Practical Research 1

Quarter 1 – Module 6:
Rationale of the Study
Practical Research 1 – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 6: Rationale of the Study
First Edition, 2020

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Practical Research 1
Quarter 1 – Module 6:
Rationale of the Study
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Practical Research 1 – Grade 11 Alternative Delivery Mode

(ADM) Module on Rationale of the Study!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by

educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or
facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum
while overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and
independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also
aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into
consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist
the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

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For the learner:

Welcome to the Practical Research 1 – Grade 11 Alternative Delivery Mode

(ADM) Module on Rationale of the Study!

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often
used to depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create
and accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a
learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant
competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in
your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an
active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of the

lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.

What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank

sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process
what you learned from the lesson.

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 What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will
help you transfer your new knowledge or skill
into real life situations or concerns.

Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your

level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given

to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the
lesson learned. This also tends retention of
learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in developing

this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning
and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

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 What I Need to Know

This module is designed to let you understand different reasons for conducting
research. As usual, there should always be a purpose or motive in anything that you
do. As a senior high school student, you need to know the value of research in your
field of specialization so you can justify the need to conduct a study.

At the end of this module, you are expected to learn the following competency:
1. provide the justifications/reasons for conducting research (CS_RS11-IIIce-3).

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 What I Know

Read and analyze the following questions. Determine whether they serve as
good considerations in providing justifications for conducting a particular study.
Write VALID if you think it is, and INVALID if it is not.

__________ 1. Why is the proposed study important?

__________ 2. What qualifications does the researcher possess?

__________ 3. What are the interview questions to be asked to research participants?

__________ 4. What was wrong or incomplete about prior efforts conducted on the
research problem?

__________ 5. Can people relate to the research problem in local or global context?

__________ 6. What is the timeline of research activities to be done by the researcher?

__________ 7. How will the researcher select the sample from the target population?

__________ 8. Does the research extend understanding of the phenomena being

investigated?

__________ 9. Does it elaborate or fill in the gaps in the present knowledge and
existing literature?

__________ 10. How will the researcher present and cite the references to be used in
the study?

__________ 11. What real life or everyday problem, issue, or question does the
research intend to address?

__________ 12. How will the statistical and descriptive data be treated in the study?

__________ 13. Are the units of analysis and observation clearly identified?

__________ 14. What research formatting style will be used by the researcher in
writing the paper?

__________ 15. What is the research ultimately trying to achieve?

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 Lesson

1 Rationale of the Study

In the previous lessons, you already designed a research project related to daily
life and eventually created your own research title for your proposed study in your
area of interest or field of specialization. Now, you have to start conceptualizing the
contents of your research paper by rooting from the reasons why you need to conduct
a study about it.

Take note that it is necessary to be rational in everything that you do in

research, or else it might be a waste of time and effort.

What’s In

Unlock the following secret words by using the code box below.

A B C D E F G H I

9 17 13 24 5 19 11 22 1

J K L M N Ñ O P Q

21 8 26 6 25 4 23 2 15

R S T U V W X Y Z

14 27 7 20 12 16 3 18 10

1.

13 14 1 7 1 13 9 26 7 22 1 25 8 1 25 11

2.

23 17 27 5 14 12 9 7 1 23 25

3
 3.

9 25 9 26 18 27 1 27

4.

1 25 7 5 14 2 14 5 7 9 7 1 23 25

5.

14 5 19 26 5 13 7 1 23 25

6.

5 12 9 26 20 9 7 1 23 25

7.

1 25 19 5 14 5 25 13 5

8.

5 3 2 26 9 25 9 7 1 23 25

9.
-
2 14 23 17 26 5 6 27 23 26 12 1 25 11

10.

24 5 13 1 27 1 23 25 6 9 8 1 25 11

Great! You unlocked all of them!

Those secret words you just formed are the necessary reasoning skills and
processes you need to remember and consider so you can provide sensible
justifications for conducting your proposed study.

4
 Notes to the Teacher
This module prepares the learners to determine the reasons
and provide justifications for conducting a research. This lesson
will guide them in writing the introductory part of their research
paper.

What’s New

In this lesson, you will learn about the rationale of the study. It is one of the
major components in the introductory part of your research paper. With this, let us
first define what rationale is.

According to Merriam-Webster, a rationale is:

1 : an explanation of controlling principles of opinion, belief, practice, or

phenomena

2 : an underlying reason : basis

In the context of research writing, a rationale pertains to the reasons why the
study must be conducted. Such justification is provided by the researcher to
highlight the significant points of the problem to be addressed in the study.

Now that you already have a glimpse of what rationale is, let us dig deeper on
how it is used in research.

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 What is It

Rationale of the Study

As a student-researcher, you have to determine the sense of all the things you
plan to do in your proposed study. Consider the following questions: Is there a need
to conduct a study about your chosen research topic? Does it pose a significant
research problem? Does it matter to your academic discipline?

If your answers in the previously asked questions are ‘Yes’, then that can be
a good starting point for establishing the rationale of your study.

Research justification is considered as the initial step in writing a research

paper. This step involves the skill on how the researcher will provide the readers with
critical background or contextual information that introduces the research topic.
Moreover, it needs to indicate the reasons why the proposed research actually
matters. In doing so, the researcher must be able to get the audience's attention right
from the introduction.

How to Write the Rationale of the Study

There are some considerations in writing the rationale of the study. First, the
researcher needs to be acquainted with the existing literature on the research topic.
He/she must present a background on what researches have already been done
about the given subject.

To effectively compose the rationale, the researcher must look for various
sources that are related to the study and identify the gaps in the current literature.
Research gaps refer to ‘what is missing’ or ‘what are the open questions of the study’.
These gaps in the literature pertain to problems, issues or questions that have not
been addressed or are yet to be understood.

Moreover, it will be more reasonable to conduct research if there is an urgent

need to solve the existing problem and if it is relevant to either local or global
contexts, or both. People will more likely appreciate the study if they can relate to it
and if they can somehow benefit from the results of the study. Hence, all of these will
truly help in establishing the need for the proposed study to be conducted.

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 Providing valid arguments will also help the researcher in explaining the
importance of the study. Kennedy (2006) noted that there must be a rationale for
every aspect of the study. He used the following table to see how rationale differs.

Rationale for: Study A Study B

Research I was curious about it. I noticed a discrepancy in

question the research and wanted to
test it.

Sample I happened to know these These teachers represented

teachers. the population other
researchers have been
studying.

Comparison I didn’t bother to compare I compared them with

them with anyone else another group who were
because I knew they were similar to them in all respect
honest people. except their knowledge
about this one issue of
interest to me.

Data It was easiest for me to do, The data I collected were

collection didn’t have time for anything directly relevant to the
more. discrepancy I wanted to
learn about.

Interpretation The patterns I see make The patterns I see are

sense and fit with my own consistent with one version
personal experience. of this theory but not with
the other. Therefore, they
raise questions about the
second version of this
theory.

In the given table above, rationale varies in different aspects. Which between
the two studies did you find more persuasive? Certainly, it would be Study B. Study
A was very subjective on establishing the research question and selecting the sample.
It was also biased on comparing, collecting and interpreting data about the study.
All justifications were influenced by the researcher’s personal beliefs and feelings.
On the other hand, Study B was purely objective and fair. The researcher justified
all research aspects through well-balanced and reasonable considerations.

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 Kennedy (2006) pointed out that people will be analyzing how serious a
researcher is in examining the issue closely and in trying to learn something. He
further mentioned that critics can challenge the validity or relevance of research
findings if they believe there was something non-typical about the people selected for
study, something biased in the way you selected people for study, something unfair
about the groups compared, something wrong with the way you questions were
phrased, and so forth.

Furthermore, Dudovskiy (2019) stressed that rationale must be specific

particularly on considering the following points:
1. The research needs to contribute to the elimination of a gap in the literature.
The researcher must fill in the identified research gap that the study seeks
to address considering the existing literature. It must present how the study will
help in answering the research question and expanding knowledge about the
research topic or subject.

2. The research can be conducted to solve a specific problem.

The researcher must explain in a detailed manner on how the study will help
in solving a specific problem. It needs to highlight all practical benefits associated
with the proposed solution.

3. The study has to contribute to the level of professional development of the

researcher.
The researcher must ensure that the study to be conducted will improve
his/her personal capabilities related to life career or field of specialization.

Here are some questions to be considered in presenting justifications:

 Why is this research important?
 What real life or everyday problem, issue, or question does the research relate
to?
 Can people relate to the problem in local or global context?
 What benefit does the research promise?
 Are the units of analysis and observation clearly identified?
 What does the researcher hope to find out?
 What was wrong or incomplete about prior efforts conducted on the same
problem?
 Does the research extend understanding of the phenomena being
investigated?
 Does it elaborate or fill in the gaps in the present knowledge?
 What is the research ultimately trying to achieve?

Bastalich (2019) highlighted that the validity of the research justification can
be established in a number of ways. Here are some of them:
 provide references;
 refer to a policy, press report, or other reputable information source;
 provide a detailed outline of a context, condition, concern, or situation;
 provide an anecdote or evidence from personal experience.

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Now, read and study the following sample of Rationale of the Study.

Exploring Mobile Game Addiction, Cyberbullying, and its Effects

on the Academic Performance among Tertiary Students
(Fabito et al., 2018)

Addiction and cyberbullying are two of the several

ethical concerns arising from the use of mobile games.
Candy crush saga, as an example, is a mobile social game
which had negative impacts as there were users who
became addictive to the game. Mobile games are casual
games that can be played on smartphones. Typically, mobile
games are played in a short period of time in contrast to PC
and console games. The mobility and the wireless
connectivity of smartphones allow users to play mobile
games wherever and whenever they like. With the
advancement in mobile technologies, graphics, and the
mobile gaming experience itself, there are studies that show
that users are able to play more than what it is expected. In
IOS and Android, games are the number one app category
that is downloaded from both platforms.

Mobile gaming addiction is a growing concern that

increases the user’s risk for physical and psychological
health problems. A strong attachment to mobile games may
interfere with school and work-related activities and can
damage family life. Video game addiction is part of the so-
called Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) and is often
associated with Gambling Addiction. Gambling addiction is
compared to mobile game addiction as both are impulse
control disorders. Both addiction seemingly affects the
brain’s dopamine level which keeps the users from coming
back for more. Additionally, in general, IGD has also been
linked to a poorer academic performance of students in
educational institutions. However, in a study conducted by
Samaha and Hawi (2016) in smartphone addiction, revealed
that there is no relationship between smartphone addiction
risk and academic performance.

Since mobile game addiction is part of IGD, there

seems to be a disparity on the result of academic
performance between IGD and mobile phone addiction. It’s
probably because there is a difference between mobile game
addiction and with the other types of video game addiction,
PC, and Console games. This is one question which the

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 paper seeks to resolve. Cyber-bullying, on the other hand,
is also an ethical concern that has affected several young
adolescents and adults. The advancement in Information
Technology has provided a different tool to impose harm on
an individual. Previous studies on traditional bullying and
cyberbullying revealed that both can greatly impact school
performance of students, among others.

Cyber-bullying is a deliberate act to cause harm to

someone through e-mail, chat services, social networking
sites, and other media such as video games. Negative
consequences of cyberbullying include, higher risk for
depression, low self-esteem, and as already mentioned low
academic achievements.

As far as the present study is concerned, very few to

no studies have been conducted which determines whether
mobile game addiction and cyberbullying as causal factors
for the academic performance of students. Generally, most
studies in mobile games have focused on explaining pre-
and post-adoption of mobile game use. However, studies
made on ethical concerns in relation to Information
Technology application particularly in the Philippine
context concentrated mainly on Internet Addiction.

It is now the objective of the present study to

determine whether mobile game addiction and
cyberbullying can negatively affect the academic
performance of students. Though studies have been
conducted to promote learning and education through
mobile learning, it cannot be disputed that there are ethical
concerns that lurk on the use of mobile games.

Here is another sample of Rationale of the Study for you to have a

simpler idea on how to make one. It is labelled with the components that you
need to include in justifying the reasons for conducting your proposed study.
You can use this as a guide in composing your write-up for your own rationale.

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 The Effects of Animal Manure and Rice Hays to the Growth of Banana
(Caduan, 2020)

Bananas are the most popular fruit in the

world. The banana is, in fact, not a tree but a high herb
that grows up to 15 meters. It is believed that there are
almost 1000 varieties of bananas in the world, Existing literature
subdivided in 50 groups. The most commonly known
banana is the Cavendish variety, which is the one
produced for export markets.

Bananas are grown in more than 150 countries,

producing 105 million tons of fruit per year. The
bananas grown for local consumption are generally
Relevance to local
grown in traditional, extensive systems. Locally
and global context
consumed bananas, which are a staple food in many
tropical countries, play a major role in terms of food
security.

Bananas are suspected to be the first fruit in

the earth by some horticulturists. Their origin is
placed in Southeast Asia, in the jungles of Malaysia, Critical
Indonesia or Philippines, where many varieties of wild background/
bananas still grow today. Africans are credited to have contextual
information
given the present name, since the word banana would
be derived from the Arab for ‘ finger ’.

In the quest of good harvest, even stronger,

more harmful fertilizers and pesticides need to be
Research gap
applied. In several countries, plantation owners spend
more money on agrochemicals than on their
workforce. Fertilizers and pesticides pollute water
channels resulting in fish kills and the destruction of Urgent need to
other aquatic life including coral reefs. Carelessly solve the problem
stored chemicals seep into the soil and water courses.

Thus, this study aims to find out the effects of

the two variants of fertilizers such as animal manure
Research goal/
and rice hays to the growth of banana. This study
objective
intends to determine the effects of animal manure and
rice hays to the growth of banana.

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 What’s More

Read and analyze the following research topics. Provide at least three possible
reasons why each study must be conducted. You may support your answer by citing
researched information from reputable sources. Use the given outline below.

A. Depression
1.

2.

3.

B. Corona Virus Disease (CoViD-19)

1.

2.

3.

C. Unemployment
1.

2.

3.

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 What I Have Learned

Fill in the blanks to show your understanding about rationale of the study.

In the context of research writing, a 1. pertains to the reasons

why the study must be conducted. It involves the skill on how the researcher will
provide the readers with 2. or 3. that
introduces the research topic. The researcher must also be able to get the audience’s
4. and show them why the research actually matters. Moreover,
the researcher needs to be acquainted with the 5. on the research
topic. He/she must look for 6. that are related to the study
and identify the 7. in the current literature. These gaps in the
literature pertain to problems, issues or questions that have not been addressed or
are yet to be understood. Furthermore, it will be more reasonable to conduct research
if there is an 8. to solve the existing problem and if it is relevant to
either 9. contexts, or both. People will more likely
appreciate the study if they can relate to it and if they can somehow benefit from the
10. of the study.

What I Can Do

Read and analyze the given rationale of the study. Then, answer the questions
that follow.

Impact of the Use of Social Media on Students’

Academic Performance and Behavior Change
(Mim, Islam, Kumar, 2018)

Lin et al. (2011) focusing on a study conducted primarily on

the Facebook outcomes, which are used by international students in the
USA shown that social media is one of the most important factors that
affect students’ academic performance. The researchers found that
Facebook usage contributed to student ability to participate socially
and culturally in their new environment. Choney, (2010), Meh Mood
& Taswir, (2013), Kist (2008), Jacobsen & Forste, (2011), believe that
the use of technology such as internet is one of the most important
factors that can influence educational performance of students positively
or adversely.

13
 Junco, Heibergert, and Loken et. al (2011) a study is conducted
on 132 students in order to examine the relationship of social
media and engagement of students with it and social media and grades
of students. To examine this relationship the students were divided
into two groups, one group use twitter and the other group did not
use twitter account. It was used to make discussions about
study material, organize the study groups in a manner, also post the
announcements of class, and remain in touch with class fellows. Junco
and his coworkers (2011) surprised that the students of Twitter group
achieve greater GPAs and higher scores than the other group.
Martin (2008) and Lusk, (2010) also found that most of the people
used social media like Facebook, Blogs, Twitter, My Space and
LinkedIn for the purpose of communication, sharing photos as well
as videos. However, for the purpose of this study, social media is
captured within the use of internet through Facebook, WhatsApp,
Twitter, Skype, Myspace as well as Yahoo Messenger for
communication sharing of ideas, sharing of photos and videos by
users. The increased use of Social Networking Websites has
become an international phenomenon in the past several years.
Shambare et al. (2012) conduct a study on Social networking
habits among students and shows that Facebook is most widely used by
a large number of students and have multiple effects on student's life.
The high speed and quickly approach to internet and the development
of smart phone technology are most important drivers behind the
adoption and connectivity with social networking websites and
conclude that SNS enhance their knowledge level. In a study Ahmad
(2011) showed that social networking sites have number of advantages
for their users, it enable the community to keep in touch with their peers
and relink with old ones and help to find new friends according to your
interest from all around the and a large number of persons are
linking with these networks. Hence the network of social media is growing
globally.
Davis et al (2012) refer to social media technology (SMT) as “web-
based and mobile applications that allow individuals and organizations
to create, engage, and share new user- generated or existing content
in digital environments through multi-way communication”. Popular social
network platforms on mobile and web applications include Facebook,
Twitter, YouTube, Whats App, Instagram, snap chat, Google Plus etc.
These platforms have specific roles, functions and modes of
communication although their functions are mostly related.
Modern technology has many positive aspects but in the same time,
it may become hazardous for the users. It is, therefore, the study is
conducted, for the university students, how they feel and think the
effects of social media on their academic performance and their
behavior change. The main objective of this study is to explore the
effects of social media participation on the student’s academic
performance.

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GUIDE QUESTIONS:

1. Is the given research problem important to a senior high school student like you?
Why?

2. Was the proposed study well-justified by the researcher? Why do you think so?

3. How did the researcher provide justifications on the need to conduct the study?

4. What was the goal of the proposed study?

5. If you were the researcher, what other justifications would you provide aside from
those given?

15
 Assessment

Read and analyze the following statements about rationale of the study. Write
FACT if it is true, and BLUFF if it is false.

__________ 1. Rationale pertains to the reasons for conducting the study.

__________ 2. The researcher may consider what was wrong or incomplete about prior
efforts conducted on the same problem.

__________ 3. The proposed study can still be conducted even if there are already
sufficient solutions to the given problem.

__________ 4. Providing justifications does not require reasoning skills and processes.

__________ 5. The researcher needs to emphasize why his/her study matters.

__________ 6. An anecdote or evidence from personal experience can serve as a valid

justification.

__________ 7. It will be more reasonable to conduct research if there is no urgent need

to solve the existing problem.

__________ 8. The proposed study can be justified if there are answers to problems,
but the answers are not yet tested.

__________ 9. Rationale must focus on how the data will be collected and analyzed.

__________ 10. The researcher needs to provide the readers with critical background
or contextual information that introduces the research topic.

__________ 11. Validity of justification can be expressed by referring to a policy, press

report, or other reputable information source.

__________ 12. The study must relate to either local or global context, or both.

__________ 13. The study must contribute to the elimination of a gap in the literature.

__________ 14. Research gaps pertain to problems, issues or questions that have
already been addressed and understood.

__________ 15. Research justification is considered as the last step in writing a

research paper.

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 Additional Activities

At this point, you are heading your way on writing the contents of your research
paper. Start drafting your rationale by supplying the necessary information in the
given template below.

Research Topic:

Research Title:

Why is your research important?

What real life or everyday problem, issue, or question does your research
hope to address?

How does it relate to local or global context?

What is your research eventually trying to achieve?

17
Compose your draft for a simple rationale of
your proposed study by using the information
you provided in the previous page.

Rationale of the Study

18
 Additional Activities:
Assessment:
19 - Answers may vary.
1. FACT 6. FACT 11. FACT You can use draft of
2. FACT 7. BLUFF 12. FACT your rationale and
3. BLUFF 8. FACT 13. FACT make changes to it as
you go through the
4. BLUFF 9. BLUFF 14. BLUFF
process of research
5. FACT 10. FACT 15. BLUFF writing.
What I Can Do:
1. Yes, because as a senior high school student, I need to What I Have
be aware on how social media may affect my academic Learned:
performance and behavior.
2. Yes, because the researcher provided valuable reasons 1. rationale
to conduct the study as to its relevance to the modern 2. critical
world of learning. background
3. The researcher provided justifications by using 3. contextual
different relevant studies and literature on the same information
research topic. The researcher also presented how the 4. attention
research problem related to local and global context on 5. existing
which students actually experienced. literature
4. The goal of the study was to explore the effects of 6. various
social media participation on the students’ academic sources
performance and behavior. 7. gaps
5. I would provide some statistical data to support the 8. urgent need
given literature in the study. 9. local or
global
*Note: Answers may vary. The given answers only 10. results
serve as your guide for checking possible answers.
What I Know:
What’s More:
1. VALID
A. Depression 2. VALID
-Provided 3. INVALID
reasons may What’s In:
4. INVALID
vary
1. CRITICAL THINKING 5. VALID
B. Corona Virus 2. OBSERVATION 6. VALID
Disease 3. ANALYSIS 7. VALID
(COVID-19) 4. INTERPRETATION 8. VALID
- Provided 5. REFLECTION 9. INVALID
reasons may 6. EVALUATION 10. VALID
vary 7. INFERENCE 11. VALID
8. EXPERIENCE 12. INVALID
C. Unemployment 9. PROBLEM-SOLVING
13. VALID
- Provided 10. DECISION MAKING
14. VALID
reasons may 15. VALID
vary
Answer Key
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For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

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Email Address: [email protected]