = OZ Statements (1) and ( 2 )
O is the only point equidistant Statements ( 3)
from X, Y and Z .
With O as centre and radius OX Statements ( 4 )
, a circle can be drawn to pass
through X, Y and Z .

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 Therefore, the circle with centre Statements ( 5 )
O is a unique circle passing
through X, Y and Z .

Angle Properties (Angle, Cyclic Quadrilaterals and Arcs):

● In figure ( i ) , the straight line AB students APB on the circumference.

APB can be said to be subtended by arc AMB , on the remaining part of the
circumference.
● In fig. ( ii ) , arc AMB subtends APB on the circumference, and it subtends
AOB at the centre.
● In fig. ( iii ) , APB and AQB are in the same segment.
● Now we will go through the theorems based on the angle properties of the
circles.

Theorem 6 :
The angle which an arc of a circle subtends at the centre is double the
angle which it subtends at any point on the remaining part of the
circumference.

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● Given Data:
Arc AMB subtends AOB at the center O of the circle and APB on the
remaining part of circumference.
● To Prove:
AOB = 2APB
● Construction:
Join PO and produce it to Q .
Let, APQ = x and BPQ = y
● Proof:

Statement Reason
AOQ = x + A Ext.  = sum of the int. opp. s
x = A OA = OP (Radii)
AOQ = 2x Statements (1) and ( 2 )
BOQ = 2y Same way as Statements ( 3)
From figure ( i ) and ( ii )
AOQ + BOQ = 2x + 2y Statements ( 3) and ( 4 )

 AOB = 2 ( x + y ) Statements ( 5 )

From figure ( ii )
BOQ − AOQ = 2y − 2x Statements ( 3) and ( 4 )

AOB = 2 ( y - x ) Statements ( 8 )
AOB = 2APB Statements ( 9 )

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Theorem 7 :
Angles in the same segment of a circle are equal.

● Given Data:
APB and AQB are in the same segment of a circle with center O .
● To Prove:
APB = AQB
● Construction:
Join AO and BO .
Let, arc AMB subtend angle x at the center O .
● Proof:
Statement Reason
x = 2APB at center = 2  on the circumference
x = 2AQB at center = 2  on the circumference

APB = AQB Statements (1) and ( 2 )

Theorem 8 :
The angle in a semicircle is a right angle.

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● Given Data:
AB is a diameter of a circle with center O .
P is any point on the circle.
● To Prove:
APB = 90
● Proof:

Statement Reason
1 at center = 2  on the circumference
APB = AOB
2
AOB = 180 AOB is a straight line.
1 Statements (1) and ( 2 )
APB =  180
2
APB = 90 Statements ( 3)

Cyclic Quadrilaterals:
● If the vertices of a quadrilateral lie on a circle, the quadrilateral is called a
cyclic quadrilateral.
● The vertices are known as concyclic points.

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 ● From the above figure, ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral.
The vertices A, B, C and D are concyclic points.

Theorem 9 :
The opposite angles of a quadrilateral inscribed in a circle (cyclic) are
supplementary.

● Given Data:
ABCD is is a cyclic quadrilateral.
O is a center of a circle.
● To Prove:
i. A+C = 180
ii. B+D = 180
● Proof:

Statement Reason
1 at center = 2  on the circumference
A = x
2
1 at center = 2  on the circumference
C = y
2
1 1 Statements (1) and ( 2 )
A + C = x + y
2 2
1 Statements ( 3)
A + C = ( x + y )
2

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 But x + y = 360 s at a point

1 Statements ( 4 ) and ( 5 )
A + C =  360
2
A + C = 180 Statements ( 6 )
Also, Same way as statements ( 7 )
ABC + ADC = 180

Corollary:
The exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is equal to the interior opposite
angle.

● Given Data:
ABCD is is a cyclic quadrilateral.
BC is produced to E
● To Prove:
DCE = A
● Proof:

Statement Reason
A +BCD = 180 Opp. s of a cyclic quad.

BCD +DCE = 180 Linear pair

BCD +DCE = A + BCD Statements (1) and ( 2 )
DCE = A Statements ( 2 )

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Alternate Segment Property
Theorem 10 :
The angle between a tangent and a chord through the point of contact is
equal to the angle in the alternate segment.

● Given Data:
A straight line SAT touches a given circle with centre O at A . AC is a chord
through the point of contact A .
ADC is an angle in the alternate segment to CAT and AEC is an angle in
the alternate segment to CAS
● To Prove:
1. CAT = ADC
2. CAS = AEC
● Construction:
Draw AOB as diameter and join BC and OC .
● Proof:
Statement Reason
OAC = OCA = x Since, OA = OC and supposition
CAT +x = 90 Since, tangent-radius property
AOC +x + y = 180 Sum of angles of a triangle

AOC = 180 − 2x Statements ( 3)

Also, AOC = 2ADC at the center = 2on the circle
CAT = 90 − x Statements ( 2 )
2CAT = 180 − 2x Statements ( 6 )

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 2CAT = 2ADC Statements ( 4 ) , ( 5 ) and ( 7 )
CAT = ADC Statements ( 8 )
CAS +CAT = 180 Linear pair
ADC +AEC = 180 Opp. Angles of a cyclic quad
CAS +CAT = ADC +AEC Statements (10 ) and (11)
CAS = AEC Statements ( 9 ) and (12 )

Theorem 11 :
In equal circles (or in the same circle), if two arcs subtend equal angles at
the centres, they are equal.

● Given Data:
AXB and CYD are equal circles with centers P and O .
Arcs AMD, CND subtend equal angles APB, CQD .
● To Prove:
arc AMD = arc CND
● Proof:
Statement Reason
Apply CYD to AXB so Since, circles are equal (data)
that center Q falls on center
P and QC along PA and D
on the same side as B .
Therefore, CYD overlaps
AXB

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 CHAPTER-8
QUADRILATERALS
HANDOUT-MODULE-3
MID-POINT THEOREM
Theorem 8.9 : The line segment joining the mid-points of two
sides of a triangle is parallel to the third side and half of the third
side.
GIVEN : ∆ABC in which line
segment EF joins the mid
points E and F of AB and AC
respectively.
TO PROVE : EF ‖ BC & EF =
½ BC
CONSTRUCTION : Through
point C , draw CX ‖ AB .
Extend EF to intersect CX at D
PROOF :
In ∆AFE & ∆CFD

AFE = CFD[vertically opposite angles]

AF = CF(given)
FAE = FCD [Alt. int. angles]

∆AFE ∆CFD (ASA Rule)

EF = DF (cpct)----------(1)
AE = CD (cpct)---------(2)
But AE = BE (given)------(3)
From (2) and (3) we get
BE = CD
BE ‖ CD
Since one pair of sides are parallel and equal , quadrilateral
BCDE is a parallelogram.
ED ‖ BC(opp. Sides of a ‖gm)
i.e. EF ‖ BC
Hence proved
ED = BC (opp. Sides of a ‖gm)(4)
EF = DF = ½ ED (from 1)
EF = ½ BC [from (4)]
Hence proved

CONVERSE OF MID-POINT THEOREM

THEOREM 8.10 : The line drawn through the mid-point
of one side of a triangle, parallel to another side bisects
the third side.
GIVEN : ∆ABC in which E is the mid point of AB. A
line l through point E parallel to BC intersects AC at F.

TO PROVE : F is the mid point of AC i.e. AF = CF

CONSTRUCTION : Through point C draw CX ‖ AB

intersecting line l at point D
PROOF:
ED ‖ BC (given)
BE ‖ CD (by construction)
quadrilateral BCDE is a
‖gm

BE=CD(opp.sides of a ‖gm)---(1)
BE = AE (given)-------(2)
From (1) and (2) we get
AE = CD ---------------------------(3)
In ∆AFE & ∆CFD
By alternate interior angles property
AEF = CDF
FAE = FCD
AE = CD (from 3)
∆AFE ∆CFD (ASA Rule)
AF = CF (cpct)
F is the mid point of AC
NOTE:-
The quadrilateral formed by joining the mid-points of
the sides of a quadrilateral, in order, is a
parallelogram.