Basic knowledge of

projection

Lecturer: Li Zhiyao
Contents

1.Master the concept of projection

2.Types and characteristics of projection
3.Common projection diagrams
Example What method is used to draw architectural forms?
1. Concept of projection

Representing spatial forms on a plane is based on

projection methods.
Projection methods originate from the physical
phenomenon of light projecting shadows in daily
life.
For example, when a table in a room is illuminated
by a lamp, there will be a shadow on the floor;If the
table is moved under sunlight, there will be a
shadow on the ground.
1. Concept of projection
S Projection center

Projection line
A Space point

Projection

b
a

B Space point Projection planeP

1. Concept of projection

1、Projection method
Three elements for projection:
①Projection center and projection line
②Projection plane (not passing through the projection
center)
③Object
Projection——The sum of the intersection points between
the projection line and the projection surface of an object.
Projection method——Methods to obtain projections.
 II. Types of projections

Central（perspective） projection

Projection method
Orthographic projection
Parallel
projection
Oblique projection
 Distance from Projection center
II. Types of projections S to the plane P is Finite

1、Central projection
Projection line S Projection center

object B
Central
projection C
A
b
a
P c
II. Types of projections
1.Central projection method
When Distance from Projection center S to
the plane P is finite，all projection lines are from
a single point (similar to viewing an object with
the human eye or illuminating an object with a
lamp), this projection method is called Central
projection method.
Reflecting the three-dimensional spatial form of
the object, but can’t be measured.This type of
diagram is commonly referred to as perspective
view.
 II. Types of projections
2.Parallel projection method
When Distance from Projection center S to the plane P being infinitely
far away,all projection lines become parallel to each other (like
sunlight), and this projection method is called parallel projection.

The projection lines perpendicular to the projection plane is

an orthographic projection.
The projection lines inclined to the projection plane is called
oblique projection.
 II. Types of projections
2.Parallel projection method 1) Oblique projection

C
A
b
a c
P
 II. Types of projections
2.Parallel projection method 2) Orthographic projection

The shape and size of

orthographic
projection have a B
simple and clear
geometric orthographic
C projection.
relationship with the
A
object being b
represented, so it has
good measurability a c
but lacks a sense of P
three-dimensionality.
II. Types of projections
2.Parallel projection method 2) Orthographic projection
The basic principles of engineering drawing are mainly
Orthographic projection method.
Characteristic: realness, aggregation, similarity, inclusive,Fixed ratio
II. Types of projections
2.Parallel projection method 2) Orthographic projection
The basic principles of engineering drawing are mainly
Orthographic projection method.
Characteristic: realness, aggregation, similarity, inclusive,Fixed ratio
II. Types of projections
2.Parallel projection method 2) Orthographic projection
The basic principles of engineering drawing are mainly
Orthographic projection method.
Characteristic: visibility, aggregation, similarity, inclusive,Fixed ratio
II. Types of projections
2.Parallel projection method 2) Orthographic projection
The basic principles of engineering drawing are mainly
Orthographic projection method.
Characteristic: visibility, aggregation, similarity, inclusive,Fixed ratio
B
C
A

a
c
b
II. Types of projections
2.Parallel projection method 2) Orthographic projection
The basic principles of engineering drawing are mainly
Orthographic projection method.
Characteristic: visibility, aggregation, similarity, inclusive,Fixed ratio

C B
AC ac If a point divides a line
A 
CB cb into a certain ratio, then
the projection of that
a point also divides the
c b projection of the line in
the same ratio.
 3. Commonly used projection
diagrams in engineering

Perspective projection Axonometric [aksə'nɒmetrɪk]projection

(Central projection method) (Parallel projection method)
3. Commonly used projection
diagrams in engineering

Three-view drawing Elevation projection

(Commonly used) (Orthographic projection)
Contents

1.Master the concept of projection

2.Types and characteristics of projection
3.Common projection diagrams
4.Formation of three-view projection system
4、Formation of three-sided
projection system

1.single-sided projection
H Represents the horizontal
projection plane

Single-sided projection does not clearly express the

shape of the object
4、Formation of three-sided 2 Two-sided projection
projection system H the horizontal projection plane
V the upright projection plane
V
V

Projection
axis
X
X
O

H H
4、Formation of three-sided 3Three-sided projection
projection system H the horizontal projection plane
V the upright projection plane
W the lateral projection plane
Second V
angular
division The projection plane divides
First the space into 4 angles,
X angular O generally using the first angle
Third division projection method which
angular
division
projecting the object
H
Fourth between the observer and
angular the projection plane.
division
4、Formation of three-sided 3Three-sided projection
projection system H the horizontal projection plane
V the upright projection plane
Z
W the lateral projection plane
V
Upright V、W、H planes are
projection perpendicular to each other;
plane (Vplane)
W OX、OY、OZThe three axes
Projection form a three-D coordinate
axis system in space.
X
O

Horizontal Lateral projection

projection plane H Y plane (Wplane)
(Hplane)
4、Formation of three-sided
projection system
3. Three-sided projection
Z
Z
V V W
V unmoved;W Rotate
W to the right 90°；
HRotate downwards90°
X
O YW
X O Cut open OY
axis;becomeYHAxis;YWA
xis;
H H
Y YH
4、Formation of three-sided
projection system
3. Three-sided projection
V
Projection direction：
Back
Front projectionFrom
Up front to back;
W
Left Right Side projectionFrom
Front left to right;
X
Horizontal
Down
projectionFrom top to
H bottom;
Y
4、Formation of three-sided
projection system
3. Three-sided projection

V Z

H Y
4、Formation of three-sided
projection system
3. Three-sided projection

V Z W
Front Side
projection projection Equal Length
Equal height
X
O YW Equal width
Horizontal
projection
H YH
Project 1: Architectural Drawing
Subproject 1: Drawing the projection of
architectural forms
2. Methods of drawing architectural forms

4. Multi-sided orthographic projection 3) Three-sided projection

Determine the position of the form

in the projection system
Ensure that as many faces of the
form as possible are parallel or
perpendicular to the projection
plane.
Minimize obstruction.
Conform to placement habits.
Project 1: Architectural Drawing
Subproject 1: Drawing the projection of
architectural forms
2. Methods of drawing architectural forms
3) Three-sided projection
4. Multi-sided orthographic projection
1) Projection axis,45°Direction Z
line
2) Draw the projection of the solid
according to the projection law
x
Draw the bottom first, then the top O Yw
Draw the large first, then the small
Draw the whole first, then the part
3) Check, erase the auxiliary lines, Yh
darken the figure
Project 1: Architectural Drawing
Subproject 1: Drawing the projection of
architectural forms
2. Methods of drawing architectural forms
3) Three-sided projection
4. Multi-sided orthographic projection

Height
Length

Width
Project 1: Architectural Drawing
Subproject 1: Drawing the projection of
architectural forms
2. Methods of drawing architectural forms

4. Multi-sided orthographic projection 3) Three-sided projection

20 20 30
30 20 30
80

20

60
40