19E310-ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS LAB

1.STUDY OF HALFWAVE AND FULLWAVE RECTIFIER WITH AND WITHOUT

CAPACITOR FILTER

AIM:

• To setup a Half wave rectifier circuit with and without filter and to find its theoretical
and practical ripple factor.
• To setup a Full wave rectifier circuit with and without filter and to find its theoretical
and practical ripple factor.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO EQUIPMENT RANGE QUANTITY

1 Stepdown transformer 230 V,50 Hz Each 1
6.3 V ,50 Hz
2 SPST switch - 1
3 Capacitor 1000µF 1
4 Resistor 22Ω/5W 1
5 Rheostat 440Ω/0.5A 1
6 Diode IN4001 1
7 Cathode ray oscilloscope (0-20) MHz 1
8 Digital voltmeter (0-10) V 1

FORMULAE USED:
HALFWAVE RECTIFIER WITHOUT FILTER:

Theoretical ripple factor, Rt=√(Vrms/Vdc)2-1

Where, Vrms=(Vm/2) V

Vdc=(Vm/π) V

Practical ripple factor, Rp = V′rms/vdc

Where, V′rms = √(Vrms)2-(Vdc)2 V

HALFWAVE RECTIFIER WITH FILTER:

Theoretical ripple factor, Rt = 1/(2√3.RL.f.C)

Practical ripple factor, Rp = (V′rms/Vdc)

Where, V′rms = (Vr / 2√3) V

Vdc = (Vm – (Vr/2) )V

FULLWAVE RECTIFIER WITHOUT FILTER:

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Theoretical ripple factor, Rt=√(Vm/√2)/(2Vm/π))2-1

Practical ripple factor, Rp = V′rms/Vdc

Where, V′rms =(√(Vrms)2-(Vdc)2) V

Vrms = (Vm /√2) V

Vdc = (2Vm /π) V

FULLWAVE RECTIFIER WITH FILTER:

Theoretical ripple factor, =1/(4√3.RL.f.C)

Practical ripple factor, Rp = (V′rms/Vdc)

Where, V′rms=(Vr/2√3) V

Vdc=(Vm-(Vr/2)) V

THEORY:

A rectifier is a device that converts alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC). It is done
by using a diode or a group of diodes. Half wave rectifiers use one diode, while a full wave
rectifier uses multiple diodes.

HALF WAVE RECTIFIER:

A half wave rectifier is defined as a type of rectifier that only allows one halfcycle of an AC
voltage waveform to pass, blocking the other half-cycle. Halfwave rectifiers are used to
convert AC voltage to DC voltage, and only require a single diode to construct.

A half wave rectifier is the simplest form of rectifier available. The diagram below illustrates
the basic principle of a half-wave rectifier. When a standard AC waveform is passed through
a half-wave rectifier, only half of the AC waveform remains. Half-wave rectifiers only allow
one half-cycle (positive or negative half-cycle) of the AC voltage through and will block the
other halfcycle on the DC side, as seen below.

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Only one diode is required to construct a half-wave rectifier. In essence, this is all that the
half-wave rectifier is doing.

FULL WAVE RECTIFIER:

The full wave rectifier converts both halves of each waveform cycle into pulsating DC signal
using four rectification diodes.

Like the half wave circuit, a full wave rectifier circuit produces an output voltage or current
which is purely DC or has some specified DC component. Full wave rectifiers have some
fundamental advantages over their half wave rectifier counterparts. The average (DC) output
voltage is higher than for half wave, the output of the full wave rectifier has much less ripple
than that of the half wave rectifier producing a smoother output waveform.

PROCEDURE:

FULLWAVE RECTIFIER WITHOUT FILTER:

• The circuit connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.

• The input AC supply is given to the circuit.
• The full wave rectifier converts the supply AC into DC signal (i.e) both positive and
negative cycles are connected (Full cycle is converted to DC)
• The CRO connected in the circuit gives the Amplitude and frequency of the output
signal.
From the values obtained, we can calculate theoretical and practical values.
FULLWAVE RECTIFIER WITH FILTER:

• The same procedure is repeated with SPST switch closed.

• Note the readings from CRO and using formulae find practical and theoretical ripple
factor.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER

MODEL GRAPH:

HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER

MODEL GRAPH:

FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER

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OBSERVATION:

HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER

HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER
AMPLITUDE TIME

(r) (ms)

PRACTICAL THEORETICAL

WITH 8.8V 10ms 0.262

FILTER
0.02738

0.80V 10ms 1.212 1.210

WITHOUT
FILTER

FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER

FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER
AMPLITUDE TIME

(r) (ms)

PRACTICAL THEORETICAL

10V 10ms 0.0147 0.1312

WITH
FILTER

0.5V 10ms 0.483 0.482

WITHOUT
FILTER

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CALCULATION:

HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER:

Without filter

Vm = 8.8V Vrms = Vm / 2 = 8.8 / 2 = 4.4V

Rt = √(Vrms/Vdc)2 - 1 Vdc = Vm / π = 8.8 / π = 2.8V

= √(4.4 / 2.8)2 – 1 = √(1.57)2 – 1

Rt = 1.210

Rp = V′rms / Vdc V′rms = √(Vrms)2 – (Vdc)2 = √(4.4)2 – (2.8)2

= 3.394 / 2.8 = √19.36 – 7.84

Rp = 1.212 V′rms = 3.394V

With Filter

Rt = 1 / (2√3.RL.f.c) = 1 / 2√3*22*50*1000*10-6

Rt = 0.262 Vdc = Vm – (Vr / 2) = 8.8 – (0.80 / 2)

V′rms =Vr / 2√3 = 0.80 / 2√3 = 0.230V Vdc = 8.4V

Rp = V′rms / Vdc = 0. 230 / 8.4

Rp = 0.02738

FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER:

Without filter

Vm = 10V , Vdc = 2Vm / π = (2*10) / π = 6.366V

Vrms = Vm / √2 = 10 / √2 = 7.071V

Rt = √(Vrms/Vdc)2 – 1 = √(7.071 / 6.366)2 – 1 = √1.233 – 1 = Rt = 0.482

V′rms = √(Vrms)2 – (Vdc)2 = √(7.071)2 – (6.366)2 = √9.473

V′rms = 3.077

Rp = V′rms / Vdc = 3.077 / 6.366

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Rp = 0.483

With filter

Rt = 1 / (4√3.RL.f.c) = 1 / 4√3*22*50*1000*10-6

Rt = 0.1312

V′rms =Vr / 2√3 = 0.5 / 2√3 = 0.144V

Vdc = Vm – (Vr / 2) = 10 – (0.5 / 2) = 9.75V

Rp = V′rms / Vdc = 0.144 / 9.75

Rp = 0.0147

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GRAPH:

HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER

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FULL WAVE RECTIFIER:

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PRELAB QUESTIONS:

1.What is PIV of a diode in rectifier circuit? Why is PIV important in rectifier?

2.Why diodes are not operated in breakdown region in rectifier?

3.Describe the IV characteristics of diode on both Forward and Reverse bias.

4.What is the ripple factor and form factor of full and half wave rectifiers?

5.How is unidirectional current flow possible through a rectifier?

POSTLAB QUESTIONS:

1.What are the diode specifications and give the applications of diode?
2.Why we need a filter circuit in the rectifier? list the commonly used filter circuits in the
rectifier?

3.Derive the expression for rectification efficiency and ripple factor of the fullwave bridge
rectifier?

4.How to test diode and Identification of diode?

5.Describe the specification of the diode 1N4001 and 1N4007?

RESULT:

The halfwave and full wave rectifier are setup with and without filter and its ripple
factor are verified.

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