SOP FOR DAF

STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE

FOR
DISSOLVED AIR FLOATATION SYSTEM
(DAF TECHNOLOGY)

CLIENT

KELVIN WATER TECHNOLOGIES PVT. LTD.

PLOT NO 81, SECTOR 5, IMT MANESAR,
HSIIDC, GURUGRAM, HARYANA-122051
MOBILE: +91-9812241001, 9812646262
Email: [email protected], [email protected]
Website: www.kelvinindia.in
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LIST OF ENCLOSURES

SECTION CONTENT
SECTION I INTRODUCTION
SECTION II SCOPE OF DESIGN
SECTION III PARAMETERS OF TREATMENT
SECTION IV TREATMENT UNIT
SECTION V INTRODUCTION OF PROCESS UNITS
SECTION VI BRIEF PROCESS DESCRIPTION
SECTION VII TREATMENT SCHEME
SECTION VIII BRIEF OPERATION FOR EACH UNIT
SECTION IX DAILY OBSERVATION TO BE MAINTAINED
SECTION X OPERATION PROCEDURE
SECTION XI MATERIAL LIST
SECTION XII PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM, LAYOUT AND P&ID OF DAF

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE CONTENT
TABLE NO.- 1 SCOPE OF DESIGN
TABLE NO.- 2 WATER CHARACTERISTICS
TABLE NO.- 3 INTRODUCTION OF PROCESS UNITS
TABLE NO.- 4 LIST OF MATERIAL
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SECTION I: INTRODUCTION

PLANT TYPE: -

CAPACITY: - _____ KLD CETP

SITE:

DEFINITIONS: -
WASTEWATER :- Water with dissolved and suspended substances discharged from
various industrial processes, such as the water released during, food manufacturing,
cleaning and other commercial activities. This water is often contaminated with a variety
of pollutants, including organic matter, oil grease ,chemicals, nutrients, pathogens
(disease-causing microorganisms), and other debris. The versatility of DAF systems
makes them suitable for a range of wastewater treatment applications, providing an
efficient method for the removal of various contaminants and facilitating compliance
with environmental regulations.

DISSOLVED AIR FLOTATION TREATMENT PLANT:-

Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) is a widely used technology in the wastewater treatment
industry due to its effectiveness in removing suspended solids, fats, oils, and other
contaminants from water. Here are some key uses and benefits of DAF in the wastewater
industry:
Solid-Liquid Separation: DAF is particularly effective in separating suspended solids
and other particles from wastewater. The process involves introducing fine air bubbles
into the water, which attach to the suspended solids and cause them to float to the
surface, forming a layer of sludge.

Fats, Oils, and Grease (FOG) Removal: DAF systems are efficient in removing fats,
oils, and grease from wastewater. These substances can be a common issue in industries
such as food processing, dairy, and others. DAF helps in separating and skimming off
these hydrophobic substances, preventing their discharge into water bodies.
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Pre-Treatment for Further Processes: DAF is often used as a pre-treatment step before
other wastewater treatment processes. By removing a significant portion of suspended
solids and contaminants, DAF enhances the efficiency of downstream processes such as
biological treatment or filtration.

SECTION II: SCOPE OF DESIGN

S.NO. DESCRIPTION SCOPE

1. Nature of Influent

2. Quantity of Influent ___ KL

3. Operating Hours of CETP ___Hours

Table No.- 1

SECTION III: PARAMETERS OF TREATMENT

WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS & TREATED WATER CHARACTERISTICS

HSPCB NORMS
S. INLET OUTLET
PARAMETER UNIT WATER
No. PARAMETERS PARAMETERS
OUTLET
Quantity of
1 KLD 10 -
wastewater
2 pH - 7 to 8 6.5 to 8.5

3 TSS ppm Less than 20 < 100

4 Oil & Grease ppm Less than 10 < 10
5 COD ppm Less than 100 < 250
6 BOD ppm Less than 20 < 30
Table No.- 2
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SECTION IV: TREATMENT UNITS

Preliminary Treatment:
Screening Unit: This is the initial stage where large solids, debris, and other materials are
removed from the wastewater using screens. Common types of screens include bar screens
and fine screens.
Grit Chamber: In some cases, a grit chamber is included to settle out heavy inorganic
particles like sand and gravel, which may cause wear and damage to downstream equipment.
NOTE**-If this unit is not present ,kindly prevent debris from entering the suction of pump
to avoid breakdown
Primary Treatment:
Chemical Mixing and Flocculation Tube: Chemicals for coagulants and flocculants are
added to the wastewater to enhance the aggregation of suspended particles, aiding in the
separation of solids in the primary clarifier.

Secondary Treatment (DAF Process):

Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) Tank: The heart of the DAF system is the flotation tank. In
this tank, air is dissolved under pressure into the water, creating tiny bubbles. These bubbles
attach to the floc particles formed in the primary treatment, causing them to float to the
surface and form a sludge layer. The clarified water is collected from the bottom of the tank.
Skimming System: Mechanical skimmers or other devices are used to remove the floating
sludge or scum layer from the surface of the DAF tank.
Effluent Collection Tank: The clarified water collected from the bottom of the DAF tank is
typically directed to an effluent collection tank, from where it can be discharged or undergo
further treatment.
Sludge Handling and Disposal Tanks: The sludge collected on the surface of the DAF tank
may be directed to sludge handling tanks for further processing, dewatering, or disposal.
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SECTION V: INTRODUCTION OF PROCESS UNITS

The process units along with their brief purpose to be used for the treatment of the
wastewater are given in the following table:

S.N. PROCESS UNIT BRIEF PURPOSE

1. FLAT SKIMMER FLOCCS ,OIL AND GREASE REMOVAL
2. FLOCCULATOR FOR ADDING COAGULANTS & FOR
MIXING CHEMICALS
3. DISSOLVED AIR FLOTATION FOR AIR TO GET DISSOLVED UNDER
(DAF) TANK PRESSURE INTO THE WATER
4. DOSING TANKS FOR STORING CHEMICAL SOLUTION
5. CHMEICAL DOSING FOR REMOVING THE TSS

6. TREATED WATER TANK FOR STORING FINAL TREATED WATER

7. SLUDGE HOLDING TANK FOR COLLECTING SLUDGE FROM

Table No.- 3
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SECTION VI: BRIEF PROCESS DESCRIPTION

1. PRIMARY TREATMENT:

The wastewater will be collected in the Sewage collection and influent collection cum
pumping sump after flowing through the screen Chamber & oil & grease trap for remove
any floating matter and to trap the floating debris, if any. The collection tank helps to have
a consistent flow of wastewater for the plant. Collection tank will be kept aerated by coarse
air diffusers for homogeneous mixture. The wastewater is pumped to Inlet Chamber
provided with Bar screen for removal of suspended solids from the wastewater thus
increasing the efficiency of DAF system.

2. SECONDARY OR CHEMICAL TREATMENT:

Coagulants and flocculants are essential chemicals used in the secondary treatment of
wastewater to help remove suspended and colloidal particles, organic matter, and other
impurities from the water. The secondary treatment stage is a crucial part of the wastewater
treatment process, The use of coagulants and flocculants in secondary treatment results in
improved water quality by reducing turbidity, suspended solids, and contaminants. This
treated water is often ready for the final stage of wastewater treatment, which can include
disinfection, aeration, or further advanced processes before discharge or reuse.

3. TERTIARY TREATMENT:

After coagulation and flocculation, the wastewater is typically subjected to settling in

sedimentation tanks or filtration to separate the flocs from the treated water. This step
further refines the effluent quality.
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SECTION VII: TREATMENT SCHEME

TREATMENT SCHEME CONSIST OF FOLLOWING STEPS-:

1. Flocculator
2. Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) Tank
3. Flat skimmer
4. Final Treated Tank.
5. Dosing pump
6. Sludge holding Tank

SECTION VIII: BRIEF OPERATION FOR EACH UNIT1.

1. FLOCCULATOR:

A flocculator is used to aid in the formation of flocs (aggregates of particles) from the fine
suspended solids in wastewater. The primary purpose of a flocculator in a DAF system is to
enhance the efficiency of the flotation process by promoting the coagulation and
aggregation of smaller particles into larger, more easily floatable masses
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Operation:

Start-Up Procedures:
Ensure that all safety precautions are taken, and personnel are familiar with
emergency procedures.
Power on the flocculator equipment and allow it to reach the operating conditions.
Chemical Addition:
Confirm that the chemical dosing system is operational.
Add coagulants and flocculants to the wastewater as per the recommended dosage.
Adjust dosages based on the characteristics of the wastewater and treatment goals.
Adjusting Flow Rates:
Set and monitor the flow rates of both wastewater and chemicals entering the
flocculator.
Adjust flow rates as needed to achieve the desired residence time in the flocculator for
effective flocculation.
Monitoring Mixing Conditions:
Verify that the mixing conditions within the flocculator are suitable for promoting
flocculation.
Check that there is gentle agitation to allow for the collision and attachment of
particles without causing excessive shear.
Sampling and Analysis:
Periodically collect samples from the flocculator effluent to assess the formation and
characteristics of flocs.
Conduct laboratory analyses to measure the effectiveness of flocculation, adjusting
chemical dosages if necessary.
Residence Time Control:
Monitor and control the residence time of wastewater within the flocculator to ensure
sufficient time for floc formation.
Adjust the flow rates or the physical characteristics of the flocculator if needed to
optimize residence time.
Inspecting Equipment:
Regularly inspect the flocculator equipment for any signs of wear, damage, or
malfunction.
Check mechanical components, mixers, and paddles to ensure they are in good
working condition.
Calibration and Instrumentation:
Calibrate and verify the accuracy of instrumentation used to measure flow rates,
chemical dosages, and other relevant parameters.
Ensure that instruments, such as pH meters or turbidity sensors, are functioning
correctly.
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Record Keeping:
Maintain a log of operating parameters, chemical dosages, and any adjustments made
during the operation of the flocculator.
Document any issues, maintenance activities, or unexpected events for future
reference.
Shutdown Procedures:
Follow proper shutdown procedures when stopping the flocculator equipment.
Conduct any necessary post-operational checks or maintenance tasks.
Note:- When floccs is thick then please remove it manually from flocculator.

FLOCCULATOR

TREATED
WATER
TANK
DOSING POINTS

RAW
WATER
PUMP

FIG.1
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INLET

RE-CIRCULATION DISCHARGE LINE

RE-CIRCULATION SUCTION LINE

FIG.2

2. FLAT SKIMMER:

HOLES FOR TREATED

EFFLUENT PASSAGE

INFLUENT INLET

PERFORATED
TUBE

FLAT SKIMMER

FIG.3
A flat skimmer in a Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) system is an essential
component designed to remove the floated sludge or scum layer that forms on
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the surface of the flotation tank during the treatment process. The purpose of the
flat skimmer is to collect and direct this floating sludge to a sludge handling and
disposal system
Operation:
The flat skimmer will set on 20-30 RPM to remove oil and grease work continuously
tillthe plant runs.
Note:- If flat skimmer get stuck ,rotates it manually, it may stick because of non-
stick grease or surface may be dry.

3. DOSING TANK:

DOSING
POINTS

DOSING
TANK

FIG.4

In Dosing Tank, we are making Mixture of Coagulant agent and flocculation agent whichis
mentioned above.
Operation:
Take Fresh Water in dosing tank for Mixing of Coagulant and Flocculation agent and mix
the agent as per requirement.

4. TREATED WATER TANK:

Treated water Tank use for store the treated water.

5. SLUDGE HOLDING TANK

The sludge holding tank serves as a temporary storage facility for the floated sludge that is
skimmed off the surface of the DAF tank. This sludge contains the particles and contaminants
that have been separated during the flotation process.
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SECTION IX: DAILY OBSERVATIONS TO BE MAINTAINED

Note daily oil &grease value in each shift.
Note Daily Chemical consumption in logbook.
Note daily Inlet & outlet wastewater Quantity.
Check outlet flow rate of Flocculator.
Fill checklist for all pumps & equipment working.
Note pump/equipment in maintenance if any.

SECTION X: OPERATING PROCEDURE

Preparation:
Ensure that all safety protocols are followed, and necessary personal protective equipment (PPE) is
worn by operators.
Verify that all system components, including pumps, mixers, and skimmers, are in good working
condition.
Check chemical storage and dosing systems to ensure an adequate supply of coagulants and
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flocculants.
Start-Up:
Power on the DAF system components, including pumps, mixers, and any associated equipment.
Gradually start the flow of wastewater into the DAF system, ensuring a controlled and steady
increase in flow rates.
Chemical Addition:
Begin the addition of coagulants and flocculants to the wastewater. The dosages should be based on
the characteristics of the wastewater and treatment goals.
Monitor and adjust chemical dosages as needed, based on system performance and water quality
parameters.
Flocculation:
Ensure that the flocculation process is adequately promoting the formation of flocs. Adjust mixing
conditions and residence time if necessary.
Monitor the formation of flocs through periodic sampling and analysis.
Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) Tank Operation:
Ensure that the DAF tank is properly pressurized with air to facilitate the flotation process.
Monitor and control the release of dissolved air to form microbubbles that attach to flocs, causing
them to rise to the surface.
Skimming:
Operate the skimming system to remove the floated sludge or scum layer from the surface of the
DAF tank.
Adjust skimmer settings to optimize the removal of sludge while minimizing the carryover of
clarified water.
Effluent Collection:
Direct the clarified water collected from the bottom of the DAF tank to the effluent collection system
for further treatment or discharge.
Sludge Handling:
Monitor the sludge holding tank to manage the accumulation of sludge.
Periodically remove and dispose of sludge according to regulations or send it for further treatment.
Monitoring and Control:
Continuously monitor key parameters such as flow rates, chemical dosages, air pressure, and water
quality.
Adjust system settings and operating conditions based on real-time data to optimize performance.
Shutdown:
Follow proper shutdown procedures when stopping the DAF system.
Conduct any necessary post-operational checks or maintenance tasks.
Record Keeping:
Maintain a log of operational parameters, chemical dosages, system adjustments, and any issues
encountered during operation.
.
SECTION XI: CHEMICAL DOSING FOR DAF SYSTEM
Lime Dosing: 5Kg of Lime will be mixed with 200Liter of water to make solution
for every 4-5 Hours. Make sure the dosing pump not run when tank will be empty.
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SECTION XII: REGULAR MAINTENANCE OF DAF SYSTEM

Whenever any excess clogging and foaming appears in the tanks, they should be
cleaned at that time.

Flocculator needs to be Cleaned every 30 Days or as per requirement.

Pump should be maintained when it creates noise and any other disturbance.
Dosing pumps Strainer and pipe will be cleaned regularly.

SECTION XIII: THINGS TO BE REMEMBERED

All pumps worked properly for smooth running of plant.
Chemical solution available in Dosing tank.
Flat Skimmer will be ON if the plant is in working, otherwise it will
create a problem.
Proper monitoring of debris, if water at required flow not reaches in Treated
water tank it may reduce the efficiency.
Proper cleaning of flocculator and treated water line required to maintain flow rate.
Make sure that pump will be running with wastewater if not then there may be
chance of pump breakdown or pump seal may be damaged.
If Pump is not able to suck the effluent, then some water will have to blow in
suction priming.
Pump maintenance must be done from time to time.
As per Suggestion, the Plant must be run under the supervision of Experienced
Operator.
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Piping &Instrumentation Diagram