Chapter Three Signals and Systems Analysis1
Chapter Three Signals and Systems Analysis1
Singularity Functions
&
Convolution of Continuous Time
Signals
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1
Outline
• Signals as a continuum of impulses; impulse
responses;
• Discrete-Time LTI Systems: Convolution Sum
• Continuous-Time LTI Systems: Convolution
Integral
• Graphical and numerical evaluation of
convolution
• Singularity Functions (Revision)
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Discrete-Time LTI Systems
• Representation of Discrete-Time Signals in
Terms of Impulses
• Discrete-Time Unit Impulse Response and
the Convolution-Sum Representation
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DT Unit-Impulse Response
[ n] System h[n]
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Representing Signals in Terms of
Shifted and Scaled Impulses
y[n] x[i ]h[n i ], n 0
i 0
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The Convolution Sum
x[n] h[n]
• Equation y[n] x[n] h[n] is called the
convolution representation of the system
• This sum of products (or convolution sum) is in fact a function of n that represents
the overlap between x[n] and the time-reversed and shifted version of h[n].
• Remark: a DT LTI system is completely described by its
impulse response h[n]
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Response of a DT LTI Systems – Convolution
• Define the unit pulse response, h[n], as the response of a DT LTI system to a
unit pulse function, [n].
• Using the principle of time-invariance:
[n] h[n] [n k ] h[n k ]
convolution operator
• Using the principle of linearity:
x[n] x[k ] [n k ]
k
y[n] x[k ] h[n k ] x[n] h[n]
k
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The Convolution Sum
for Noncausal Signals
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Convolution Sum…
The number of samples N in the output signal y[n] will be
N = M 1 + M2 – 1
Where,
M1 is the number of samples in sequence x[n]
M2 is the number of samples in sequence h[n]
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Convolution
Digital convolution can be performed by the following methods
• Tabular method
• Graphical method
• Formula method
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Tabular Digital Convolution
Step-1: List the index k covering a sufficient range.
Step-6: Repeat Step 4; stop if all the output values are zero or if
required. 13
Tabular Digital Convolution
Example-1: Write the equation of following signals in the graphs.
Solution
The output is the sum of the products of the input samples and the
impulse response samples.
Y[n] = [2, 5, -2, -5, 2]
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Tabular Digital Convolution
Example-3: Find the output using convolution if x[n] = [1, 2, 3,
1], and h[n] = [1, 2, 1, -1].
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Tabular Digital Convolution
Example-4: Using the sequences defined in the following figure,
evaluate the digital convolution by the tabular method.
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Tabular Digital Convolution
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Tabular Digital Convolution
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Tabular Digital Convolution
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Tabular Digital Convolution
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Tabular Digital Convolution
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Tabular Digital Convolution
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Graphical Digital Convolution
Example-5: Using the sequences defined in Figure, evaluate the digital
convolution.
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Graphical Digital Convolution
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Graphical Digital Convolution
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Graphical Digital Convolution
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Properties of the Convolution Sum
• Associativity
x[n] (v[n] w[n]) ( x[n] v[n]) w[n]
• Commutativity
x[n] v[n] v[n] x[n]
• Distributivity w.r.t. addition
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Convolution Integral
CT Unit-Impulse Response
• Consider the CT SISO system:
x(t ) System y (t )
(t ) System h(t )
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Exploiting Time-Invariance
• Exploiting time-invariance, it is
(t ) System h(t )
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Exploiting Time-Invariance
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Exploiting Linearity
• Exploiting linearity, it is
y (t ) x( )h(t )d , t 0
0
• If the integrand x( )h(t ) does not contain
an impulse located at 0, the lower limit of
the integral can be taken to be 0,i.e.,
y (t ) x( )h(t )d , t 0
0
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The Convolution Integral…
y (t ) x( )h(t )d ,
t 0
x(t ) h(t )
y(t ) x(t ) h(t )
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Block Diagram Representation
of CT LTI Systems
x(t ) h(t ) y (t )
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Example: Analytical Computation of the
Convolution Integral
0 T t
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Example – Cont’d
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Example – Cont’d
• Case 1: t 0
h(t ) x( )
t T t 0 T
y(t ) 0
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Example – Cont’d
• Case 2: 0 t T
h(t ) x( )
t T 0 t T
t
y (t ) d t
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Example – Cont’d
• Case 3: 0 t T T T t 2T
x( ) h(t )
0 t T T t
T
y (t ) d T (t T ) 2T t
t T
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Example – Cont’d
• Case 4: T t T 2T t
x( ) h(t )
0 T t T t
y(t ) 0
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Example – Cont’d
0 T 2T t
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CT Unit Impulse
Flip
h( ) h( )
slide
h( ) h(t )
Multiply
h(t ) x( )h(t )
Integrate
x( )h(t ) y(t )
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Convolution Integral Example
• Convolve the following two functions:
f(t) g(t)
2 3
*
t t
2 -2 2
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-2 + t 2+t
Convolution Integral Example…
• Convolution can be divided into 5 parts
I. t < -2 3 g(t-)
t
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-2 0 2 4
Properties of Convolution Integral
1) Commutative Property
2) Distributive Property
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3) Associative Property
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Properties of the
Convolution Integral - Cont’d
xq (t ) x(t q)
• Shift property: define v (t ) v(t q)
q
w(t ) x(t ) v(t )
then
w(t q) xq (t ) v(t ) x(t ) vq (t )
• Convolution with the unit impulse
x(t ) (t ) x(t )
• Convolution with the shifted unit impulse
x(t ) q (t ) x(t q)
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Properties of the
Convolution Integral - Cont’d
u (t ) h(t ) g (t )
• Therefore, it is
g (t ) h(t ) u(t )
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Representation of a CT LTI System in Terms
of the Unit-Step Response – Cont’d