PHONE NO: 9811854308 Assignment GURU 8 z : : 4 i g y ‘http://www ignouassignmentguru.com ‘ASSIGNMENT GURU Qizz MPA-012: ADMINISTRATIVE THEORY Course Code: MPA-O12 Assignment Code: MPA-12/AssTMA/2022-23 Marks: 100 This assignment consists of Sections I and II. There are five questions in each section. You have to answer a total of five questions in about 500 words each. It is necessary to attempt at least two questions from each section. Each question carries 20 marks. SECTION. 1) Discuss the differences and similarities between Public Administration and Private Administration. 20 2) Describe the evolution and growth of administrative theory. 20 3) Analyse the F.W.Taylor contribution towards the Scientific Management Theory. 20 4) Define Organisation and discuss its types and major characteristics. 20 5) Highlight the views of Chris Argyris on Human Personality and its impact on the working of organisation. 20 SECTIO 6) ‘Douglas McGregor’s views are embedded in his Theory X and Theory Y". Elaborate 20 7) ‘Chester Barnard added a new dimension to the study of organisations’ Comment. 20 8) Examine the open-systems approach. 20 9) Briefly discuss the views of David Easton and Chester Barnard on Systems approach. 20 10) Critically examine the first and second Minnowbrook conference. 20 ‘SOLVED ASSIGNMENTS 1919011854308 IGNMENT GURU_Page- 1 NOU.PHONE NO; 9811854308 Assignment GURU a Zz 3g z 3 3 q ‘SOLVED ASSIGNMENTS y ZOU 18811854308 /uwwignouassignmentguru, ‘ASSIGNMENT GURU IGNOU ASSIGNMENT GURU 2022-23 MPA-12 Administrative Theory car We Tj i sp oie me ls osm ofa aio gen as sgn Te See Ag so [repre rata Tatu re tha eel gare of sre oun eno ers at its Gung es Age Aor Ged caeooiecrrsy of be bp Semen theca sete kre ecobites arte srs ny tse sth Gusto horeento prepa hears theese gern sng As Neha oars repeal pe Saris en/na Pana cna yar cu Tenchay ic bette ys pare saat Neer adr op iodeard at rata ana Sides sted lr th ofl sly rare weed ye uber, asa soe p wih hp tsa tht soe SECTION I Q. 1. Discuss the differences and similarities between Public Administration and Private Administration, Ans, The term "administration" as the activities of groups cooperating to accomplish common goals. The dictionary defines administration as "management of affairs", However, administration is a collective activity towards the attainment of a specific goal. According to Waldo, "Public Administration is the art and science of management as applied to the affairs of state." Basically, Public Administration is concerned with the "what" and the "how" of government. It is a specialised academic field. It concerned with the three branches of governmental activities Legislative, Executive and Judiciary. But private administration differs fiom the public administration in different fields. When the term refers to the activities of factory, it is called Private Administration, and wheu it refers to those of the activities of local, state, and central goverment, it is called Publi Administration. Is Public Administration similar, or different from private administiation? There is one school of thought which|gives opinion that, there is no difference between the public and private administration, because administrative activities and teeluologies are similar in all, organisations, whether they are public or private. The other school of thought believes that, there are some important points of difference between the public and private administration, Public Administration and Private Administration: Similarities Some of the important thinkers of Public Administration like Henry Fayol, Mary Parker Follet and Urwick given the opinion that both Public and private administration have common and fundamental characteristics. Henry Fayol treated good administration as a process which included a certain number of principles common to all the organisations. Again, he say that, there is only one administrative science, which is basically applied equally in the both fields like public and also private sectors. The following similarities between the public and private administration may be noted: ‘uD @ Ei /IGNOUASSIGNMENTGURU IGNOU ASSIGNMENT GURU _Page-2PHONE NO; 9811854308 Assignment GURU 8 z 4 i g ‘SOLVED ASSIGNMENTS ZOU 1919011854308 ouassi ‘ASSIGNMENT GURU 1. Both public and private administration deals in common skills, techniques and procedures. 2. Both administration serves the people and also to maintain close contact with people to inform about their services. 3. In the recent period, the principle of profit motive is not so much based on private administration, because the objective of private sector is welfare to the people 4. In public and private sectors, there are similar types of hierarchy and management systems. Both have superior-subordinate pattern of relationship in the organisation, 5. In personnel management, the private organisation have been influenced greatly by the practices of public organisations 6. Both are trying to improve their intemal working and also for efficient delivery of services to people or customers Henry Fayol remarked, “The meaning which I have given to the word administration and ‘which has been generally adopted broadens consideration the field of administrative science. It embraces not only the public service but enterprises of every size and description, of every form and every purpose. All the administration must deal with the planning, organisation, command, coordination and control. Public and private administration are basically similar in skills, research and improvement; and public relations and so on, Points of Differences between Public and Private Administration Paul H. Appleby, John Gaus, Ludwig Von Mises, Josiah Stamp, Peter Drucker, ete. are of the opinion that there are crucial differences between Public and Private Administration, In Paul H. Appleby's book, "Big Democracy", he have remarked that the governmental function and attitude have at least three complementary aspects that go to differentiate government from all other institutions and activities breadth of scope: impact and considerations; publie accountability, political-character: No non-governmental institutions has the breadth of government. In the opinion of Josiah Stamp, both public and private administration are different in the spheres of uniformity, impartiality, responsibility, accountablilty and serviceability. Herbert Simon observes, "In the popular imagination, governmental administration is bureaucratic, private administration is business like, governmental administration is political, private administration is characterised by red tape, private administration is non-political, governmental administration is characterised by red tape, private administration is not. Peter Drucker, the well-known management scientist, observes that the service (government) institution is in a fundamentally different "business" from business. It is different in its purpose, it has different values; it needs different objectives; and it makes a different contribution to society. The following are the differences between the two types of administrations: 1, Political Direction: In Public Administration, political direction is the most important policy matter. It is the minister who lays down broad policy outlines, und which the bureaucrat has to implement e policy the administrator under executive with little option of his own, But ‘uD @ Ei /IGNOUASSIGNMENTGURU IGNOU ASSIGNMENT GURU _Page-3PHONE NO; 9811854308 Assignment GURU 8 z 4 i g ‘SOLVED ASSIGNMENTS ZOU 1919011854308 ouassi ‘ASSIGNMENT GURU in private administration there is no role of minister or bureauecrate to play. Private sector administration is made by the top managers and it followed by all the staff or workers in the organisation. 2. Profit Motive: Generally public administration is service-oriented and profit making is not its goal. Public utility services of the Government of India often run at a loss, yet the government is duty bound to spend on them. But in the private administration their goal is making profit. Business management is management directly by the profit motive 3. Prestige: Public Administration enjoys higher prestige and social status as compared to private administration especially in the third world countries. The sovereign power of the state vested in the government machinery, Public Administration gets more opportunities for rendering services to the people than the latter. Hence, it commands more respect than the private administration. 4. Legal Framework and Procedure: Public Administration has operate according to law, rules and regulations. There is always the fear of audit. But business administration is relatively free fiom similar constraints of laws and regulations: 5. Essential Services: Public Administration always deals with matters which are of vital importance for the existence of the people. For example defence of the country, maintenance of law and order, creation of educational and health facilities and other essential services related to public life are provided by the public administration. On the other hand, private administration does not deal with matters of so grave importance. For example, manufacturing of cloth which falls in the domain of private aduinistration is not as important, as defending the borders of the country. 6. Scope of Activity: Particularly in a socialistic society, public administration is more comprehensive. Its jurisdiction extends to all types of activities pertaining to the individuals. But in the modern welfare states, its jurisdiction is not limited. Private administration does not cover so many aspects of people's life. 7. Monopolistic Character: It means, many services of government rendered by the public administration to|the society are of a monopolistic character. No individual is allowed to run services, which are being handled by the goverument itself. But this is abseuice in the private administration. A good many business organisations may be suppliers of the some commodity at.a time. For instance, Soap is manufactuwed by nuany factories at a time: 8. Public Responsibility: Public Administration has responsibility to the public. Public accountability and public scrutiny is one of the most important characteristics of public administration. But all these are absent in private administration. Public Administration had to face the criticism of the public, press and political parties. The civil servants have to think carefully about possible public reactions before taking any particular step. The polities of a country and the aspirations of her people have a great influence over the activities of public administration. On the other hand, private administration does not have any great responsibility towards the public. ‘uD @ Ei /IGNOUASSIGNMENTGURU IGNOU ASSIGNMENT GURU_Page-4‘SOLVED ASSIGNMENTS ZOU 18811854308 /uwwignouassignmentguru, ‘ASSIGNMENT GURU 9. Financial Control: Public administration is subjected to every extensive financial control, This control is exercised by the extemal agency..... it is the legislature that posses the appropriation bill which authorises the executive branch to spend the money. Specially. in India the Comptroller and Auditor General controls over national finances and presents his reports to the Parliament. The Parliament also controls national finance by different means and methods. The Public-Private Partnership: Today, the gulf between public and private administration is natrowing. In the U.S. Federal Government, controlling accounts for about one-seventh of total budget outlays, with two-thirds of its attributable to the department of defence. State and local government also make substantial use of contractors for construction, professional and other services. On the whole, both public and private administration controlled by the law of the land and profit is not its sole aim, Its object too is the provision of service for the people. There is increasing regulation of business activities and methods in the social interest. Private management can ignore the larger public interest only at its peril, Public Administration can hardly ignore the needs of efficient management. Therefore, the difference between the two is. one of degree and not of kind: They are the two species of the same gems, administration. PHONE NO; 9811854308 Q. 2. Describe the evolution and growth of administrative theory. Ans, Public Administration as a discipline was born in the United States and that country take interest to enrich it even today. Woodrow Wilson, who was teaching Political Science at the Princeton University and later on became the President of USA is regarded as the father of the Public Administration, In his article, "The Study of Administration", he emphasized for a separate study of Public Administration: Assignment GURU In the early part of the twentieth century many American Universities took active interest in the reform movement in government and thus scholars had attracted to the field of public administration. In 1914, the American Political Science Association published a report which delineated the objectives of the teaching of Political Science. One of the objectives proclaimed ‘was fo "prepare specialists for governmental positions” Thus, Public Administration was recognized as an important sub-area of Political Science. The subject (Public Administration) began to gain in increasing recognition in the American universities and its study was steadily spreading. In 1926, the first textbook on this subject was appeared, This was LD. White's "Introduction to'the Study of Public Administration.” This book reflects the dominant theme of the contemporary period. It also referred that polities and administration are separate. The second stage of evolution of administrative theory is marked by the tendency to reinforce the idea of polities administration dichotomy and to evolve a value-free science of management. The central belief of this period was that there are certain principles of administration which was the task of scholars fo discover and advocate. The Scientific Management Movement formulated by F.W. Taylor in the early part of the 20th century. This movement was developed at a time, when the industrial revolution had reached a stage of maturity. The rapid expansion of industry created new problem in the field of management. Economic condition and efficiency are also in poor condition. Thus, Taylor advocated for the adoption of scientific method in the field of industrial work process and. 8 z 3 4 i g IGNOU ASSIGNMENT GURU_Page-D ‘uD @ Ei /IGNOUASSIGNMENTGURUPHONE NO; 9811854308 Assignment GURU 8 z 4 i g ‘SOLVED ASSIGNMENTS ZOU 1919011854308 ouassi ‘ASSIGNMENT GURU management to promote industrial efficiency and economy. Taylor and Fayol formulated certain principles for the study of organisation. The aim of each principle is to raise the level of efficiency of the organisation. But this principle have situational relevance. Herbert Simon criticised these principles as proverbs. Despite such criticism, classical theory has its importance in the history of administrative thought. In the study of administration themes, Max Weber's concept of bureaucracy provides an influential conceptual framework in public administration. Max Weber was the first theoretician who provided the discipline with a solid theoretical base. For Weber, bureaucracy was a central system based on national rules, which regulated the organisation's structure and process according to technical knowledge and maximum efficiency. At a time when Taylor and Fayol were followed an engineering approach to the analysis of administrative phenomena, Max Weber was engaged in the evolution of modem civilization with bureaucracies. Bureaucracy is an integral part of this evolutionary process. Weber emphasised the importance of nationality in administration in order to achieve solution of complex and specialised problems. The major form of public administration in modem society is the bureancratic organisation. Weber's bureaucratic model is the key conceptual constituent in administrative analysis. It was one paradigm in public administration The classical theorists from Taylor to Weber laid emphasis on the physiological and mechanistic aspects of public organisation, The next historical stream of administrative thought is described as neo-classical on human relations approach to the study of administrative process. Human relation approach emphasised on the human aspects of administration. This theory come fiom the Hawthorne experiments which were carried out in the USA by Elton Mayo and his colleagues of the Harvard Business School in the late twenties and early thirties of this century. Main objective of such study was to measure the psychological and social problems of industrial workers, The Human Relation Researches identified variables like informal organisation, leadership, morale and motivation for hnmanising administrative analysis. It provides maximum antilisation of human resources in organisation. Gradually the scope of the human relations approach has extended from the early studies of work norms and incentives to applied behavioural science. The behayiouzal school, which evolyed first in Chicago University, entered the public administration domain through decisional analysis. For this credit goes to Hexbert Simon who criticised the traditional principles as unscientific *proverbs" and claims that itis the decision-making that is the heart of administration. During the late 1930 and 1940s decisional analysis was introduced in administrative theory through the writing of Chester Beruard, Edwin O.Stene and Herbert Simon. Herbert Simon says that decision-making process alone can reflect the actual behaviour in an organisational setting Behaviour of an individual in organisational setting is the erux of Simon's analysis of administrative behaviour RK. Arora stated that, although the human relation researches were the first behavioural researches in organisational analysis, these could not get the credit for being so. Because their appearance was too early to be noticed by the acknowledge behaviouralists. Emergence of a host of developing nations in Asia and Africa have change the field of public adminis-tration after Second World War. These phenomena emphasise on the study of administrative system in cross-national and cross-cultural analysis. In 1960, United States of ‘uD @ Ei /IGNOUASSIGNMENTGURU IGNOU ASSIGNMENT GURU_Page-6PHONE NO; 9811854308 Assignment GURU 8 z 4 i g ‘SOLVED ASSIGNMENTS ZOU 1919011854308 ouassi ‘ASSIGNMENT GURU America experienced a series of erises, and the governmental institution and knowledge of traditional public administration have failed to provide auswers to the crises. Therefore, a new movement emerged in the field of public administration during late 1960s and early 1970s and resulted "New Public Administration". The credit for this movement goes to Dwight Waldo, who organised a conference of young public administration scholars and practitioners at the Mimobrook Conference Centte. George Fredrickson said the uew public administrationists as second generation behaviourist who held that bureaucracy ought to be committed to progressive values and take active interest in the formulation and implementation of these values. New public administration emphasised upon the social relevance of knowledge. It has strengthened the science perspective and developed public policy approach in public administration. New Public Administration Movement supported democratic humanism in public organisation and produced greater awareness for internal democracy through real participation in public system. This movement strengthened client-orientation in administration. The collapse of Soviet Union led to a resurgence of the old and new altemative theories. One among them is post-modern or post-Weberian theory of public administration, which is based on the moral principles of democratic system. It has rejected the trilogy of Wilsonian political administrative dichotomy, the scientific management paradigm of Taylor and ideal type bureaucracy of Weber. Tt opposed the universal theory of public administration Another important concept in the field of public administration is the public choice theory. It has challenged the basic statement of classical as well as neo-classical public administration, This theory criticised the myth ofricutral and national bureaucracy. The bureaucrats have regarded as utility maximisers and budget maximisers. In their view, the bureaucrats prefer selftinterest to public interest, Writers like Downs, Tullock and Niskanen have view citizen as the ultimate sources of administrative power. The post-Weberian theory plead for debureaucratisation and democratisation of administration through free-flow of communication and exposure of inherent contradiction in hierarchical relationship. The discomrse theory of public administration propounded by Charles J. Fix and Hugh T. Millen is an important Contribution to public administration. All post-modern public administration theories give importance to people in the omganigations than to the formal structure of organisation In the development of public administration, management science has its important role. Most maxims, principlés, guidelines and dictuns of efficiency and effectiveness have emanated from the writing of management thinkers. In other words, scholars of management have offered remedies to bureaucratic ailments and the scholars of public administration have adopted them. New Public Management isa contemporary paradigm of public administration. It emerged on the needs of the movements of reinventing government and good governance. In 1992, American scholars, David Osbome and Ted Gabler popularised the concept of "Reinventing Government" and the World Bank develops the concept of "good govemance”. These two concepts have reoriented public administration toward the multiple actors in governance beyond the traditional organs of formal government. ‘uD @ Ei /IGNOUASSIGNMENTGURU IGNOU ASSIGNMENT GURU_Page- 7PHONE NO; 9811854308 Assignment GURU 8 z 3 4 i g ‘SOLVED ASSIGNMENTS ZOU 18811854308 /uwwignouassignmentguru, ‘ASSIGNMENT GURU The above survey of administrative theories shows that the field of public administration is, being continually transformed. Traditioual public administration assumptions are frequently ctiticised by contemporary happenings. The subject-matter of public administration is exploding in all ditectious and new types of public organisations are created. New coucepts, techniques and processes for improving the performance of public service delivery are being searched. The result is development of different paradigm in public administration Q.4. Define Organisation and discuss its types and major characteristics. Ans. Itis very difficult to explain the meaning of "organisation." Generally, it is used in three different meanings: (1) The act of designing the administrative structure. (2) Both designing and building the structure. (3) The structure itself. Of course, some thinkers believe that organisation is simply designing the structure and nothing more. According to L. Urwick: Organisation determines the activities those are necessary for a plan and arranging them in the group, which may be assigned to individual. Here Urwick gave more importance to the task and their grouping than the individual According to 1.B. Nicholson: "An organisation is a collection of people engaged in specialised and interdependent activity to accomplish a goal.” According to Pfiffner: "Organisation is the pattern of way in which a large number of people initiate face to face contact and related to each other for accomplishment of a mutually agreed purpose." According to Victor A. Thompson: “An organisation is a highly nationalised and impersonal integration of a large number of specialists coopeiting to achieve some specific objective.” According to Barnard: “An organisation as a’system of consciously coordinated personal activities or forces of two or more persons." In the words of Gaus ‘and L:D. White: "Organisation is the felation of efforts and capacities of individuals and’ groups engaged upon a common task in such a way as to secure the desired objective with the least friction and the most satisfaction for whom the task is done and those engaged in the enterprise.” Here he highlights the importance of the human element in an organisation, On the other hand Gladden defined "it as the pattern of relationships between persons in an enterprise to fulfil the enterpriser’s fimctions." According to E.Wight Bokke: "An organisation is a continuing system of coordinated human activities utilising, transforming, and welding together a specific set of human material, capital, ideational and natural resources into a unique, problem solving whole whose fumetions is to satisfy particular human needs in interaction with other system of human activities and resources in its particular environment.” According to Herbert Simon: "Organisation means a planned system of cooperative effort in which each participant has a recognised role to play and perform their tasks." ‘uD @ Ei /IGNOUASSIGNMENTGURU IGNOU ASSIGNMENT GURU_Page-8PHONE NO; 9811854308 Assignment GURU 8 z 4 i g ‘SOLVED ASSIGNMENTS ZOU 1919011854308 ouassi ‘ASSIGNMENT GURU According to ME. Dimock: "Organisation is the systematic bringing together of interdependent parts to form a unified whole through whieh authority, co-ordination and couttol may be exercised to achieve a given purpose. Because the interdependent parts are made up also of people who must be directed and motivated and whose work umst be coordinated in order to achieve the objectives of the enterprise, organisation is both a structure and human beings." Amitai Etzioni: Organisations are social units deliberately constructed and reconstructed to seek specific goals." Morstein Marx: "Organisation is structure developed for carrying out the tasks entrusted to the chief executive and his administrative subordinates in the government.” Louis A. Alen "Organisation is the process of identifying and grouping the work to be performed, defining and delegating responsibility and authority and establishing relationships for the purpose of enabling people to work most effectively together accom- plishing objectives." Mooney and Railey: "Organisation is the form of every human association for the attainment of a common purpose." According to Herbert Simon; organisation must deal with (a) division of work among its members; (b) standard procedures of work; (©) transmission of authoriative decisions; (@ communication system; (©) training and indoctrination of members; Thus, fiom the above definitions of organisation, organisation means: (a) a pattem of way in which large number of people participated; (b) a system of consciously coordinated activities; (c)a from of every hnman association. (@) It provides service and produets to theif environment, (c) It is a complex collectivities. (0 It integrated within « larger social system, (g) It characterised by secondary relationships. Organisation is divided into two opposite aspects, that is, (1) Formal Organisation (2) Informal Organisation (1) Formal Organisation: Generally when the organisation is planned, decided and approved by the competent authority itis called as a formal organisation. Formal organisation as the rule and manuals prescribe and describe. It is clear as a chart. In the words of MP. Sharma, "Formal organisation means the organisation which is deliberately planned, designed, and duly ‘uD @ Ei /IGNOUASSIGNMENTGURU IGNOU ASSIGNMENT GURU_Page-9PHONE NO; 9811854308 Assignment GURU 8 z 4 i g ‘SOLVED ASSIGNMENTS ZOU 1919011854308 ouassi ‘ASSIGNMENT GURU sanetioned by competent authority. It is the organisation as shown on the organisational chart oras described in the manuals and rules. It is organisation as it appears to the observer from outside." According to H.A. Simon, V.A. Thompson and D.W. Smithburg, formal organisation means the pattem of behaviour and relationship that is deleberately and legitimately planned for the members of an organisation by competent authority. According to Chester Barnard formal organisation is a system of conscionsly co-ordinated activities or forces of two or more persons. This organization come into force only when the following three elements are there (1) Persons are able to accomplish common purpose. (2) Those persons are interested to communication each other. (3) They are willing to contribute action. Thus, communication, willingness to serve and a common purpose are the three elements in a formal organisation. Characteristics of Formal Organisation (1) A formal organisation is a stable organisation. (2) Its structure of activities is predetermined by the competent authority. (3) Its structure is based on division of labour and specialization. (4) A formal organisation doesn't give importance to the emotional aspect. It is deliberately impersonal (5) A formal organisation grows and expands. (6) The authority and responsibility relationships created by the organisations structure are to be honoured by everyone. (7) The organisational structure is based on the jobs to be performed and not according to individuals who are to perform jobs. (8) A formal organisation draw a chart it which all his officers appear from higher to lower level. (2) Informal Organisation: Generally informal organisation refers to the type and pattem of behaviour shown by the personnels working in the different units of the organisation, Actual behaviour of the persounels differ from the behaviours expected according to the norms laid down in the formal organisation. In the words of Simon and other scholars informal organisation meant the whole of behaviour the way members of the organisation really do behave in so far as this actual behaviour does not agree with the formal plan. Bamard observes that individuals in the orgonisation continuously interact based on their personal relationship rather than organisational purpose such interaction may be due to the gregarious instinct or fulfilment of same personal desire. Because of the continuous interaction, ‘uD @ Ei /IGNOUASSIGNMENTGURU IGNOU ASSIGNMENT GURU _Page-1OPHONE NO; 9811854308 Assignment GURU 8 z 3 4 i g ‘SOLVED ASSIGNMENTS ZOU 18811854308 /uwwignouassignmentguru, ‘ASSIGNMENT GURU such relations become systematised and it is called informal organisation. Informal organisation is the associated grouping of people, He describes informal organisation as the aggregate of personel contacts and interactions. These organisations are indefinite, structureless and shapeless. Characteristics of Informal Organisation (1) In the informal organisation leadership is informal (2) Within the informal organisation there is stratification which is based on several factors. (3) Force is imposed in the informal organisation for the members of the group to observe the common mules, There is punishment those who violate these rules. (4) An informal organisation discloses its own unwritten laws, beliefs and controls regarding what is desirable and undesirable behaviour. People think and act alike in groups. This continuous cooperation gives rise to common values and common behaviour SECTION - I Q. 6, Douglas McGregor's views are embedded in his Theory X and Theory Y' Elaborate Ans, McGregor developed two managerial approach called theory X and theory Y. These two theories motivated Inman beings in two different ways. Like other psychologists, MeGregor studies the assumption about human behaviour which are based on managerial actions. His two theoties made inquiry for high performance of human behaviour in the organisational work. Douglas MeGregor was born in 1960 in Detroit and was professor of Industrial Management at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Theory X and theroy Y are published in his "The Human Side of Enterprise" in the year 1960 and he was greatly influenced by Abraham Maslow. His major works are: (a) The Human Side of Enterprise (1960) (b) Leaderhsip and Motivation (1966) (c) The Professional Manager (1967) ‘Theory X.and Theory Y Theory X and theory Y studies about the human behaviour in two opposite sides. While theory X based on the conception of control and direction, theory Y emphasised the cooperative endeavour of management employees. According to McGregor, the management's action of motivating human beings in the organisation involves certain assumptions, generalisation and hypotheses relating to human behaviour and human: nature. These theories believe that human behaviour may differ considerably as different factors influences human beings Assumptions of Theory X ‘uD @ Ei /IGNOUASSIGNMENTGURU IGNOU ASSIGNMENT GURU_Page-1 1PHONE NO; 9811854308 Assignment GURU 8 z 4 i g ‘SOLVED ASSIGNMENTS ZOU 1919011854308 ouassi ‘ASSIGNMENT GURU According to McGregor, theory X is based on the traditional conception of control and direction. It is known as "the carrot and the stick" theory. It views that people are passive. People are resistant to organisation needs and needs to be persuaded, rewarded, punished and controlled to achieve organisation needs. This theory is based on the mechanist approach to human relations. About human nature, this theory believe in the following assumptions: (a) People are opposed to change. (b) People are inherently self-centered and indifferent to organisational needs (©) Most people are stupid and gullible (@) The average person is lazy and work as little as possible. (©) People have not ambition. (0 People dislike responsibility and prefer to be led. ‘The Hawthome studies and other behavioural studies suggest that the assumption of theory X about human nature cannot be meaningfully explained, MeGregor himself questions the validity of theory X. He argues that theory X fail to deseribe or explain human nature, This theory believe in the "carrot and stick” theory of motivation, which fail to motivate individual toward work organisation. In the field of motivation, managers play an important role, but these views about human nature, manager feel that external control is most appropriate for dealing with irresponsible and immature employees. Assumption of Theory ¥ In opposition to theory X, MeGregor or developed another theory called theory Y. It is based on principle of integration. It replaces taditional concepts of direction and control. It emphasises the cooperative endeavour of management and employees to get maximum output With minimum amount of control and ditection, As @ result there is absence of conflict between organisational goal and individual goal. Thus, the interest of employees are the interest of organisation. If the organisational goal on interest are fulfilled, automatically goal or individual are also fulfilled. This theory suggested a new approach in management, It gave different assumption in management, It gave different assumption regarding lmman nature or human behaviour. That are: (a) People can be motivated towards management goals, (b) People aie not by nature oppose to organisational needs. (©) People can achieve their goals through organisational objectives. (@) People have a latent capacity to develop and accept responsibility. The central theme of theory ¥ is that integration of human behaviour which is the key process in management. The concept of integration reflect the needs of the individuals and of the organisation, McGregor calls his theory Y is an open invitation to innovation on change. This, theory recognises interdependence of human organisations and participative management. It postulates that people can perform better work if there is decentralisation of power, delegation of responsibility job enlargement, employee participation, consultative management and ‘uD @ Ei /IGNOUASSIGNMENTGURU IGNOU ASSIGNMENT GURU _Page-1 2PHONE NO; 9811854308 Assignment GURU 8 z 4 i g ‘SOLVED ASSIGNMENTS ZOU 1919011854308 ouassi ‘ASSIGNMENT GURU performance appraisal in which the employee actively participates. Today administration is looking towards theory Y and the future will see more and more democratic administration. Comparison of Theory X and Theory Y Both theories X and Y have a two opposite sides of one coin. Theory gave certain assumption about human nature. These assumptions are different to each other. That are given below’ (a) Theory X assumes human beings are inherently distasteful towards work, where- as theory ‘Y assumes that for human beings work is as natural as play. (b) In theory X motivating factors are the lower needs whereas in theory X motivating factors are higher needs than lower needs. (©) Theory X emphasises that people do not have ambition and try to avoid responsibilities in jobs, whereas theory Y stress that people have a latent capacity to develop and accept responsibility. (@) Theory X emphasises scalar chain system and centralisation of authority in the organisation, while theory Y emphasises decentralisation of power, delegation of responsibilities and equal participation of individual in the decision-making process. (©) Theory X emphasises on autocratic theory, while theory Y emphasises on democratic and supportive leadership styles. (Theory X is based on the conception of control and direetion. Manager control or directed the people to get maximum output from them, whereas in theory Y, people are self-directed and prefer self-control. (g) According to theory X, most people have little capacity for ereativity while according to theory Y, the capacity for creativity is widely distributed in the population. Managerial Implications of Theory X and Theory Y McGregor's theory X and theory Y are effectively implicated in the management process, According to Harold Koontz and his colleagues, the managerial process involves (i) setting objectives and developing plans to achieve then (i) implementing the plans through Teadiship and Gi) controlling and appraising performance against previously set standards. These managetial activities are Selected to illustrate the possible effects of theory X and theory Y on managerial actions. These are summarised by Koontz and his colleagues in the following table: Table 1: THEORY X AND THEORY Y ‘uD @ Ei /IGNOUASSIGNMENTGURU IGNOU ASSIGNMENT GURU _Page-1 3PHONE NO; 9811854308 Assignment GURU 8 z : 3 i g ‘ASSIGNMENT GURU ‘SOLVED ASSIGNMENTS 1919011854308 Selected key | Theory X: People dislike work; | Theory Y: People like work; people work; managerial _| people must be forced to work; | best under self-direction; people like to activities people do not willingly assume | assume responsibility. (a) Planning responsibility Superior sets objectives for (including setting } subordinates. objectives) There is little participation by subordinates in setting objectives and developing plans. Few alternatives are explored. There is low commitment to objective and plans Superior and subordinate set objective jointly. There is a great deal of participation by subordinates in setting objectives and developing plans. Many alternatives are explored. There is high commitment to objectives and plans. (b) Leading Leadership i autocratic based on authority only People follow orders, but hidden resistance and mistrust exist. Communication is one way, top down, with little feedback Information flow is limited. Leadership is participative and team work is based on competence. People seek responsibilty, feel accountable and are committed to performane Communication is two-way with a great deal of feedback. Necessary information flows freely. (c) Controlling | Control is external and rigid. | Control is internal based_on sel control and appraising | Superior acts as'a judge. There is | Superior acts as a coach. Jow trust in appraisal There is high trust in appraisal people. Focus is on the past with emphasis | People leam from the past, but focus on the ‘on fault finding, future; feed forward control emphasises problem solving A Critical Evaluation Douglas MoGregor makes constructive contribution to the human motivation theory. His theory is based on managerial action. Traditional concepts such as control and direction which he has rejected are of great value for understanding human miotivation.Theoty X; that MeGregor doesn't favour, has its important for tacties of control. The current research in human motivation has gone for beyond theory Y but this doesn't means that this theory is, irrelevant. Theory Y emphasise on decentralisation of power, delegation of responsibility, equal participation of individual in the decision-making which have rise its value in the administrative process. McGregor himself calls his theory Y an open invitation to innovation. His ideas on leadership, management development programme and on developing the professional manager are of considerable value to current administrative practices, Q. 10. Critically examine the first and second Minnowbrook conference. ‘uD @ Ei /IGNOUASSIGNMENTGURU IGNOU ASSIGNMENT GURU _Page-1 4PHONE NO; 9811854308 Assignment GURU 8 z 4 i g ‘SOLVED ASSIGNMENTS ZOU 1919011854308 ouassi ‘ASSIGNMENT GURU Ans, The First Mimnowbrook Conference: The first Minnowbrook Conference was held in 1960s in the USA, which was based on about public administration's ability to solve the country's technological as well as social problems. The social institutions such as family, church, media, profession and government was declined in America, This was due to cynicism amongst the younger people towards the institutions. Also the Black Americans were denied a sharing in the growth and prosperity of the country in the 1950s and 1960s. This conference was held at Minnowbrook by the young scholars of public administration under the guidance of Dwight Waldo. The basic objective of this was to examine the ways of making public administration responsive to social concerns and assume the role ofa change agent in reforming the society. The New Public Administration emerged out the discourses of, this conference The Minnowbrook Conference focused on certain important concems of public administration. These included (1) The public policy approach has impostant place in the public administration whieh is effective in the quality of government. (2) Efficiency and economy was considered a key objective. (3) Values such as ethics, honesty and responsibility in the provision of public service holds good in the practice of public administration. (4) Public needs change and government agencies often outline their purposes. (5) Responsive government has to manage change, not just growth. (6) Active and participative citizen has been Considered to be a part of public administration. (7) The efficacy and usefulness of the coucept of hierarehy lave been challenged. (8) Implementation has come to occupy a significant place in the decision-making process. (9) Phuralism is accepted as a public power, it has created to be the standard for the practice of public administration The Second Minnowbrook Conference: The Second Minnowbrook Conference held on September 4, 1988, was attended by sixty-eight scholars. The conference was held against the changing role of state and government, more privatisation and increasing role for non-state actors in the governance process. The first Minnowbrook Conference held in the 1960s which was characterised by influence of public purpose. Since 1968, lot of change took place in the American public administration due to change in the nature of state, emphasis on governance and privatisation. Responsiveness of government have not been devised so it has been increased poverty and unemployment especially amongst urban areas. The conference deals from different areas such as policy sciences, economics, planning, urban studies, ethics, social equity, human relations and so on. The conference need the necessity of government as a food for strengthening society. In the changing scenario, public administration was to renew its capacity to cope with the problems of emerging future. ‘uD @ Ei /IGNOUASSIGNMENTGURU IGNOU ASSIGNMENT GURU_Page-15PHONE NO; 9811854308 Assignment GURU 8 z 4 i g ‘SOLVED ASSIGNMENTS ZOU 1919011854308 ouassi ‘ASSIGNMENT GURU Major Thrust Areas: Eleven themes emerged out of the deliberations of Minnowbrook IT. The first five themes provided a historical perspective and last six focus on the cusrent and future vision of the theme. These are discussed below: (1) Social equity was a predominant theme at Minnowbrook I, but it felt in the present times (2) It expressed about democratic values and it focus on ethics, accountability and leadership in public administration. (3) The debate between the normative and behaviourist perspectives has not diminished. (A) Diversity in society and in the work force was accepted as a basic value among the participants. Diversity was identified in three main contexts: (a) generalists Vs. specialists (b) racial, etlmic and sexual diversity and (©) gender diversity. (5) The radical reforms emerged from the discussions in the conference were considered to be in the nature of short-term goals, (6) The discussion gave an impression of the prevalence of a professional ethnocenttieity in which indicating that public administration as a field, is not much concemed with examining interdisciplinary issues. (7) There was a strong negative altitude towards business as an enterprise (8) Impatience with the constraints of public personnel systems was evident. (9) Technology issues was evident, though some areas such as artificial, intelligence, design science, expert systems etc. formed part of some of the themes. (10) Unwillingness to look at the specific of what government should do was evident Minnowbrook II Conference highlight Certain key concems.-The first is the changing nature of American public administration the diversity in the problems faced by the government such as AIDS, nuclear wastes, budgets and trade deficits and so on. A second proposition emphasized on democratic process: According to Mohit Bhattacharya, explained the character of Second Minnowbrook Conference: (1) Its visions to the near future without trying to be radical. (2) The scholats in the discipline were a string sense of intellectual parochialism, (3) Even privatisation was accepted, there was a strong negative attitude toward business, (4) Public personnel practices comes in for closer serutiny (5) The participants had been generally unwilling to deal with the technological issues. ‘uD @ Ei /IGNOUASSIGNMENTGURU IGNOU ASSIGNMENT GURU _Page-16PHONE NO; 9811854308 Assignment GURU 8 z 4 i g ‘SOLVED ASSIGNMENTS ZOU 1919011854308 ouassi com ‘ASSIGNMENT GURU (6) The specifies of what government should do were avoided. 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