TECHNICAL DRAWING APPLICATIONS (65)

Aims: in the use of traditional drafting methods which

would also be helpful in understanding computer
1. To develop competence among the students to
aided designs.
pursue technical courses like Engineering,
Architecture, Draftsmanship Surveying and other 3. To acquire the basic knowledge in their
professional courses. applications in various fields.
2. To understand basic principles of instrumental
drawing drawn to scale and to acquire basic skills
CLASS IX

There will be one written paper of three hours duration 3. Lettering and Numbering
carrying 100 marks and Internal Assessment of 100
Upright capitals and small, freehand, single
marks.
stroke, as used in Engineering drawing, and
The paper will be divided into two sections, between, the correct guide lines.
Section I and Section II.
4. Sheet Layout
Section I (40 marks) shall consist of compulsory short
Basic – draw border lines, title block with name,
answer questions chosen from the entire syllabus.
sheet number, title etc.
Section II (60 marks) shall contain questions which
5. Geometrical Constructions
require longer answers. There will be a choice of
questions. (a) Bisector of line segment.
THEORY – 100 Marks (b) Division of a line segment into required
number of parts/ proportional parts.
1. Types of lines
(c) Perpendicular and parallel lines.
(i) Border lines.
(d) Bisection of an angle, trisection of a right
(ii) Outlines. angle/ straight angle.
(iii) Dashed/ Dotted lines. (e) Congruent angle.
(iv) Centre lines. (f) To find the centre of an arc.
(v) Extension lines or Projection lines. (g) Regular polygons up to six sides with simple
(vi) Dimension lines. methods using T-square and setsquares.
(vii) Construction lines. Point, Lines and Angles: Definitions of the
(viii) Cutting-Plane lines. various terms used in relation to, a point, different
types of lines and different types of angles to be
(ix) Section or Hatching lines. used only in construction.
(x) Short break lines.
• Bisecting a line.
(xi) Long break lines.
• Drawing a perpendicular to a line from a point,
The names of different lines and their uses to be in/above / away from the end of, the line.
matched with the correct thickness and shade.
• Bisecting an angle when the lines meet.
2. Dimensioning
• Trisecting a right angle.
(i) Aligned system.
(ii) Unidirectional System. • Making an angle equal to a given angle.

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• Draw parallel line to a given line touching Quadrilaterals: Definitions of a quadrilateral /
given point away from the line by using correct different kinds of quadrilaterals, e.g. a square, a
instruments such as set squares/compasses. rectangle, a rhombus and a trapezium to be used
only in the construction of
• Draw parallel line to a given line at a given
distance. • a rectangle: when the diagonal and one side is
given or two sides are given.
• Locating a point equally distant from two
points, away from the line • a square: when one side or the diagonal is
given.
• Dividing a straight line into any required
number of given parts. • a rhombus: when one side and one angle is
given/when two diagonals are given.
• Draw two lines, from two points outside a given
straight line, to meet at a point in the line, • a trapezium: when the diagonal and the equal
making equal angles with it. sides are given/when two parallel sides and
distance between them is given.
• Constructing angles of 90, 45, 22½, 135, 67½,
60, 120, 30, 52½, 105, 75, 37½. degrees. Polygons: Definition of a polygon (regular and
irregular) and the terms relating to it only to be
Triangles: Definition of a triangle, the terms (with used in construction methods and Special
their definitions) relating to the different parts of a construction methods of regular polygons (up to
triangle, classifying the different kinds of triangles, eight sides) when the following is given:
according to their sides / angles.
• the length of a side
Construction of Triangles when the following is
• the length of sides and necessary angles are
given: given.
• the base, altitude and one side. Circles and tangents: Definition of a circle /
• all three sides. tangent, and the different parts contained in a
circle, e.g. centre, circumference, diameter, radius,
• the base angles and the altitude. arc, chord, sector and segment. Concentric circles
• the base and the base angles. only to be used in construction methods for:

• the perimeter and the proportion of the sides. • finding the center of a circle.

• the base and the ratio of the angles. • obtaining its circumference, radius given.

• the perimeter and the base angles. • obtaining the length of any given arc.

Construction of Isosceles Triangles when the • drawing an arc /a circle to pass through 2/3
following is given: given points.

• the altitude and the base. • drawing a tangent to an arc / a circle from a
point in / outside the arc / circle.
• the base and one side.
• drawing two tangents, at a given inclination to
• a base angle and an equal side. each other, to a given circle.
• the altitude and an equal side. • drawing a tangent to a circle, parallel to a
Construction of Right angled triangles when the given line.
following is given: • drawing a common exterior tangent to two
• the hypotenuse and the base. circles of equal diameter.

• the hypotenuse and an acute angle. • drawing a common exterior tangent to two
circles of unequal diameter, when the circles
• The base and height. touch / do not touch / cut one another.

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 • drawing a common interior tangent to two using the, First angle or the Third angle,
circles of equal / unequal diameter when the method of projection. Hidden end
circles touch/do not touch one another. elevation to be excluded. Layout of
drawing sheet, i.e. the Orthographic views
6. Basic facility in Orthographic Projections (First / Third angle method), inserting the
required projection lines, center lines,
(a) Projection of points.
leader lines, dimension lines,
(b) Projection of lines (in 1st quadrant/ 3rd quadrant dimensioning from the Pictorial (Isometric
/ contained by reference plane) / Oblique view) of the object.
(i) line parallel to both the reference planes. 7. Isometric drawing
(ii) line parallel to one of the reference planes Copying the given isometric figure (simple and
and perpendicular to the other plane. basic).
(iii) line inclined to one of the reference planes Their definition and their uses, the correct method
and parallel to the other plane. of drawing them, along with the correct use of the
appropriate, basic, drawing instruments.
(iv) line inclined to both the reference planes.
The difference between the Isometric projection
(v) To find the true length of the line from the
and the Isometric view.
given projections.
(c) Projections of Surfaces/ Areas: such as regular • drawing the Isometric view / projection, of
polygons and circular lamina (1st angle and 3rd straight lined objects, showing isometric
angle). planes.

(i) surface perpendicular to both the reference • drawing the isometric view of cylindrically
planes. shaped objects, e.g. round bars / pipes /
washers.
(ii) surface perpendicular to one of the
reference planes and parallel to the other. 8. Free hand sketching

(iii) Surface inclined to one of the surface Domestic items, appliances and tools, such as cup
planes and perpendicular to the other. with a saucer, an electric bulb, a fountain pen with
the cap removed, a tooth brush, a hammer (ball /
(iv) Conversion of simple pictorial views into claw pein), a woodsaw, a hacksaw, a screwdriver,
orthographic views (1st angle / 3rd angle a spanner, pliers, chisel, tri-square, calipers
method) ELEVATION (F.V) PLAN (internal and external) a pair of scissors, a pair of
(T.V.) END VIEW: LHS/RHS. compasses, divider, knife, water tap etc.
Its definition. The complete explanation Draw free hand sketches of these tools keeping the
with demonstration of viewing objects, proportion of various parts.
placed within the First and Third quadrant
(the planes of projections), and obtaining PART II – INTERNAL ASSESSMENT
the different views, i.e. the
front elevation, visible end elevations and Minimum fifteen drawing assignments to be done
plan, and drawing them, accordingly, during the year as assigned by the teacher.

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 CLASS X
There will be one written paper of three hours duration (xii) Inscribe/Circumscribe a circle of given
carrying 100 marks and Internal Assessment of radius by a regular polygon up to six sides.
100 marks.
(xiii) In a regular polygon to draw the same
The paper will be divided into two sections, number of equal circles as the sides of the
Section I and Section II polygon each circle touching one /two
sides of the polygon and two of the other
Section I will consist of a number of questions covering
circles externally.
Section A of the syllabus. The candidates are to attempt
three questions out of five. (xiv) Outside a regular polygon to draw the
same number of equal circles as the sides
Section II will consist of questions covering Section B
of the polygon each touching one side of
of the syllabus. The candidates are to attempt two
the polygon and two of the other circles
questions out of three.
externally.
THEORY – 100 Marks (xv) Regular hexagon and 3 equal circles inside
SECTION A it touching one side/ two sides of the
hexagon and the other two circles
1. Geometrical Constructions based on Plane externally.
Geometry
(xvi) A circle and (3, 4, 5, 6,) equal circles inside
(i) Division of a line into equal or it touching internally and touching each
proportional parts: Construction of a other externally.
triangle/ quadrilateral when its perimeter
and the ratio of the lengths of its sides are (xvii) Tangents to a circle at a point on the
given. circumference.

(ii) Division of a circle into equal parts (4, 6, (xviii) Direct common tangents/Transverse
8, 12) using set square or compasses. common tangents to two equal/unequal
circles. Also to measure and record their
(iii) To find the length of an arc/circumference lengths.
of a circle.
(xix) Drawing (not more than three) circles
(iv) An angle and a circle touching its sides. touching each other externally and also
(v) A circle of given radius passing through touching two converging lines (radius of
two given points. one of the circles is given).

(vi) An arc passing through three non-collinear 2. Area constructions

points.
(i) Constructions based on the application of area
(vii) A continuous arc passing through not more theorems (area of polygons).
than 5 non-collinear points.
(ii) Converting the given polygon into a triangle
(viii) A regular polygon (3, 4 5 6 sides) with having equal/half/double the area of the
special methods (side given). polygon.
(ix) Construction of a regular octagon in a (iii) Changing given triangles (2 or 3) into a single
square (side of the square = distance triangle having the area equal to the sum of the
between parallel sides of a octagon). areas of the given triangles.
(x) More than one polygon (sides 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, Methods for constructing:
8) on a common base on the same
side/opposite sides. • a scalene triangle / isosceles triangle /a right
angled triangle equal to the area / half the area
(xi) Inscribing/Circumscribing a circle on a / twice the area of any given quadrilateral.
regular polygon (3, 4, 5, 6 sides).

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 • a parallelogram equal in area to any given Diagonal Scales in different units of linear
triangle. measurements, and marked and numbered
accordingly. Transferring the required
• a triangle equal in area to the sum of any two / measurements, from the constructed scale, to
three given triangles. create finished Scaled drawings, of: field drawings
• a triangle equal in area / half the area to any / templates / Orthographic projections / plane
given regular pentagon / hexagon. geometrical constructions.
• a triangle of a given base / altitude, equal in 5. Engineering Curves
area to another given triangle.
An ellipse, a parabola
• a triangle equal in area to ½ or twice the area
of any given triangle. Engineering Curves (construction only) as used in
manhole covers, arches, dams, monuments etc.
• a square equal in area to any given
parallelogram / triangle / rectangle. (i) Ellipse: (major and minor axes given)
(a) by arcs of circles method.
• a square, equal in area to any given regular
pentagon / hexagon. (b) by the concentric circles method.
(c) by oblong method.
3. Templates as an application of geometrical
constructions and other constructions such as: (ii) Parabola (base and axis given)
(i) Arc of a given radius touching a given line (a) by rectangle method.
and passing through a given point.
(b) by tangent method
(ii) Arc of given radius touching two intersecting
straight lines. 6. Solids
(iii) Arc of given radius touching a given arc and (i) Orthographic projections of right solids such as
a straight line. regular prisms and pyramids with bases as
regular polygons up to six sides, cylinder and
(iv) Arc of a given radius touching two given arcs
cone.
(externally/internally).
(a) Axis perpendicular to one of the reference
(To redraw the given figure and insert the
planes and parallel to the other.
dimensions).
(b) Axis parallel to both the reference planes
Applying the construction methods, involving
(prism/cylinder only).
circles, tangential, circles / arcs /straight lines and
points, for constructing TEMPLATES of various (c) Axis inclined to one of the reference
shapes. planes and parallel to the other. Use of
auxiliary plane may be included
4. Scales (Auxiliary elevation and auxiliary plan).
(i) To find the R.F. (Representative Fraction) and (ii) Development of surfaces of the right solids
the scale length from the given data by (Parallel and Radial).
showing neat working.
(iii) Determination of true length of line when
(ii) Construction of a plain scale/diagonal scale. inclined to both the reference planes e.g. slant
(iii) Use of constructed scale in the preparation of edge of a pyramid.
field drawing scale diagram (Enough data to Right Solids, such as, Prisms (triangular,
be provided). square, pentagonal and hexagonal)
Definition of R.F. formula. Finding the Pyramids (triangular, square, pentagonal and
Representative Fraction (R. F.) and the Scale hexagonal bases.), Cylinders and Cones
length by the given data by showing neat
working/lettering. Construction of Plain and

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 Simple word problems on: (iii) Development of lateral surfaces of cut solids
(i) Orthographic projections of right solids. (parallel, radial): Prism, Pyramid, cylinder,
cone.
• with its axis, perpendicular to one plane,
and, parallel to the other plane. (iv) Development of pipe joints as elbow joints,
exhaust pipes etc. and the objects made of sheet
• with its axis, parallel to both planes. metals in the shape of cylinders.
• with its axis, parallel to one plane, and, (v) True shape of a section.
inclined to the other plane.
(vi) Auxiliary views (A.F.V. /A.T.V.) of cut solids
(ii) Parallel and Radial Development of lateral
with axis perpendicular to H.P and parallel to
surfaces of right solids with axis
V.P with
perpendicular to H.P. and parallel to V.P.
(iii) Determination of true length of the slant (a) Auxiliary plane parallel to the cutting
edge of a pyramid when the slant edge is plane.
inclined to both H.P. and V.P. (b) Auxiliary plane inclined to H.P at a given
(iv) Auxiliary views: angle θ.
Figure showing auxiliary inclined plane Sections of Right Solids, such as, Prisms,
should be given with the word problem. Cylinders, Pyramids and Cones.
–– Auxiliary elevation of right solid with Sectional views, of cut / truncated solids,
axis parallel to H.P. and inclined to
• with its axis, perpendicular to the H.P. and
V.P.
parallel to the V.P., when the cutting plane is
–– Auxiliary plan of a right solid with axis parallel / inclined to H.P. or, to the V.P. (only
inclined to H.P. and parallel to V.P. one cutting plane to be expressed in the figure)
7. Oblique drawing • with its axis, parallel to both planes (prisms
and cylinders only), with not more than one
Conversion of given orthographic views to oblique
cutting plane shown in the figure.
view (circular parts in top view to be
excluded).Circular parts only in one view either in Developments of the lateral surfaces of:
front view or in the side view. The angle of
inclination with the receding axis to be given • Cut Solids / Truncated Solids (parallel and
radial), such as, Prisms, Cylinders, Pyramids
and Cones with one cutting plane shown in the
SECTION B figure.
8. Sections of right solids (prism, pyramid, • Cylindrical pipe joints, as used for
cylinder and cone) constructing, Chimneys, Ventilators, exhaust
(i) Sectional views of cut solids with axis pipes, etc., as application of development of
perpendicular to H.P. and parallel to V.P. lateral surfaces of cut/truncated cylinders with
one/more than one cutting plane shown in the
(a) V.T. (Vertical Trace) parallel to or inclined figure.
to H.P.
Auxiliary view, of cut / truncated solids such as
(b) H.T. (Horizontal Trace) parallel/inclined
prism / pyramids / cylinder / cone, when the axis is
to V.P. (Figure showing V.T and H.T
perpendicular to the H.P. and parallel to the V.P.
should be given) Questions based on word
problems should be excluded. with the Auxiliary plane;

(ii) Axis parallel to both the reference planes • parallel to the cutting plane.
(prism and cylinder only) with H.T .or V.T. of • at an inclination to the H.P
cutting plane shown in the figure.

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 Auxiliary plane should be shown in the figure. • Converting the given Orthographic view /
and views into Sectional views, full / half according
The True Shape of the, cut / truncated, surface of to the Cutting plane line / lines marked in a
right solids such as prism / pyramid / cylinder / given view / views.
cone when axis is perpendicular to H.P. and • Dimensioning the Orthographic views showing
parallel to V.P. the cutting plane, naming the views.
9. Isometric Drawing (Use of scale to draw
isometric drawing may be included. e.g. 2:1 or 1:2 PART II- INTERNAL ASSESSMENT -
only). 100 MARKS

(a) Copy the given isometric figure. 1. To prepare a file containing minimum 15 drawing
assignments. The drawing assignments should
(b) Conversion of the given orthographic view into cover entire syllabus of class X. One / two
isometric drawing. assignments on each units of syllabus should be
(c) Isometric projection by constructing and prepared on half imperial size drawing paper.
making use of an isometric scale.
2. To make a three-dimensional model with stiff
Isometric Drawing: In full scale and maybe in the cartridge paper / chart paper involving the
scale of 2:1 or 1:2. application of the development of solids such as a
• Drawing the Isometric view, from a given, prism / pyramid.
Isometric view. 3. To make a model with thermocol involving the
• Drawing the Isometric view, by reading and application of the true shape of the section of
visualizing the same, from the given truncated solids such as a prism / pyramid /
Orthographic views. cylinder / cone.
• Drawing the Isometric projection from either a EVALUATION
given pictorial view or the Orthographic views,
by constructing and using the Isometric Scale. The assignments/project work is to be evaluated by the
subject teacher and by an External Examiner. The
10. Sectional Orthographic views (1st and 3rd angle
External Examiner may be a teacher nominated by the
methods)
Head of the school, who could be from the faculty, but
(a) Conversion of given pictorial view not teaching the subject in the section/class.
(Isometric/oblique into sectional/half sectional
orthographic views). The Internal Examiner and the External Examiner will
assess the assignments independently.
(b) Conversion of a given orthographic view into
sectional/half sectional views and adding the Award of marks (100 marks)
missing view. Subject Teacher (Internal Examiner): 50 marks
The Orthographic Projection, First and third, External Examiner: 50 marks
angle methods: (at least one of the views as
sectional view). The total marks obtained out of 100 are to be sent to the
Council by the Head of the school.
• Drawing the Orthographic views / full
sectional views / half-sectional views of an The Head of the school will be responsible for the
object shown in a given pictorial view: online entry of marks on the Council’s CAREERS
Isometric / Oblique with cutting plane / planes portal by the due date.
shown.

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 INTERNAL ASSESSMENT IN TECHNICAL DRAWING APPLICATIONS - GUIDELINES FOR MARKING WITH GRADES
Criteria Preparation Analysis Process Results Presentation
Grade I Follows instructions Analyses problem Comments upon, Recognises and Presentation is accurate
(4 marks) (written, oral, and systematically. recognises use of comments upon sources and good. Appropriate
diagrammatic) with Recognises a number of instruments, degree of of error. techniques are well
understanding; modifies variables and attempts accuracy. Process is Can deal with used.
if needed. Familiarity to control them to build systematic. unexpected effects,
with and safe use of a logical plan of suggesting
apparatus, materials, construction. modifications.
techniques.
Grade II Follows instructions to Specifies sequence of Makes relevant Draws qualitative Presentation is
(3 marks) perform experiment operation; gives reasons procedural conclusions to proceed adequate. Appropriate
with step-by-step for any change in modification. No with construction. techniques are used.
operations. Awareness procedure. assistance is needed for
of safety. Familiarity understanding steps of
with apparatus, constructions.
materials and
techniques.
Grade III Follows instructions to Develops simple Detailed instructions Draws obvious Presentation is okay,
(2 marks) perform a single development strategy. not given. qualitative conclusions but disorganised in
operation at a time. Trial and error as required in the some places.
Safety awareness. modifications made to process. Overwriting; rough
Familiarity with proceed with the work is untidy.
apparatus & materials. construction.
Grade IV Follows some Struggles through the Tends to make mistakes Even when detailed Presentation is poor,
(1 mark) instructions to perform construction. Follows in the following format is provided, disorganised but
a single practical very simple techniques. procedure. struggles or makes follows an acceptable
operation. Casual about errors while processing sequence. Rough work
Safety. Manages to use the work. missing or untidy.
apparatus & materials.
Grade V Not able to follow Cannot proceed with Even when format is Cannot process the Presentation
(0 marks) instructions or proceed the development given procedure is not work even with unacceptable;
with practical work without help from time understood. considerable help. disorganised, untidy,
without full assistance. to time. poor. Rough work
Unaware of safety. missing.

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