Ngai _ “PART 1 ty Ne) Noe ee Exom ge For questions 1-8, read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or B) best fits each gap. There is an example at the beginning (0) Remember that all four options could Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet. be similar in meaning, but only Example: ‘one can be used in ni fe coe 0 A method process © way D procedure RAINMAKING of making rain is simpler than you might think. As warm, moisture-laden air ) vossessesessests from the surface of the Barth, it cools and some of the moisture (2) into tiny droplets surrounding microscopic patticles such as dust and smoke in the air, forming clouds. ‘The science of weather modification is now big (3) secon « Using radar and sensitive equipment that (4) .........c..s.sss+seee atmospheric changes, weather modifiers fly above or below the clouds and spray them with billions of minute particles known as seeding agents. These then ‘attract’ tiny water droplets which (5) .........0.0e-ee- atound each one. When enough droplets are attached, precipitation ~ the third and final (6) ......-+.cscsssssssssseeeee in the process which returns water to the earth's surface — occurs, and it rains, Current weather manipulation technology only allows scientists to ‘encourage’ a cloud that is D) ceseseccccessssensseees heavy to produce rain, Some more ambitious scientists foresee a day when they will be able to manufacture rain from blue skies, but this is stil in the far (8) f . future, 1 A grows B raises ¢ iifts D rises, 2 A condenses B evaporates © transforms D groups 3 A commerce B industry © trade D business: 4 A takes off B picks up © catches on D puts across 5 A gather B fasten © converge D stick 6 A division B stage © period D level T A sufficiently B specifically © splendialy D satisfactorily 8 A detached B cistant © isolated D remoteFor questions 9-16, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap. There is an example at the beginning (0). ‘Write your answers IN CAPITAL LETTERS on the separate answer sheet, Example:Exam dig First identity what part of epeech is given as a prompt word and then think about what sort of ‘changels} you need to make. Due to the 0) (PART 3 For questions 17-24, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the gap in the same line. There is an ‘example at the beginning (0). Write your answers IN GAPITAL LETTERS on the separate answer sheet. oe 5] EARP MTT ST HILDA’S COLLEGE Teaching Vacancies : ‘of our sixth form department, we EXPAND are currently recruiting teachers with a(h) (17) ...n0... : SPECIAL in ‘A’ level Catering, Childcare or Psychology. St Hilda’s College is a(n) (18) : secondary DEPEND school for girls. Our (19) 7 designed IMAGINE syllabus places an emphasis on (20)... eat VOCATION education. You should have a (21) .... essssunn tack record in teaching PROVE at ‘A’ level standard for at least three years. Teachers with less ‘experience than this will be considered to have (22) os SUFFICE qualifications for the positions we are seeking to fill. (23) advantage, as . with experience in the development and APPLY delivery of innovative curriculum programmes will have a distinct those who can demonstrate a(n) (24)... oe to participate in extra-curricular activities. For further information and an application form, please contact Mrs Jessica Beaumont on: 0208-427-7721.exam ip > = ifyour idea doesn’t fe naturally into 3-6 ‘words, don't force it W's probably wrong: a z PART 4 For questions 25-80, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and six words, including the word given. Here is an example (0). Example: © He always gives the impression that he's very confident. ACROSS He always very confident. ‘The gap can be filled by the words ‘comes across as being’, so you write: Example: [0] [ COMES ACROSS AS BEING Write only the missing words IN CAPITAL LETTERS on the separate answer sheet, 25. I'm sure Sarah didn’t mean to hurt your feelings. INTENTION 'm sure Sarah wwe: YOuF feelings. 26 Andrew's behaviour was unforgivable, EXCUSE There's wn ‘Andraw behaved. 27, We need the public's support for the project to work. SUCCEED Whether the projact public's support. on the 28 | usually drink a cup of coffee first thing in the morning. HABIT tam .. A Cup of coftee first thing in the morning. 29. “What would you do if you were me?" he asked her. acT He asked her . in his position. 30 There isn't much chance that Sue will win the race. PROSPECTS. Sue's . quite stim.PARTS You are going to read a magazine article about historical biography. For questions 31-36, choose the answer (A, B, G or D) which you think fits best according to the text. Gibbon was inspired to write The Decline and Fal ofthe ‘Roman Empire sitting on the steps of the Capitol in Rome one -evering, stering to the sound of monks chanting, My own _ aspiration to become 2 historical blographes came in rather “Jeis elevated checumstances, as a teenager one rainy Oxford aftemoan: | began to read Lytton Strachey's Eminent - Victorians, and was in particular fascinated by his essay on Cardiial Manning. This wes going f0 be the ile for mel ‘Once back at school, | plunged int further research in the Nbrary. A very dliferent picture emerged Gradually, as 1 pursued the topic, | became aware of Strachey/s daring ‘allies into ‘artistic truth’ (@s opposed to historical truth), Nevertheless, | never forgot my orginal serse of being transported into a world more vivid than my own, ‘An ability to convey this sensation is, | believe, a the heart of the matter. H you, the biographer, don't thril to your subject, you can hardly n al falmess expect the reader to do 0, in a sense (nof, of course, the commercial sense) the choice of subjects itelevant 50 jong as 1 meets that requirement. You could say that | was extremely hicky to choose Mary Queen of Scots for my fist foray since there proved to be a worldwide audience forthe troubles ofthe i fated Queen. But you could atgue equally that | made my ‘own luc, since I had always been obsessed by Mary's story from childhood. Nor was success foreordained. It was, after all, the leading publisher Mark Bonham Carter of (then) CColins who said to me when 1 confessed my projec, "They ‘ay that all books on Mary Queen of Scots sell and no books €6n South America do," before aiding with a laugh, "Perhaps yours will be the exception.” Nevertheless | did have luck. In the 60s, so-called narrative biography was said to be out of fashion. Mary ‘Queen of Scots was an early beneficiary from the fact that the public continued to have an appetite fort, so long as the research was fet to be solid ‘The actual research for a biography ~ now that's a whole ‘other matter, The paramount need for it— historical truth, Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet. hitherto unpublished documents? Obviously it 1s every. researchers dream to discover such papers, and their discovery once again may make a project commercial which ‘would not otherwise Be so. AE the same time, I would issue ‘ caveat about hitherto unpublished documents. HUDs are notin thernselves more valuable than the printed sources 1S ahistorical coincidence that one set has become known early on, the other not One needs to evaluate them even ‘more closely Here | speak from personal experience. A series ‘of chances led me to discovering some hitherto unpublished letters of Oliver Cromwell just as | was finishing my ‘manuscript. | blazoned my finds across the text: only to tease atthe proal stage that they might be unpublished but they were not very portant in the grand scheme of things _- an expensive mistake, ‘Where the pels and pleasures of writing historical biography are concerned, there are two perils which seem to me to raise points of principle The first is the petl of anachronistic judgements. For example, in the 16th century ine ‘more or less everybody took astrology seriously and more or less everybody enjoyed a jolly afternoon out to see the bears baited. Its no good dismissing the former a5 meaningless and cringing from the later as disgusting. | would further cite the peri of hindsight. We may know that Henry Vill will macy six ties, but he didn't, and he would have been amazed ift had been predicted atthe time of fis fist marriage to Catherine of Aragon, ‘And. the pleasures? Manifold! Principal among them however is the opportunity to lead a lifeless ordinary. AS a biographer, | can rule over kingdoms, lead the cavalry into battle, patronise the gfeat artists of the past and al without feaving my chair.eeURABT 6 ‘You ate going to read four reviews of a popular British television series. For questions 87-40, choose from the reviews A-D. The reviews may be chosen more than once. Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet. DOWNTON Abbey owe Ag, on cals post-Edwardian England, is part soap opera, part period drams, with all ue you might expect in a large household into servants and masters. The first seties, 1 from the sinking of the Titanic to the “makes a great deal of drama about familys ig performances. “for example, is excellent as Mr Carson, the butler of | Bownton, a sturdy reassuring figure who ensures that ‘the household is running smoothly. Nevertheless, it all feels rather formulaic. For something with a much fresher feel, viewers would be better advised to tune be els 5 oe a ee B a : oe bole js-a gloriously colourful period drama which serves up all of the details of costume and _condiict that we might expect from an Enolish country 2 ‘house at the start of the twentieth century. it features: | large cast of maids, footmen and valets serving and attending to the Crawley family and adhering to the minutiae of aristocratic etiquette. Real events such as |< __ the First World War, the Spanish flu epidemic and Insh independence are skilfully woven into the storyline, engaging the viewer in the issues of the time. As for the acting, Dame Maggie Smith as the Dowager Countess and Michelle Dockery as Lady Mary shine particularly brightly, but the ensemble as a whole boasts real death in the believability of its characters. ‘The challenges they f2ce at the start of an uncertain ‘age-often bear a surprising resemblance fo our own. dim Carter, a ee famliar with TV cassis such as Upstoirs Downstoirs and Brideshead Revisited will not be at all Surprised at the success of Downton Abbey. Period | dramas involving grand homes, class di good old-fashioned aristocracy sell well. in fact, this | show is very much a rehash of Gosford Park - the critically acclaimed murder mystery set in a country | home, Gosford Park and Downton Abbey actually are the same writer in Iulian Fellowes. This | ‘explains why Downton Abbey feels like a serialised version of the former. It is, at least, a solid drama with American-style production values, and can ‘boast uniformly-assured acting. But the problem with. shows like Downton is thet they tend to ‘wallow in their own self-consciousness while failing _ te question the values and assumptions we share | _with bygone ages, {just don’t see why the concerns ‘of Downton actually matter. ‘Am | the only person who feels that Downton Abbey has become increasingly erratic over the course of ‘ts second series? it all started off slowly enough isodes that’ merely plodded along. ‘episode six, a mystetious man with a burnt and bandaged face arrives claiming to be Patrick, ‘heir to the estate. Fine, except that Patrick drowned ‘with the Titanic and didn’t have a Canadian accent. After his asseftions thet he lost his memiory and mysteriously gained 2 new accent are roundly ejected, he promptly disappears and troubles us no. further, Mention should also go to Matthew, who -fecovers miraculously froma war injury, and the Spanish flu which arrives just in time to kill off ‘Lavinia, who was looking decidedly inconvenient to ‘the arc of the storyline. And while we're being __ barraged with all this melodrama and over-the-top performance, the war hangs over everything as a ‘very blunt metaphor for present and future change at Downton. :shares reviewer A's opinion about the originality of Downton Abbey? has a different view from reviewer B about the use of historical Incidents in the plot? has a different view from the others about the overall quality of the acting? expresses a different view to reviewer C about the relevance of historical drama? 4 |“PART 7 ‘You are going to read an extract from 2 magazine article about the Greenland ice cap. Six paragraphs have been removed from the extract. Choose from the paragraphs A-G the ong ‘which fits each gap (41-46). There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet. From 30,000 feet in the air, the Greenland ice cap seems impregnable, nearly 800 trilion gallons of frozen water locked safely away. But get closer and the cracks begin to ‘emerge. Dancing by helicopter above the mouth of the Jakobshavn Glacier, near the western coast of Greenland, you can make out veins of the purest blue mett water running between foids of ice. a | Those icebergs are spat out into Disko Bay, 20 billion ‘metric tons' worth every year, where they loom above the tiny fishing boats. Sail close and you'll find that these seemingly permanent cathedrals of ice, some 200 feet to 300 feet high, are leaking water like broken pipes. They're fighting a war and they appear to be losing. laine If all the ice on Greenland were to melt tomorrow, global sea levels would rise more than 20 feet - enough to ‘swamp many coastal cities. Though no one thinks that will happen anytime soon, what keeps glaciologists awake at night is that thinking is not the same as knowing - and no ‘one can say with certainty what Greeniand’s fate willbe. 1 got a firsthand look at such heroism this summer when | joined a team of international researchers led by Dahl- Jensen at the NEEM camp in Greenland. NEEM stands for North Greenland Eemian Ice Drilling (the acronym is Danish, as are the leaders of the project), and the scientists. are digging deep into the Greenland ice - more than a mile and 2 half deep to be precise ~ to try to understand its. pedigree. It's like tree rings ~ but for climatic history. “In order to predict the future, we have to understand the past,” says. Minik Rosing, a geologist at the University of Copenhager NEEM is focused on the Eemian stage, a period from about § 115,000 to 130,000 years ago, right before the last ice age, when the world was warm ~ quite warm, about 9°F hotter J in Europe than it is today. Dahl-Jensen believes that with enough they will be able to project forward and understand just § how vulnerable Greenland is to future meiting. "With 10 years of intense research, | think we can reach a reliable estimate for that tipping point," she says. information, watch as a plume of mist fils the air where the iceberg ‘once was, while the fjord chums on. And then I wonder, just how much time do Greenland and the rest of us have before it's too late? That may be up to us ~ and the heroes we choose to fallow.Given estimates that temperatures could fise 3.24°F to 7.2°F over the coming century, the Eemian could offer a model for the effect such change will have on | Greenland’ ice. A full climatic record of ~ the Eemian has never been constructed, but over the next several summers, the NEEM researchers hope to harvest cores ‘that will help them track the state of the ice throughout that era, when Greenland |was warm enough to actually be green. further back in history you travel. As ice formed in. Greenland, year after cold Year, bits of atmosphere were trapped in ‘the ayers. Drilling into the ice and fishing ‘out samples ~ ice cores ~ that contain ‘ny bubbles of that ancient air can reveal the temperature, the concentration of greenhouse gases, even the ambient dust from the year that layer was formed. © It's easy to misunderstand all of this. Climate change itself isn't a bad thing; it isn't even unusual. Take a geological step back, and you can see that our climate has always changed, altemating just within the past several hundred thousand years between ice ages, when glaciers covered much of the Northern Hemisphere and eras warmer than our own. |_D That's why researchers like Dorthe Dahl- Jensen, stationed on a barren speck of land near the heart of Greenland’s ice sheet, are considered environmental heroes. Her work there involves decoding the island's climatic history ‘Along with her colleagues there, she displays a passion for the planet that just might save it, It's that type of confidence that serves as ‘our light in the climatic darkness, living proof that hope hasn't vanished, You need that comfort when you're standing ‘ona rocky hilltop in Greenland, watching ‘the ice disappear. As Jakobshavn gives ‘way to the fjord, a stadium-size iceberg suddenly implodes, disintegrating like a collapsing skyscraper. What you can't see from that height is Jakobshavn's inexorable slide toward the sea, at an alarming rate of 65 feet to 115, feet a day. As the glacier nears the coast, it breaks off into the tfulssat fjord, a stream of churning ice that might have birthed the monster that sunk the Titanic. Sadly, Greenland is the front line in humanity's battle against climate change. The warming that is easy to dismiss elsewhere is undeniable on this 860,000-square-mile island. More and more of Greenland's frozen expanses, a living remnant of the last ice age, disappear each year, with as much as 150 billion metric tons of glacier vanishing annually. <= sam Tio Look for any ‘grammatical or logical ci whieh can help you place the missing paragraphs in the right gaps.exam ge Read the questions first and underline the key words so that you know exactly what you are looking for in the texts. ‘You are going to read some reviews of wildlife books. For questions 47-56, choose from the reviews (A-E). The reviews may be chosen more than once. ‘Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet. 3iS Q Nature Cure by Richard Mabey of the best wildlife writing reveals as much about the fe, his. depression, and his fear that nature may no. Fonger hold the answers for him. The more he tries to fhe feels, But the book charts his path out of despair, as, he finds a way to let nature back in and fire up the wild © bits of his imagination. It's a fascinating book, written The World's Vanishing Animals by Cyr Littlewood and DW Ovenden 'An unashamedly nostalgic choice. Published in two volumes (mammals and birds) in 1969, this was my inioduction to the idea that extinction wasn’t just for dinosaurs and dodos. 1 used to pore over Denys | Ovenden’s illustrations of familiar polar bears and lack rhinos, and less familiar takahes and nyalas, and ‘wonder whether I could do anything to help. Published by the Wildlife Youth Service, part of Peter Scot's WWF, it was a call to action for young folk. Trouble is, ‘we haven't fully listened to it. The book’s dustjacket | tecords that about 1,000 animal species were faced with extinction at the time of publication. Today, the ‘World Conservation Union’s Red list of animals about Which to be cancerned contains over 16,000 entries. _ C:How to be a Bad Biedwatcher by Simon Barnes, You know the feeling: you're reading @ book, and as {you turn every page you're nodding in agreement, as _jithe writer has popped into your head and committed your own thoughis to paper. This is one of those books. {t's about being a normal birdwatcher, reasonably knowledgeable, constantly passionate, but often a bit confused as to what you've seen or heard, and with the vague feeling that everyone else you're with knows s0 much more. It's the book for those of us who find birdwatching pleasurable, not competitive, and it's terribly funny to boot. | always smile now when | see a sparrowhawk. | urge you to read this book to find out why. D: Field Guide to the Dragonflies and Damselilies of Great Britain and Northern Ireland by Steve Brooks and Richard Lewington You can't have a list of wildlife books without including a guide book. I've gone for this excellent litle number, partly because it's clearly written and well [aid out, partly because it's superbly illustrated, but mainly because a whole new world has opened up for me since buying it. f you've never looked closely at nature before, this book will set you in the right direction, and | guarantee that as you get to know these fascinating creatures you'll have new marvels to understand and enjoy every time you take a summer walk. E: The Future of Life by Edward Wilson Here's a fascinating book which is a great example of conservation-based writing. The ecological debate will always rage on ~ should mankind continue to ‘experiment with new sciences and discoveries, or are we destroying our world and ourselves in the process ~ and Wilson gets to the heart of the arguments superbly, driven by @ constant love of the animals with which we share the planet. Agree with him or not, he's a stimulating writer and this is a stimulating book.