CSE 30310 Design of

Concrete Structures
Lecture 1: Introduction
Dr Muhammad Riaz Ahmad
[email protected]
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering 1
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
1. Subject Introduction and
Information

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 Dr. Goman Ho (Subject Lecturer)
Dr Goman Ho is an Arup Fellow, Director of Innovation. Following
his PhD Studies in Polytechnic University, he joined Arup in 1992. He
served the firm as the first global leader for Arup Tall Buildings Skills
Network, regional leader for Seismic Skills Network. He is now the
regional leader of Structural Skills Network. He was involved as
PD/PM/PE for projects with an accumulated height just less than 12
km. Some of his award-winning projects are 300m tall Cheung Kong
Center in HK, 330m China World Trade Center, CCTV HQs in
Beijing, 3km long Beijing Capital Airport Terminal, 461m tall Vincom
Landmark 81 Tower in Ho Chi Minh City, the 528m tall China Zun in
Beijing.

He was the 1st PhD in Hong Kong Polytechnic and in Department of

Civil and Structural Engineering. He received the Outstanding
Research Postgraduate Alumni Award in 2022 by Graduate School of
Hong Kong Polytechnic University.

He was a professional engineer since 1994 now being a fellow member

of HKIE, member of IStructE and member of ASCE/SEI.

([email protected])

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 Dr. Riaz (Subject Lecturer)
Work Experience
Research Assistant Professor (2023-present), PolyU, Hong Kong
Visiting Researcher (2022-2023), University of Tokyo, Japan
Post-Doctorate Fellow (2021-2023), PolyU, Hong Kong
Education
Ph.D. in Civil Engineering (2021), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
BSc and MSc in Civil Engineering (2013, 2017), UET Lahore, Pakistan

Muhammad Riaz AHMAD,

([email protected])

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Contact information for Tutors

1. Tutor Dr Mingfeng KAI ([email protected])

2. Tutor Dr. Hongyuan GUO ([email protected])
3. Laboratory Dr. Yazan ALREFAEI ([email protected])

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Subject Objectives

1. To know how to arrange various combinations of load

actions on RC structures and predict the consequent
structural response;
2. To describe typical failure mechanisms of various
reinforced concrete (RC) members;
3. To predict the member’s strength for each typical
failure mechanism; and
4. To grasp overall design principles and design
procedures of RC structures and simple prestressed
concrete
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Textbooks and References
• W. H. Mosley & J.H. Bungey (1999), Reinforced Concrete Design, 3rd edition,
MacMillan [ISBN: 0333739566].
• Code of Practice for Structural Use of Concrete 2013, Hong Kong Building
Department (http://www.bd.gov.hk/english/documents/index_crlist.html).
• Manual for Design and Detailing of Reinforced Concrete to the Code of Practice
for Structural Use of Concrete 2013.
(https://www.housingauthority.gov.hk/common/pdf/business-
partnerships/resources/concrete.pdf ).
• N. Subranmanian (2014), Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures, Oxford
University Press. ISBN: 9780198086949

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Assessment methods

1. Course work 30% including

• Assignments and Lab Report (15%); and
• Quiz and Mid-term test (15%);

2. Examination (Final examination 70%)

Note: Student must attain at least Grade D in both course work and
examination in order to pass the course as a whole.

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2. Introduction to
reinforced concrete
structures

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Introduction
What is reinforced concrete? Plain Cement Concrete (PCC)
Mixture of cement , sand and coarse aggregate
without any reinforcement is known as PCC.
PCC is strong in compression and week in
tension. Its tensile strength is so small that it
can be neglected in design.

Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC)

Mixture of cement , sand and coarse aggregate
with reinforcement is known as RCC. (Tensile
strength is improved)

Plain cement concrete Reinforced cement concrete

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Source： International Cement review
 Introduction
Concrete structures are the foundation of modern civilization. They are extensively used in buildings,
bridges, roads, dams, floating structure, and tunnels.

Burj Khalifa, 828 m Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge US Highway 1

(a) Buildings (b) Bridges (c) Road/highways

The Lærdal Tunnel

Three Gorges Dam, 181 m Floating Ports and Villas

(d) Dams (e) Floating structures (f) Tunnels
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Introduction (Civil Engineering Infrastructures)

Easa, S.M.; Yan, W.Y. Performance-Based Analysis in Civil Engineering: Overview of 12

Applications. Infrastructures 2019, 4, 28.
https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures4020028
Introduction (Columns Failure)

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Introduction
Collapse of whole buildings Failure of Beam-Column Joints

Failure of Column Punching shear failure of slab-column connection

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 Introduction (Natural Disaster)

Si-Chuan Earthquake (2008), Turkey Earthquake (2023)

150 B USD, Casualities (88,708) (34 B USD, Casualities 59,259)

Tohoku Earthquake (2023), Pakistan Flood (2010)

50 B USD , Casualities 2,000, 33 m people effected
360 B USD, Casualities 19,759 ) 15
Introduction
Building Collapse（Hong Kong） (29-01-2010）

How to achieve a safe design of RC structures?

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3. Overview of structural systems

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Basic structural systems
Reinforced concrete building elements

Floor Stair slab

Colum
n
Wal
l Beam
Base Beam
floor

Wall
foundati Column
on foundation

Primary functions of building systems is to support gravity loads for strength and serviceability during:
1. Normal use (service) conditions; (regular occupancy and use of the structure on day-to-day basis)
2. Maximum considered use condition; (during events such as concerts or gatherings e.g, stadiums)
3. Environmental loading of varying intensities. (wind, snow, seismic activity) 18
Basic structural systems
Load Transfer mechanism

Function of structure is to
transfer all the loads
safely to ground.
A particular structural
member transfers load to
other structural member.

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Basic structural systems

Deflections
Vertical deflection (sag) Lateral deflection (sway)
Dead, imposed etc. Wind, earthquake

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Basic structural systems
Beam element
Defn: Members subject to bending and shear
V
M L M

V E,I,A

Column element
Defn: Members subject to bending, shear, and axial
V

F L F

V E,I,A
M M 21
Basic structural systems
Slab/plate element
Defn: Members subject to bi-directional bending & shear

One-way Slab

Two-way Slab 22
Basic structural systems
Wall/diaphragm element
Defn: Members subject to shear

Shear wall subjected to lateral loads

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German Cast In Situ Technology, precast technology Hyderabad - Janapriya.com
Basic structural systems

Structural systems
Floor system: Lateral load system:
 Flat plate
• Flat plate (& slab)-column
(w and w/o drop panels and/or capitals)
 Flat slab (w/ drop
frame systems
panels and/or capitals) • Beam-column frame systems
 One-way joist system • Shear wall systems
 Two-way waffle system
(building frame and bearing wall)
• Dual systems
(frame and shear walls)

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Basic structural systems
Floor systems

Flat Plate Floor System

Flat Plate w/Spandrel Beam Floor System

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Beam-slab system
Basic structural systems

Plan Elevation

Flat slab floor system One way-joist floor system

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Basic structural systems

Waffle slab floor system, PolyU

Waffle slab floor system

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Basic structural systems
Frame: Coplanar system of beam (or slab) and column elements dominated by
flexural deformation

Gravity Load Lateral Loading

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Basic structural systems

One-way slab system two-way slab system

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Basic structural systems
Frame lateral load systems

Flat plate systems are normally less effective in resisting the lateral load system. A
wider slab provides additional stiffness and rigidity to the system, which can
enhance its resistance to lateral load and also increase torsional resistance of
structure. 30
Basic structural systems

Shear wall lateral load systems Dual lateral load systems

In frame lateral load systems, the lateral load
resistance can be enhanced by configuring elevator
shaft or by providing shear walls within the structure.
They provide additional stiffness and strength to
resist lateral forces and can enhance the lateral
resistance of the lateral load system.
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4. Loads in structural systems

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Loads in structural systems
Loads

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Loads in structural systems
Types of loads

Gravity: Lateral:
1. Dead; 1. Wind;
2. Imposed; 2. Earthquake;
3. Soil lateral pressure;
3. Impact;
4. Thermal;
4. Snow; 5. Centrifugal.
5. Ice; ……
6. Rain/floods.
…….

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Loads in structural systems
Definition of characteristic load
‘Characteristic load’ means that load which has a 95% probability of not being
exceeded, during the life of the structure.

Using Characteristic Load in

Design
1. Determining the Characteristic
Load:
2. Applying Load Factors:
3. Calculating the Design Load:
4. Structural Analysis and Design:

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5. Properties of Reinforced
Concrete

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Properties of concrete
Stress Strain Curve of Concrete

Crushing
Stress
fc’ 0.85fc’

0.4 fc’

0.0028 to 0.0045,
generally 0.0035 Strain
•The first portion of curve, to about 40% of the ultimate strength fc’, can be
considered linear.
•The lower the strength of concrete the greater will be the failure strain 37
Properties of concrete
Modulus of Elasticity
Concrete is not an elastic material therefore it does not have a fixed value of modulus
of elasticity

Initial tangent
Modulus (Ecq)
Tangent Modulus

Stress EC = (1.25Ecq -19) kN/mm2

Secant or static Modulus (Ec)

Strain
Tangent and Secant Moduli of Concrete 38
Properties of concrete
Characteristic strength of concrete
Characteristic strength is defined as that level of strength below which a specified proportion
of all valid test results is expected to fail. Unless otherwise stated, this proportion is taken to
be 5%.

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Properties of concrete
Development of concrete strength

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Properties of steel
Reinforcing steel bars
Steel bars are:
Plain
Deformed (currently in use)
Deformed bars have longitudinal and transverse ribs. Ribs provide a good bond
between steel and concrete. If this bond fails steel becomes in effective.
The most important properties for reinforcing steel are:

Young's modulus, E
Yield strength, fy
Ultimate strength, fu
Size and diameter of bar

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Properties of steel
Reinforcing steel characteristics Amount of stress that will result
in a plastic strain of 0.2%
Yield stress

Proof stress

Stress
Stress

Strain 0.002 Strain

(a) Hot rolled steel (Mild steel) (b) Cold worked steel (High-yield steel)
Stress-strain curves for reinforcing steel
The characteristics of steel are
1. Mild steel behaves as an elastic material, with the strain proportional to the stress up to the yield, at which point there is
a sudden increase in strain with no change in stress. After the yield point, this becomes a plastic material, and the strain
increases rapidly up to the ultimate value.
2. High yield steel may behave in a similar manner or may, on the other hand, not have such a definite yield point but may
show a more gradual change from elastic to plastic behaviour and reduced ductility depending on the manufacturing
process. All materials have a similar slope of the elastic region with elastic modulus Es=200 kN/mm2 approximately.

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Properties of steel

Grade 500

Stress Grade 250

For hot rolled steel bars

Strain
Short-term design stress-strain curve
for steel reinforcement (HK2013)
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Properties of Reinforced Concrete
Why we need Reinforced cement concrete?
Concrete strong in compression and weak in tension

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Properties of Reinforced Concrete

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Properties of reinforced concrete (Shrinkage)
Shrinkage is reduction in volume of concrete due to loss of water
Excessive shrinkage can be avoided by proper curing during first 28 days because half of the total
shrinkage takes place during this period.

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Properties of reinforced concrete (Shrinkage)
Calculate Shrinkage Stresses in Concrete for
(a) Restrained by reinforcement only

(b) Fully Restrained

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Properties of concrete
Reinforcement restrains shrinkage movement and generate
tension in concrete

When cracking occurs, the uncracked lengths of concrete try to contract so that the
embedded steel between cracks is in compression while the steel across the cracks
is in tension. This feature is accompanied by localised bond breakdown, adjacent
to each crack.
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Concrete creep and shrinkage calculator - Strusoft
Properties of concrete
“Creep is the continuous deformation of material over considerable lengths of time at
constant stress or load”

Development of creep deformation with time affects deflections and crack widths

The characteristics of creep are

1. The final deformation of the member can be three to four times the short-term elastic deformation.
2. The deformation is roughly proportional to the load intensity and to the inverse of concrete strength.
3. If the load is removed, only the elastic deformation will recover – the plastic deformation will not.
4. There is a redistribution of load between the concrete and any steel present
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6. Advantages and Disadvantages
of Reinforced Concrete

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Advantages of Reinforced Concrete
 Suitability of material for architectural and structural function
◦ Concrete place in plastic condition - desired shape & texture can be obtained
with forms and finishing techniques.
◦ Designer can choose shape and size.
 Fire Resistance: Concrete building have 1-3 hour fire rating with no fire proofing
(steel and timber require fireproofing to obtain this rating)
 Rigidity: Greater stiffness & mass reduces oscillations (wind), floor vibrations
(walking)
 Low Maintenance
 Availability of Materials: Sand, gravel, cement, H20 & concrete mixing facilities
widely available; Reinforcement - easy to transport as compared to structural steel
 Good bonding between the steel and concrete
 Less chance of buckling

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Disadvantages of Reinforced Concrete
 Low tensile strength -0.1 fc; cracking if not properly reinforced.
 Forms and Shoring (additional steps).
◦ Construction of forms; Removal of forms; Prepping (or shoring) the new
concrete to support weight until strength is adequate; Labor/Materials cost not
required for other types of materials.
 Strength per unit volume is relatively low.
◦ fc ~ (5-10% of steel); greater volume required.
 Time-dependent volume changes.
◦ Concrete undergoes drying shrinkage, which may cause deflections and
cracking.
◦ Creep of concrete under sustained loads causes an increase in deflection
with time.
 Increased self weight
large cross-section is required only to resist self weight, making structure
costly
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7. Types of Concrete

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Types of concrete
• Ready-mixed concrete • Polymer concrete
• High-performance concrete • Shotcrete
• Self-compacting concrete • Internal curing concrete
• Roller-compacted concrete • Self healing concrete
• Structural lightweight concrete • Self cleaning concrete
• Fiber-reinforced concrete • Recycled concrete
• Engineering cementitious • Autoclaved cellular concrete
composites • Geopolymer
• Seawater sea-sand concrete
• 3D printing concrete

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 Self-compacting concrete (SCC)
✓ SCC is a highly workable concrete that can flow through densely reinforced and
complex structural elements under its own weight and adequately fill all voids
without segregation, excessive bleeding, excessive air migration, and the need for
vibration or other mechanical consolidation.
✓ The highly flowable nature of SCC is due to very careful mix proportioning,
usually replacing much of the coarse aggregate with fines and cement, and adding
chemical admixtures.

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https://youtu.be/M38gamAlxt0
 Fiber-reinforced concrete
✓ Fibres are added to concrete to control cracking caused by plastic shrinkage and
drying shrinkage.
✓ The addition of small closely spaced and uniformly dispersed fibres will act as crack
arresters and enhance the tensile, fatigue, impact, and abrasion resistance of
concrete. They also reduce the permeability of concrete.
✓ Though the flexural strength may increase marginally, fibres cannot totally replace
flexural steel reinforcement.

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Engineered cementitious composites

✓ ECC are a special type of HPFRCC that has been micro-structurally tailored based
on micro-mechanics.
✓ ECC is systematically engineered to achieve high ductility under tensile and shear
loading.
✓ By employing material design based on micro-mechanics, it can achieve maximum
ductility in excess of three per cent under uniaxial tensile loading with only two per
cent fibre content by volume.

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3D printing concrete
3D printing is revolutionary technology, that
allows for the faster fabrication of custom-
designed and complex concrete structures.

The process of concrete printing is completed

layer-by-layer and controlled by the blueprints
or digital models from a computer.

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End of Lecture

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