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When a meal arrives cold at a restaurant, most people believe you should speak up but only a third actually do. Complaining can negatively impact health by increasing stress levels and negative thinking. However, complaining with the goal of achieving a result can make people happier and more mindful.

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Translation Week-1 PDF

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merzeci3

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TEXT-1

When a meal you have ordered in a restaurant arrives cold, would you keep quiet or send it back?
(Restoranda sipariş ettiğiniz bir yemek soğuk geldiğinde susar mısınız yoksa geri mi gönderirsiniz?) A
2015 survey found that, although 90 percent of us believe that you should speak up if you are unhappy with a
service, just one third of us actually would. One school of thought says complaining is bad for our health,
making it more likely we will think negatively, and increases levels of the stress hormone cortisol. Also, it is
not just our own complaining that can be detrimental. Professor Robert Sapolsky, an expert in the field of
complaining, says that being exposed to just 30 minutes of complaining a day (including hearing it on TV)
can cause your brain to have the same emotional reaction as being stressed. On the other hand, complaining
in the right way may be beneficial to your health. A 2014 study found that those who complained with the
hope of achieving a certain result tended to be happier, more mindful people than those who simply
complained for the sake of it.

TEXT-2
The origins of sociology and the coining of the term by Auguste Comte, one of the important thinkers in the
history of the discipline, are usually traced back to 1839. However, others trace intellectual concern for
sociological issues much further back, and it could be argued that scholars have been thinking sociologically
since the early history of humankind. However, it was not until about a half-century after Comte’s creation of
the concept that sociology began to develop as a formal and clearly distinct discipline, primarily in Europe
and the United States. It was another French thinker, Émile Durkheim, who in the late 1800s was responsible
for distinguishing clearly the subject matter of sociology from neighbouring fields such as psychology and
biology. Sociology became institutionalised in France, as well as in Germany, Great Britain, and the United
States. While sociology in the United States did not take the early lead in the development of key ideas and
theories, it did move strongly in the direction of institutionalisation.

TEXT-3
A humanoid robot, often referred to as an android in science fiction, is designed to resemble the human form.
Basic humanoid automatons have existed for centuries, and have gradually been refined to more closely
mimic our appearance and behaviour. One of the first well-documented examples is Leonardo da Vinci’s
mechanical knight. Da Vinci’s robot was operated by a series of pulleys (a set of wheels) and cables that
allowed it to stand, sit and independently move its arms. It had a human form and was even dressed in
armour to resemble a knight. Although da Vinci’s design is primitive by today’s standards, lacking any
artificial intelligence or remote control, it was ahead of its time in the 15th century. Da Vinci employed the
use of pulleys, weights and gears in many of his inventions, including his self-propelled cart which many
consider to be the first robot. He later went on to design the robot knight for a royal event in Milan that took
place during the late 1490s. Da Vinci’s drawings for the robot knight are still used as models by modern
robotics, and even helped develop robots for NASA.

TEXT-4
In the 1900s, birds were tagged with string around their legs and handwritten identification codes. In the
1940s, radar was used to study migrating animals, and by the 1950s, sonar was being used. In the last 30
years, scientists have started to track animals using satellite technology. In recent years, tracking transmitters
have become smaller and more efficient thanks to improvements in battery technology and the use of solar
panels. Generally, 3% of the weight of an animal is considered to be the upper limit for the weight of such
devices, and so far, the lightest transmitters to be developed weigh only 0.6g. Indirect techniques are used
too. For example, Australian researchers use ‘proximity sensors’ that emit a beam of electromagnetic
radiation to monitor bats without the need for physical contact. These are used to model and assess the
spread of diseases. Other non-invasive methods include: temperature and CO2 level checks, monitoring
inside beehives, counting footprints next to ant nests, using drones to collect periodic photos of animals, and
positioning cameras next to nests and hives for use with image recognition software to count individual
animals.

TEXT-5
One of the most intriguing questions in American archaeology: Who were the earliest people in the
Americas? For much of the past 80 years, scholars have thought that they were members of the Clovis
culture, whose ancestors came to North America from Siberia some 13,000 years ago. In recent decades,
however, archaeologists have come to believe that people reached North America far earlier. A new
discovery from the Gault site, in central Texas, offers robust evidence not only for a much earlier peopling of
the Americas, but also of a previously unknown tool tradition that is older and more varied than scholars ever
expected. Archaeologists have found stone tools including projectile points, blades, and flake tools at the
Gault site, the oldest of which date to between 20,000 and 16,000 years ago, thousands of years older than
any of the stone spear points for which the Clovis are known. “What we’re seeing is a well-developed
toolkit,” says Tom Williams of Texas State University. “These were clearly people adapted to surviving in
their environment.