Chap 6 : Life Process www.cbse.

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CHAPTER 6
Life Process

ONE MARK QUESTIONS onwards?

Ans : [Delhi 2010]
Food is passed down to small intestine through
1. Which is the universal source of energy in all cells? sphincter muscles present in last part of stomach.
Ans : [Delhi 2017]
11. What is the stored form of carbohydrates in plants
ATP, Adenosine Tri Phosphate.
and animals respectively?
2. If no apparent work is being done by an organism, Ans : [Foreign 2009]
why does it takes food? [All India 2017] Starch and glycogen.
Ans :
12. What is the meaning of variegated leaf?
To carry out life processes, growth, reproduction and
for repair of worn out tissues. Ans : [All India 2009]
Variegated leaf means leaf with some green and some
3. Which pathway is common to both aerobic and non-green part.
anaerobic respiration? [All India 2012]
Ans : 13. Define the term ‘ translocation’. [Delhi 2008]
Glycolysis. Ans :
Transport of food from leaves to other parts of the
4. What would be the consequences of deficiency of plant is called translocation.
haemoglobin in our bodies? [Foreign 2012]
Ans :
Anaemia.

5. How does nutrition in a fungus different from that in

a tapeworm? [CBSE 2011 C]
Ans :
Fungus derives its nutrition either by parasitic or
saprophytic manner while tapeworm is only parasitic.

6. Name mode of nutrition in the following organisms:

(a) Fungi (b) Amoeba
Ans : [All India 2011]
a. Fungi - saprophytic
b. Amoeba — animal like nutrition 14. Why is respiration considered an exothermic process?
7. What is peristalsis? [Delhi 2011] Ans : [All India 2008]
Ans : Respiration is considered an exothermic process due
to breaking down of glucose/food in the presence of
Contraction and expansion of alimentary canal to
oxygen with release of energy.
push the food forward is called peristalsis.
15. What is breathing? [All India 2008]
8. What is the role of cartilaginous rings on trachea?
Ans :
Ans : [All India 2010]
The mechanism by which organisms intake oxygen
They prevent the collapsing of trachea when there is
from the environment and release carbon dioxide is
no air present in it.
called breathing.
9. Name the type of blood vessels, which carry blood
16. Mention two ways in which food gets oxidized in
from organs to the heart.
organisms. [CBSE 2008C]
Ans : [All India 2010]
Ans :
Veins.
Aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration.
10. How is the passage of food regulated from stomach
17. What role do digestive enzymes play in the alimentary Saprophytic Parasitic Nutrition
canal? [CBSE 2008C] Nutrition
Ans :
1. Taking dead decay Living on or inside other
Digestive enzymes break down complex molecules of organic matter in organisms and deriving
food into simpler ones so that they can be absorbed the form of food is their food from them
by blood. called saprophytic without killing them.
nutrition.
18. Which enzyme is present in human saliva?
Ans : [Foreign 2008] 2. It shows It has intracellular
extracellular digestion.
Salivary amylase or ptyalin. digestion.
19. What are the end products of photosynthesis? 3. It does not depend It causes harm to the
Ans : [All India 2008] on living host. organism.
Glucose, oxygen and water.
4. E.g., fungi and E.g., lice, tapeworm,
20. Give two examples of variegated leaves. bacteria. leech.
Ans : [Delhi 2008]
24. How do plants exchange gases?
Crotons, money plant.
Ans : [Foreign 2017]
Plants exchange gases through stomata. Large
TWO MARKS QUESTIONS intercellular spaces ensure that each cell is in contact
with air. Carbon dioxide and oxygen are exchanged
here.
21. What is Lymph? How is it different from blood?
Ans : [All India 2018] 25. List two factors which decide direction of diffusion of
Lymph is the light yellow fluid containing lymphocyte, oxygen and carbon dioxide.
which fights against infections. Ans : [All India 2017]
Blood Lymph Environmental conditions and requirement of the
plants decide direction of diffusion of oxygen and
1. Blood is pumped Lymph is moved along carbon dioxide.
throughout the body through the normal
by heart. function of the body. 26. What are the strategies of plants to get rid of their
2. Blood transports Lymph removes waste wastes?
oxygen throughout the from the system. Ans : [All India 2017]
body. a. They throw away oxygen and water vapour
3. Blood flows through The movement of through stomata.
the body in a circular lymph is in a single b. Some wastes like gums, oil and resins may be
motion. direction. stored in old xylem or wood in stem.
c. Some wastes may be stored in leaves and bark and
4. Blood contains red Lymph is a light
shed off from time to time.
blood cells, white yellow and clear
d. Roots can also throw some wastes.
blood cells and liquid.
platelets. 27. How is respiration different in plants and animals?
5. We can see blood with Lymph cannot be seen Ans : [All India 20171
the naked eyes. with the naked eyes.
Respiration in Respiration in
6. The kidney purify the Lymph is purified in Plants Animals
blood. the nodes itself.
1. It occurs through It occurs through
22. How are fats digested in our bodies? Where does this stomata, lenticels, lungs.
process take place? [Delhi 2017] root, etc.
Ans : 2. It occurs through Animals release CO2
Fats are first emulsified with the help of bile salts stomata, lenticels, as waste into the
followed by their breakdown in fatty acids and glycerol root, etc. atmosphere.
due to the action of lipase. All these events take place 3. Plants produce glucose Animals get glucose
in first part of small intestine-duodenum. and oxygen on their and oxygen from
Saprophytic own-to carry out outside to carry out
respiration. respiration.
23. Differentiate between saprophytic nutrition and
parasitic nutrition based on the type of food and 28. Why do we feel pain or cramps in muscles after a
manner of obtaining it. [Delhi 2017] vigorous exercise? [All India 2017]
Ans : Ans :
 Actively metabolizing cells of an extremely active Arteries carry blood away from the heart (arteriole:
skeletal muscle, during heavy exercise, carry oxidation small arterial branch). They have thick and flexible
in the anaerobic condition inside the muscle cell, we feel walls to endure higher pressure of blood.
pain after a vigorous exercise because of production of Veins transport blood toward the heart (venue:
ATP by anaerobic respiration in leg muscles. small vessel that carries blood from capillaries to
29. List two ways in which plants can get rid of the veins). They have thinner wall but there are valves in
wastes. them at regular distance to prevent back flow of blood
especially when blood is returning back to heart from
Ans : [All India 2016]
lower organs.
They can throw gases and excess water through
stomata through diffusion. They can store wastes like
gums and resins in old xylem tissue (wood).

30. What is the role of acid and mucus in stomach?

Ans : [Delhi 2016]
It kills germs in food and provides acidic medium for
the action of pepsin enzyme to digest the proteins in
stomach.
Mucus protects the wall of stomach from the action of
acid and pepsin.

31. Which digestive secretion does not contain any enzyme

but is important? Discuss. [All India 2016]
Ans :
Bile juice from liver. It contains bile salts which are 37. Differentiate between respiration and breathing.
necessary for emulsification of fats. It means breaking Ans : [All India 2015]
down large fat drops to very fine droplets so that
lipase can act upon them easily. Respiration Breathing
1. It is a biochemical It is a physical process.
32. Differentiate between auricles and ventricles. process.
Ans : [CBSE 2016 C]
2. O2 reacts with Only exchange of gases.
Auricle Ventricle food and energy is
released.
1. Upper thin walled Lower thick walled
chambers. chambers. 3. Energy is released. No energy released.

2. Receive blood from Receive blood from 4. It occurs in Occur in respiratory

veins. the auricles cytoplasm and organs.
mitochondna.
3. Push blood into the Push blood into the
ventricles. arteries. 38. Write a balanced equation for photosynthesis.
Ans : [All India 2014]
33. What is the role of valves in veins?
Light
Ans : [Foreign 2016] 6CO2 + 12H2 O Chlorophyll
C6 H12 O6 + 6H2 O + 6O2
They prevent the back flow of blood especially when it 39. Name the enzyme present in Saliva? What is its
moves against gravity and under low blood pressure. role?
34. How is the small intestine designed to absorb digested
Ans : [All India 2014]
food? [All India 2016] Salivary amylase enzyme present in saliva. It breaks
Ans : down starch to sugar maltose.
Walls of small intestine has finger like projection called 40. How does nutrition take place in Amoeba? How is it
villi to increase surface area. The food is absorbed different in Paramoecium? [All India 2014]
by villi and brought into blood. Fat is brought into Ans :
lymph vessel.
Nutrition in amoeba: It occurs through phagocytosis.
35. Why are arteries thick walled and elastic? It capture food by pseudopodia (ingestion) ingested
Ans : [All India 2015] food, enclosed in cell membrane is called food vacuole.
The food is broken with enzymes present in cytoplasm
Arteries receive the blood pumped by heart with lots
and undigested food ‘is thrown out through cell
of pressure hence to tolerate and sustain this pressure
membrane.
they are thick walled and elastic.
Nutrition in Paramoecium: The cell has a definite
36. Differentiate between Artery and Veins. shape and food is taken in at a specific spot. Food is
moved to this spot by the movement of cilia present
Ans : [CBSE 2015 C]
on the entire surface of the cell.
41. Discuss how the roles of vena cava and pulmonary organisms?
veins different from each other? Ans : [Delhi 2013]
Ans : [Foreign 2014] Autotrophs can use simple inorganic molecules like
Pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood from lungs water and carbon dioxide while complex organic
to left auricle of heart in humans. molecule are used by heterotrophic organisms as
Vena Cava collects deoxygenated blood from all proteins, fats and carbohydrates.
parts of the body and transport it to right auricle of 49. Why are ventricles thick walled and muscular?
the heart in human.
Ans : [All India 2013]
42. Why is it advisable to breathe through nose? Since ventricles have to pump blood into various
Ans : [CBSE 2014 C] organs, they are thick-walled and muscular.
There are fine hair and mucus gland in the inner lining 50. How is the length of intestine related to food habit of
of nose which filter the incoming air of germs and dust. the animal? [All India 2012]
Moreover the air attains the optimum temperature
Ans :
before reaching the lungs.
Intestine where digestion and absorption occur is
43. Define transpiration. How does transpiration help in very long in herbivores and shorter in carnivores as
upward movement of water from roots to leaves? . digesting meat is easier than digesting grass.
Ans : [All India 2014]
51. Differentiate between Photosynthesis and
Transpiration is the process of removal of water Respiration.
vapours from the aerial parts of a plant, mainly
Ans : [All India 2011]
through stomata in the leaves.
Evaporation of water molecules from the cells of Respiration Photosynthesis
a leaf creates a suction force which pulls water from 1. It occurs in all living It occurs in only
the xylem cells. This transpiration helps in upward cells. autotrophs.
movement of water from roots to leaves.
2. O2 reacts with food CO2 and H2O combine
44. Describe the structure of the human heart briefly. and energy is released. to form starch and
Ans : [Sample Paper 2014-15] water in the presence
of light.
Human heart is four chambered. The two upper
chambers are called atria and they receive blood from 3. It occurs in cytoplasm Occur in plastid-
large veins while the two lower chambers are called and mitochondria. chloroplast
ventricles. Between left atrium and left ventricle as
well as between right atrium and right ventricle are 52. Differentiate between alveoli of lungs and nephrons of
valve which allow blood to flow only from atrium to kidneys. [Sample Paper 2009]
ventricle. Ans :

45. Name the respiratory pigment in human beings? What Alveoli in the Nephrons in the
is its role? [All India 2013] Lungs Kidneys
Ans : 1. Thin walled, sac Thin walled,
Respiratory pigment, haemoglobin is present in red like structure, tubular structure,
blood cells. Haemoglobin has affinity for O2 thus surrounded surrounded
helping in its transport. with network of with network of
capillaries. capillaries.
46. What are enzyme? Do they play some role in our
2. Helps in exchange of Helps in filtration of
digestive system too?
gases between blood wastes like urea and
Ans : [CBSE 2013 C] and outside air, that uric acid from blood
They are chemically proteinaceous biocatalyst, which is, removal of CO2
increase or decrease the rate of a biochemical reaction. and taking in of 09.
The enzyme present in our digestive system 3. Waste produced is Waste produced is
help to breakdown of complex molecules of food into C02 and water vapor urine-salts, urea, uric
simpler ones. (gaseous waste) acid etc. dissolved in
water liquid waste
47. What is the role of large intestine? [All India 2013]
Ans : 53. What the components of transport system are in
highly organize plants? [All India 2017]
Water re-absorption occurs through villi, undigested
or
food is stored in rectum and thrown out through anus.
Exit is regulated by anal sphincter. 54. What is the difference between Xylem and Phloem?

48. What are the outside raw materials used by an

Ans : [Delhi 2009]
There are two conducting tissues in transport system
 of plants, first is xylem and second is phloem. in desert plants they open at night to reduce the loss
of water. Water is absorbed by roots from the soil
Xylem Phloem
along with other materials like nitrogen, phosphorus,
1. Water and mineral Transportation of iron and magnesium.
from the roots to food and nutrients
aerial parts of the from leaves to growing 61. How do autotrophs obtain CO2 and N2 to make their
plant. parts of plant. food?
This movement of Ans : [All India 2008]
substance is called
CO2 from environment/atmosphere through diffusion/
translocation.
stomata. Nitrogen from soil/environment in inorganic
2. Its movement is Its movement is (nitrates) or organic form.
unidirectional - moves bidirectional - moves
up the plant’s stem. up and down 62. Write one function each of the following components
of the transport system in human beings
3. Tracheids, vessels are Sieve tubes, blood vessels
the elements of xylem. companion cells are blood platelets
the element of phloem. Lymph
55. What is respiration? What is its importance for an
Heart
organism. Ans : [All India 2008]
Ans : [CBSE 2009 C] a. Blood vessels: transport of blood.
The breakdown of food in cells to release energy. b. Blood platelets: clotting of blood preventing its
All kind of food is broken down through oxidation- loss/leakage.
reduction reaction and its chemical energy is converted c. Lymph: carries digested fats/protects from
into a universal source of chemical energy - ATP, infection/exchange of materials between tissues
Adenosine Tri Phosphate. and blood/drains excessive fluid back to blood.
d. Heart: pumps blood to all parts.
56. What is residual volume in our lungs? What is its
importance? [All India 2011] THREE MARKS QUESTIONS
Ans :
Residual volume is the amount of air which is always
left inside the lungs in spite of forceful exhalation. It 63. What is sequence of steps in photosynthesis? How is
helps in continuous gas exchange during exhalation or it different in desert plants and those in temperate
inhalation. regions?
Ans : [All India 2018, Delhi 2017, Foreign 2015]
57. Show direction of flow of lymph with the help of flow
Chloroplast (chlorophyll), on exposure to light energy,
diagram. [All India 2010]
becomes activated by absorbing light energy, and splits
Ans : water (photolysis of water) to oxygen and hydrogen.
Lymph " tissue " sinus " lymph vessel " vein " Hydrogen reduces CO2, and synthesizes glucose.
heart. In plants of temperate regions, stomata open
during day to take in CO2 and release O2.
58. What is the role of saliva in digestion of food?
Ans : [Delhi 2017] Desert plants open stomata at night to check
excessive loss of water hence sequence of steps of
Saliva lubricates and softens the food so that it can photosynthesis are slightly different.
be easily chewed and swallowed. It contains enzyme
amylase which breaks down starch to maltose. These plants take up carbon dioxide at night and
prepare an intermediate which is acted upon by the
59. Why rate of breathing in aquatic animals has to be energy absorbed by the chlorophyll during the day.
faster than that in terrestrial animals?[CBSE 2008 C]
64. Design an activity to show that CO2 is produced
Ans :
during breathing. [Delhi 2017]
Amount of O2 dissolved in water is less than O2 Ans :
present in air therefore rate of breathing in aquatic
animals has to be faster than that in terrestrial Materials Required:
animals. Terrestrial organism need not spend so much Two test tubes, a cork with two holes, two glass tubes
energy to obtain oxygen. bent at right angle, syringe, lime water Ca(OH)2.
Procedure :
60. What are the raw materials for photosynthesis. How a. Take some freshly prepared lime water, Ca(OH)2
are they obtained by a plant? [CBSE 2008 C] in two test tubes,
Ans : b. Fit cork with two holes in test tubes A and B.
c. Fix two glass tubes in this cork of test tube A as
CO2 and water are needed for the photosynthesis. CO2
shown in the figure.
enters the leaf through stoma present on its surface.
d. Exhale air into the tube and record your
These pores open in day time in most of plants though
observations.
 e. Pass air by the syringe through the lime water (ii) Osmoregulation - The process of maintaining
contained in test tube B and record your the right amount of water and proper ionic
observations. balance in body. It is done by controlling
the amount of water and salts reabsorbed by
nephron - tubules.

(A)
Air being exhaled into lime water

67. a. How is oxygen and carbon dioxide exchanged

between blood and tissue? How are the gases
transported in human being?
b. What is haemoglobin? [CBSE 2016-17]
Ans :
a. Exchange of gases in tissues occurs through
diffusion. Oxygen is carried as oxyhaemoglobin
from lungs to tissues. It dissociates and carbon
dioxide diffuses out into blood from tissues. It is
(B) transported in dissolved form and reaches lungs
Air being passed into lime water with a syringe where again it diffuses to alveoli.
b. Respiratory pigment: Haemoglobin is a red
Observation: coloured protein present in red blood cells.
Lime water turns milky sooner in test tube A than in Haemoglobin has affinity for O2.
test tube B.
Conclusion 68. What are the important features of all respiratory
a. The exhaled air contains lot of CO2 which turns structures in animals?
lime water milky. or
b. This proves that CO2 gas is exhaled out by How are alveoli designed to maximize the exchange of
humans during respiration. gases? [Delhi 2016]
Ans :
65. What is the composition of urine? Are glucose and
All respiratory system have some important features.
proteins normally present in urine? Why? How is
a. Large surface area.
volume of urine regulated? [All India 2017]
b. Thin and delicate surface for diffusion and
Ans : exchange of gases. It is generally located in
The urine contains mainly water, various salts, urea protected inner part of body.
and uric acid. No, they are not present in urine as c. Rich blood supply to respiratory organ. Since all
glucose is reabsorbed by nephron while protein are not of them are present in alveoli hence it is perfectly
filtered from blood in glomerulus in a healthy kidney. designed for exchange of gases.
Volume of urine is regulated by
a. The amount of excess water. 69. What is excretion? Name some parts in our body
b. The amount of dissolved waste in blood. involved in this life process? [Delhi 2016]
Ans :
66. a. What is the role of mucus in stomach?
Excretion means throwing out metabolic waste from
b. What are the two vital functions of human
living body. Many organs perform this process such as
kidney?
a. Kidneys remove nitrogenous wastes like urea and
Ans : [Foreign 2017] uric acid in urine.
a. To protect the stomach lining from the action of b. Sweat and oil by glands in skin.
acid and pepsin. c. Carbon dioxide and water vapor by lungs.
b. The two vital functions of human kidney are: d. Faces or undigested food by large intestine.
(i) Excretion - Removal of toxic wastes like urea, e. Bile pigments by liver. It also converts toxic
uric acid. ammonia to urea.
70. What is the need to have a transport system in d. Enzymes produced in intestinal juice complete
complex organisms? [CBSE 2013C] the digestive process.
Ans : e. Digested food - amino acids, sugar are absorbed
by the blood capillaries present in the villi of
The transport system of an animal moves substances
intestine.
to where they are needed in the body. Even the
f. Digested fats are absorbed by lymph vessels
smallest animal must have the means of transporting
present in the villi of intestine.
substances around its body. Oxygen and food molecules
must move to all the cells, and the waste products 74. Give schematic representation of different pathways of
must be removed from the cells and expelled into the breakdown of glucose molecule.
environment. It occurs through diffusion mainly. [All India 2010,2014,2016]
In a multicellular organism, all cells are not in Ans :
contact with the surrounding hence diffusion will be
insufficient for it. A variety of fluid systems, called
vascular systems, help such transport in most members
of the animal kingdom.

71. Explain how the air is inhaled during breathing in

humans. [Delhi 2012] 75. Which process in plants is responsible for clouds
Ans : formation and precipitation? Define the process. How
is this process important for the plants?
Mechanism of inhalation:
Ans : [All India 2010]
a. The diaphragm and rib muscles contract which
make the throat move upwards and outwards. They are due to transpiration. Transpiration is
b. The volume inside the thoracic cavity increases evaporation of water from aerial parts, leaves of plant,
i.e., it expands. through mainly stomata.
c. Air pressure inside the thoracic cavity decreases. a. In plants, water rises because of transpiration and
Thus, air from outside rushes into the lungs / in nature water cycle operates because of it.
alveoli through nostrils, trachea and bronchi. b. Transpiration is the process of cooling the parts
of a plant.
72. How is food transported in a plant? c. Evaporation of water molecules from the cells of
Ans : [Foreign 2011] a leaf creates a suction force which pulls water
The food prepared by plant may be sucrose, amino from the xylem cells. This transpiration helps in
acids or other materials. It is done with the help of upward movement of water from roots to leaves.
living cells- sieve tubes and companion cell of phloem 76. What is the fate of glucose molecule in
tissue by utilizing energy of ATP. The movement a. Anaerobic respiration in Yeast and lactobacillus
occurs both upwards and down ward from the place bacteria?
of formation (leaves) to storage organ (roots or stems) b. Aerobic respiration in human cells.
from storage organ to organ of its utilization (growing Write chemical equation for each type.
buds) depending upon the situation. or
a. Translocation: Transport of organic food from the What are the different ways in which glucose is
leaves to the other parts of the plants through the oxidized to provide energy in various organisms?
sieve tubes of phloem tissue is called translocation. [All India 2010, 2013, 2015]
b. Importance: It is an essential process as every part
Ans :
of the plant requires food. For energy, building
and maintenance. Pyruvate (3 carbon molecule) is formed by glucose
c. Sugars are synthesized in the leaves whereas (6 carbon molecule) through Glycolysis in all
hormones are synthesized in the growing parts of the organisms. Anaerobic Respiration: Anaerobic
roots and shoots. respiration in microbe such as yeast which is also
known as fermentation produce end-products as
73. What are the main events occurring in the small follows:
intestine? C6H12O6 $ Pyruvate
Fermentation

Ans : [All India 2011] Glucose Ethyl alcohol2C H OH + 2CO + Energy

2 5 2
Carbon dioxide
The main events occurring in the small intestine are
as follows: Aerobic respiration:
a. Bile emulsifies fat present in the food The second step of respiration in human cell takes
(emulsification means breaking of fat molecules place in the presence of oxygen inside mitochondria
into smaller globules). and is, therefore, called aerobic (in air) respiration.
b. Pancreatic juice containing trypsin for digesting During this stage, the end product of glycolysis, the
proteins and pancreatic amylase for starch act 2 molecules of pyruvic acid enter the mitochondria
upon the food. of aerobic cells and undergo complete oxidation
c. Bicarbonate ions secreted by duodenal wall make by enzymes in Krebs cycle into CO2 and H2O and
the medium alkaline because it is required for the release large amount of energy (30 ATP molecules).
action of pancreatic enzynies. Thus, complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose
 and aerobic respiration generates in total of 38 ATP pulling water and minerals upward through xylem
molecules. elements-ascent of sap. Thus transpiration helps
Presence of Oxygen
Glucose $ Pyruvate in upward movement of water from roots to leaves.
Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy 7. The roots of a plant absorb water and dissolved
substances from the soil, which is needed by the
77. Leaves of a healthy potted plant were coated with aerial parts of the plants. As such these substances
Vaseline to block the stomata. Will this plant remain are to be transported from roots up to stem,
healthy for long? Stage three reasons for your leaves and flowers.
answer. [All India 2009]
Ans : 80. Describe the mechanism of gaseous exchange in tissues
and lungs. [Delhi 2015]
No, the plant will not stay healthy for a long time. or
The reasons are: How is oxygen and carbon dioxide transported in
a. It will not be able to exchange O2 and CO2, hence human being? [CBSE 2016]
respiration will be affected adversely. or
b. Photosynthesis will also be affected as CO2 will How is oxygen and carbon dioxide transported in
not be available. human being? Explain clearly how the air is inhaled
c. Transpiration will not take place hence there will and exhaled during breathing in humans.
be no ascent of sap, hence no water absorption
Ans : [All India 2009]
from the soil.
Exchange of gases in tissues:
78. If a plant is kept covered with a polythene sheet, a. Most of oxygen is carried by haemoglobin in
we notice some water drops on the inner side of the blood. On reaching the tissues, it gets diffused
sheet after some time. What are they due to? Name into the cells as it is in higher concentration than
and define the process. What is the significance of in the cells.
this process in plants and in nature? How does b. The carbon dioxide, which is formed in the cells,
transpiration help in upward movement of water from gets accumulated there in higher concentration
roots to leaves? [Delhi 2015] as compared in the blood, now diffused into the
Ans : blood.
c. The CO2 mostly dissolved in blood plasma reaches
If a plant is kept covered with a polythene sheet, we
the lungs, from where it is expelled out during
notice some water drops on the inner side of the sheet
exhalation.
after sometime due to transpiration. The loss of water
Mechanism of Inhalation:
in the form of vapour from the aerial parts of the
The thoracic cavity expands when diaphragm and
plant is known as transpiration. This process helps in
rib muscles contract. The thorax moves upwards
the absorption and upward movement of water and
and outwards, increasing the volume inside thoracic
minerals dissolved in it from roots to the leaves. It
cavity. The air pressure in the cavity decreases, hence
also helps in temperature regulation.
the air rushes into the lungs through nostrils, trachea
and bronchi.
FIVE MARKS QUESTIONS Mechanism of Exhalation :
Exchange of gases between alveolar sacs and blood
occurs and air having CO2 enters the alveoli. The
79. How are water and minerals absorbed and transported thoracic cavity comes back to its original size as
in the plants? [All India 2009] diaphragm muscles relax. Air containing CO2 is
Ans : exhaled out through bronchi, trachea and nostrils.
1. Transpiration is the process of removal of water
vapors from the aerial parts of a plant, mainly
through stomata in the leaves.
2. There are two conducting tissues of plants: first
is xylem and second is phloem. Tracheids and
vessels which are two kinds of elements of xylem.
3. Tracheids are found in all vascular plants. They
are spindle shaped, have only pits and are not
very efficient.
4. Vessels are found in flowering plants, are tube
like, have perforation plates and pits making them
more efficient.
5. When loss of water in vapour occur from leaves
of plants due to transpiration, deficit of water
is created in the leaves. Evaporation of water
molecules from the cells of a leaf creates a suction 81. What are the differences between Aerobic and
force which pulls water from the xylem cells. Anaerobic respiration? Name some organisms which
6. Water and minerals dissolved in it move up to use the anaerobic mode of respiration.
leaves from root through tracheids and vessels, Ans : [All India 2008]
 Aerobic Anaerobic 84. a. What are two vital functions of the human kidney?
respiration respiration b. Draw labelled diagram of human urinary system.
Ans : [Delhi 2017]
1. Presence of air Presence of air not
required. required a. The two vital functions of kidney are —
1. Excretion of nitrogenous wastes.
2. Occur in two steps: Complete process 2. Osmoregulation - regulation of water and salt
1st Glycolysis in occurs in cytoplasm. content in blood.
cytoplasm.
2nd in mitochondria.
3. Glucose completely Glucose incompletely
oxidized to CO, and oxidized to either an
H2O. organic acid or alcohol
with CO2.
4. Large amount of Less energy produced
energy produced
5 E.g., man, higher E.g., yeast,
plants lactobacillus
85. Describe double circulation in human beings. Name
82. a. Mention any two components of blood.
the group of animal with double circulation? How is it
b. Trace the movement of oxygenated blood in the
important for them?[Foreign 2017] [All India 2016-17]
body.
c. Write the function of valves present in between Ans :
atria and ventricles. Such a flow in which blood enters the heart twice
d. Write one structural difference between the is called double circulation. It helps in keeping the
composition of artery and veins. [All India 2018] oxygenated and deoxygenated blood separate.
Ans : The right atrium receives blood from the vena
a. plasma, blood cells. cava and pumps the blood into the right ventricle.
b. Pulmonary vein from lungs " left atrium left Blood is sent to lungs, where it is oxygenated. Then,
ventricle " aorta " arteries to all organs. it is sent through the right and left pulmonary veins to
c. Valves prevent backflow of blood from ventricles the left atrium where it is pumped to the left ventricle.
to atria when latter are contracting. The blood then travels to the ascending aorta where it
d. Arteries have thick, muscular and elastic walls. leaves the heart and delivers oxygen to different parts
Veins have thinner, less muscular walls but have of the body.
valves.

83. a. Define excretion.

b. Name the basic filtration unit present in the
kidney.
c. Draw excretory system in human beings and label
the following organs of excretory system which
perform following functions:
(i) form urine
(ii) is a long tube which collects urine from
kidney.
(iii) store urine until it is passed out.
Ans : [All India 2018]
a. Throwing out wastes from the living body.
b. Nephron.
c. (i) kidney (ii) ureter (iii) urinary bladder
Birds and mammals have double circulation because
they need to maintain a constant body temperature
(warm blooded animals or endotherms).

86. Where are kidneys located in our body? Show the

location of different parts of urinary system in man.
What is the importance of kidneys in our body?
Ans : [All India 2016]
The kidneys (renal glands) like high in the abdominal
cavity near and on both sides of the vertebral column.
The right kidney is slightly lower than the left to make
room for the liver. Each kidney is bean shaped and the
 concave portion faces medially. The kidney collects passes through the proximal convoluted tubule , Loop
and transports urine from the kidney to ureters. of Henle, the distal convoluted tubule so that useful
The kidneys regulate: substances are re-absorbed by blood present in the
a. The volume of blood plasma (blood pressure). capillaries around them.
b. The concentration of waste products in the blood
(excretion).
c. The concentration of electrolytes such as Na+, K+,
HCO3- and other ions (osmoregulation).
d. The pH of plasma.
e. Figure :

The liquid is now called urine is concentrated and

87. What are the different components of blood? Give the collected in collecting duct and poured in ureters to
function of each of them. [Foreign 2015] be carried to urinary bladder. Urine is passed out
Ans : through urethra, when the urinary bladder is full and
due to pressure there is an urge to do so. Sphincter
Blood is a liquid connective tissue. It is chiefly formed muscles regulate this process
of two components:
a. Fluid matrix or plasma: It is of pale colour Osmoregulation and excretion are intimately
and transports much substance like dissolved related, these processes together maintain homeostasis
carbon dioxide, glucose, amino acids, urea etc. (i.e. staying the same), and are performed by the
has mainly water, some proteins like albumin, same set of organs. The kidney is the major organ of
fibrinogen (blood clotting protein) and many osmoregulation and excretion in vertebrates.
other substances to be transported. 89. Usman collected her saliva and mixed it with liquid
b. Cellular elements which are of three types: A in the test tube. In another test tube she took only
(1) Red blood corpuscles (R.B.C) or erythrocyt. liquid A after about 10 minutes, she added a few
es, which transport O2 and CO2. They are drops of iodine solution to the mixture in the first test
enucleated, disc shaped, full of a red colored tube. It did not show any colour but when she treated
protein pigment, hemoglobin. the other test tube with iodine, a blue black colour
(2) White blood corpuscles (W.B.C) or leucocytes, appeared. Now answer the following questions:
which fight disease-causing agent. They are a. What is the aim of this activity?
larger, nucleated and are of different types. b. What is liquid A?
(3) Blood platelets or thrombocytes, which help c. Why did the first test tube not show any colour
in blood clotting. They are fragments of some change with iodine while the second one did?
larger cell hence do not have nucleus. d. Which enzyme is responsible for such a result?
88. Draw neat and labeled diagram of nephron and
e. Why does a piece of bread chewed for a long time
describe the process of urine formation. tastes sweet?
or Ans : [All India 2010]
Describe structure and functioning of nephron. a. To show the action of salivary amylase on starch.
Ans : [All India 2012] b. Liquid A is starch.
Within the kidney are small functional units called c. The first test tube did not show any colour
nephrons, which are made up of glomeruli, Bowman’s change with iodine because starch was not present
capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henley1 anymore in it. It was already digested by salivary
s loop, distal convoluted loop, and collecting duct. amylase present in saliva. The colour of liquid in
Steps of urine formation: Each kidney is made of the second one changed to blue black as the starch
millions of nephron. Each nephron has a hollow cup was still unchanged due to absence of the enzyme.
like Bowman’s capsule and a long tubule system d. Salivary amylase enzyme is responsible for such
following it. Arteriole branching from renal artery a result.
make bunches of capillaries, one of which is called a e. A piece of bread chewed for a long time tastes
Glomerulus. The first step in the filtration process is sweet because the starch is broken down by
when the blood enters the Glomerulus, where it is then salivary amylase to maltose sugar.
pumped through the porous walls into the Bowman’s 90. How are oxygen and CO2 transported in human
space. This filtered plasma is mainly water, various beings? How are lungs designed to maximise the area
salts, urea and glucose. The “glomerular filtrate” then
 for exchange of gases? the dot like structures present in these cells.
Ans : [All India 2008,2016-17]
Exchange of gases in tissues occurs through diffusion.
Oxygen is carried as oxyhaemoglobin from lungs to
tissues. It dissociates and carbon dioxide diffuses out
into blood from tissues. It is transported in dissolved
form and reaches lungs where again it diffuses to
alveoli. Lungs have a tree like branching pattern Ans : [Delhi 2017]
of bronchi and bronchioles. The terminal part of
Stomata. Gas exchange and transpiration occur
bronchiole ends into sac like structures called alveoli
through the stomata. Dot like structures are called
which are present in groups. Alveoli have curved wall
chloroplasts.
to increase surface area for exchange of gases. The
wall of alveoli is extremely thin and is lined by blood 95. Name the chemical in small tube hanging in conical
capillaries. flask. Why is it being used?
91. (i) Explain the importance of the following:
(a) salivary amylase
(b) villi
(c) pepsin
(ii) Explain how oxygenated blood from this chamber
is sent to all parts of the body.
Ans : [All India 2008]
Ans : [Delhi 2017]
(i) (a) Salivary amylase: It’s an enzyme present in
the saliva, secreted by salivary glands. It Potassium hydroxide. It is used to absorb carbon
digests starch into maltose there by starting dioxide released by germinating seeds during
the digestion of carbohydrate in the buccal respiration.
cavity.
(b) Villi: They increase the surface area for 96. Identify structure 1-4 in the given figure:
absorption of digested food into the blood.
(c) Pepsin: It is a digestive enzyme secreted
by gastric glands. It is responsible for the
digestion of proteins in stomach.
(ii) When the left atrium contracts, the oxygenated
blood is poured into the left ventricle. When the
left ventricle contracts the blood is pumped into
Ans :
the aorta, the largest artery which distributes it
to all the parts of the body through arteries. 1. Guard cells 2. Vacuole 3. Stoma 4. Chloroplast.

92. In order to prepare a temporary mount of a leaf peel 97. A student set up apparatus as shown in figure. After 8
to observe stomata, which chemicals used for staining hours what is he likely to observe. Explain the reasons.
and mounting? [Delhi 2017]
Ans :
The chemicals used for staining and mounting
respectively are safranin and glycerine.

93. What are the possible observations in the given setup?

[Delhi 2017]

Ans :
a. Water would have risen in the tube as the oxygen
present in the airtight flask would have been used
up by germinating seeds for their respiration and
CO2 gas which is being produced them must
have been absorbed by KOH. As a result partial
Ans : vacuum created will make water from beaker
move up.
Nothing will happen to the level of water/ KOH as
b. Water will rise initially while seeds are germinating
vacuum will not be created in the flask.
but fall later.
94. Name the gap formed between the kidney shaped cells c. Water.
in the given figure. What role do they play? What are