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CHAPTER 1 The Unraveling of The Medieval Order

1. This document summarizes the major political, economic, social, and religious changes that occurred between 1450-1650, including the emergence of capitalism, scientific progress and the emancipation of politics from religion, the end of Catholic hegemony through the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation, and colonial encounters like the Dispute of Valladolid. 2. Key figures discussed include Machiavelli, More, Luther, Calvin, Sepulveda, Las Casas, Cromwell, Hobbes, and Spinoza. Major events included the Protestant Reformation, Counter-Reformation, English Civil War, and Glorious Revolution. 3. Debates emerged around political

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34 views5 pages

CHAPTER 1 The Unraveling of The Medieval Order

1. This document summarizes the major political, economic, social, and religious changes that occurred between 1450-1650, including the emergence of capitalism, scientific progress and the emancipation of politics from religion, the end of Catholic hegemony through the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation, and colonial encounters like the Dispute of Valladolid. 2. Key figures discussed include Machiavelli, More, Luther, Calvin, Sepulveda, Las Casas, Cromwell, Hobbes, and Spinoza. Major events included the Protestant Reformation, Counter-Reformation, English Civil War, and Glorious Revolution. 3. Debates emerged around political

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sarra marissa cerda
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CHAPTER 1 The unraveling of the medieval order

(1450-1650) Emergence of capitalism

Scientific progress and the gradual


emancipation of politics
The end of Catholic hegemony:
reformation and counterreformation
Colonial encounters: the dispute of
Valladolid
The glorious revolution

1. Science & emancipation of politics.

Leonardo Da Vinci (1452-1519)


The logical and experimental
Changing economic relations in a
divided Italy - Mercantilism
Emancipation and secularization

1. Science & emancipation of politics.

NICOLLO MACHIAVELLI (1469-1527)


- Il Principe
- Away from morality?
- Human nature?
- Secularization of politics
- Secularization ≠ anti-religiousness
- La raison d'Etat
- Private property
- Popular Machiavellianism
1. Science & emancipation from politics.
THOMAS MORE (1478-1535)
- Utopia
- Part 1: Description of social and
economic changes in England
(°capitalism)
- Part 2: Description of the ideal society.
- Utopianism:
- rejection of the existing, unjust order
on religious and/or moral grounds,
projection of an ideal into another,
imaginary world.

2. End of Catholic hegemony: reformation and counter-


reformation.
Humanists and Scholastics
LUTHER (1483-1546)
- 1517: Theses of indulgence.
- Religious liberation of man
- = strong government
- ≠ freedom
- Thomas Munzer

2. End of Catholic hegemony: reformation and counter-


reformation.
CALVIN (1509-1564)
Human Predestination
Geneva (commercial city)
The question of profit
Theocracy: consistory + ministry
Social inequality but equality before
the law
3. Colonial encounters: Dispute of Valladolid.
1550-1555
How should Spain wage war on the
American continent and spread
Catholicism?
→ Is actually the question of the
humanity of the indigenous peoples.
Moral and theological debate
anchored in the economic
exploitation of the colonies.

3. Colonial encounters: Dispute of Valladolid.

Juan Ginés de Sepulveda Bartolomé de las Casas


Brutal subjugation and Against use of force to bring
Christianization allowed Christianity.
Indigenous peoples are 'idolaters', Did not deny "natural slavery" but
enslaved by nature, practiced indigenous peoples were not
human sacrifice, cannibalism and Aristotle's barbarians → no forced
sodomy → Wars had to be fought Christianization by war.
to eradicate these 'crimes against War against heretics and infidels
nature'. was justified but not against the
indigenous peoples because they
"Natural slavery" (Aristotle) were not heretics who needed to
be punished.

3. Colonial encounters: Dispute of Valladolid.


Conquistadores: gold and gospel
Encomienda System

Slavery

The 'encounter' with the Other


4. The Glorious Revolution.

Capitalist changes in Britain →


political & constitutional conflict.
1629-1660
King - Puritans - Parliament
Grand Remonstrance
Olivier Cromwell
New Models Army

4. The Glorious Revolution.

The Levellers
- Anti-normandism (royal family),
against institutionalized church.
- Agreement of the people.
- Social fault line poor versus rich.
- Who is "the people"?

4. The Glorious Revolution.

Diggers

Emancipation of women?
Mary Astell (1666-1731)

Meaning of English Civil War.


4. The Glorious Revolution.

Scientific developments and new


insights:
- Observation and experiment as the
basis of knowledge. (F. Bacon)
- Dynamic view of man (T. Hobbes)
- Reason as a possibility of knowledge
(R. Descartes)
- God determined by reason (B.
Spinoza)

4. The Glorious Revolution.


Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)
- Authoritarian state authority.
- State of Nature: human nature, self-
realization, selfishness.
- Homo-homini-lupus society.
- Security in exchange for freedom
- Unconditional social contract.
- Leviathan.
- Commonwealth, administration, law &
order, poor people's welfare
- Religion = State Religion.

4. The Glorious Revolution.

Baruch de Spinoza (1632-1677)


- Dutch philosopher of Portuguese
Sephardic (Jewish) origin.
- Rationalist.
- Break with medieval philosophy.
- God’s understanding according to
reasonable understanding.
- Selfishness of man can only be given
up by the love of God, not by a social
contract.
- Democracy?

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