ORAL EXAMINATION for Philippine independence from Spanish colonial

rule.
Early Education
RIZAL IN SPAIN
Jose Rizal, the national hero of the Philippines,
received his early education from several teachers Jose Rizal traveled extensively within Spain during
and institutions in the Philippines and abroad. Here his time in the country, from 1882 to 1896. His
is a brief overview of his early education: travels in Spain were significant in shaping his
nationalist and reformist views, and they played a
Private Tutors: Rizal's mother, Teodora Alonso,
crucial role in his activism for the Philippines. Here
served as his first teacher. She taught him the
are some of the key places he visited during his stay
alphabet and basic reading. He also had private
in Spain:
tutors who taught him various subjects.

Ateneo Municipal de Manila: At the age of 11, Rizal

was sent to Manila and enrolled at the Ateneo Madrid: Rizal arrived in Madrid in 1882 to study at
Municipal de Manila, a Jesuit-run school. He studied the Universidad Central de Madrid (now known as
there for four years (1872-1876) and excelled in his the Complutense University of Madrid). He pursued
studies. He received a good education in the arts, various degrees and immersed himself in Spanish
sciences, and languages during his time at the and European culture. Madrid was the center of
Ateneo. political and intellectual activity in Spain, and Rizal
engaged with influential figures in the Filipino
University of Santo Tomas: After completing his
community there.
education at the Ateneo, Rizal briefly attended the
University of Santo Tomas in Manila to study Barcelona: Rizal later transferred to the Universidad
Philosophy and Letters. However, he was dissatisfied de Barcelona, where he completed his degree in
with the educational system there, which led him to medicine and a licentiate in philosophy and letters.
transfer to a different institution. He spent a significant portion of his time in Spain in
Barcelona and was actively involved in Filipino
University of Madrid: In 1882, Rizal went to Spain to
reformist activities there.
pursue higher education. He enrolled at the
Universidad Central de Madrid and studied La Solidaridad: Rizal played a crucial role in the
medicine and other subjects. He completed his publication of "La Solidaridad," a newspaper
medical degree in 1886. His time in Madrid exposed advocating for reforms in the Philippines. He
him to liberal and nationalist ideas, which would contributed articles and essays to this publication,
later influence his advocacy for Philippine which was based in Madrid. The newspaper served
independence. as a platform for Filipino intellectuals to express
their grievances and promote reforms.
Universidad Central de Barcelona: Rizal continued
his studies in Spain, pursuing a second doctorate in Calamba Address: In December 1888, Rizal delivered
Ophthalmology at the Universidad Central de his famous "Calamba Address" in Madrid, where he
Barcelona. He completed this degree in 1887. defended the rights of the Filipino people and called
for reforms within the Spanish colonial system. This
Heidelberg University: After his studies in Spain,
address marked a significant moment in Rizal's
Rizal moved to Germany and attended Heidelberg
activism.
University to further his studies in ophthalmology
and to conduct research. He also studied at the Travel within Spain: Aside from his academic and
University of Leipzig during his time in Germany. intellectual pursuits, Rizal traveled to various cities
and regions in Spain, such as Valencia, Seville, and
Other European Travels and Studies: While in
Zaragoza, during his time there. These travels
Europe, Rizal traveled extensively, visited museums,
allowed him to gain a deeper understanding of
libraries, and conducted research on Philippine
Spanish society and culture.
history, culture, and society. He was exposed to
European enlightenment and revolutionary ideas, Meetings and Networking: Rizal also used his time
which greatly influenced his views on reform and in Spain to meet with influential Spaniards
nationalism. sympathetic to the Filipino cause and to network
with fellow Filipinos and reformists. His connections
Rizal's early education played a crucial role in
in Spain were instrumental in gaining support for his
shaping his intellectual and political development.
reformist efforts.
His experiences in various educational institutions
both in the Philippines and abroad, as well as his Return to the Philippines: Rizal returned to the
exposure to different cultures and ideas, Philippines briefly in 1892 but was arrested and
contributed to his role as a reformist and advocate exiled to Dapitan. However, he managed to return
to Spain in 1896 to seek justice and address the
deteriorating situation in the Philippines. believed that by returning to the Philippines and
Unfortunately, his efforts in Spain were cut short by engaging with the authorities, he could work toward
his arrest and eventual execution in Manila. positive change without resorting to violence or
armed rebellion.
Rizal's travels in Spain allowed him to gain
knowledge, build networks, and contribute RIZAL IN FRANCE
significantly to the Filipino nationalist movement.
Dr. Jose Rizal, the national hero of the Philippines,
His experiences in Spain profoundly influenced his
traveled to France as part of his quest for
writings, advocacy, and his commitment to seeking
knowledge and his advocacy for Filipino rights and
reforms and justice for his homeland.
reforms during the late 19th century. Here are some
After five years in Europe, Jose Rizal finally left for of the key travels and experiences of Rizal in France:
his hometown, Calamba. He wanted to live a
First Arrival in France (1883): Rizal arrived in France
peaceful life as a doctor, but because of his novel,
in June 1883 to pursue further studies in medicine
friars were enraged. He came home disregarding
and the sciences. He initially lived in Paris, where he
Paciano’s warnings and that of his friend,
stayed for a few months. During this time, he
Blumentritt.
frequented libraries and museums to enhance his
Rizal came back home to: knowledge.

1.) Operate on his mother’s eyes Madrid-Paris Exile (1885-1887): In 1885, Rizal was
exiled from the Philippines by Spanish authorities
2.) Find out first hand how his novel affected the
due to his writings and political activities. He
country
traveled from Manila to Spain, where he eventually
3.) Determine the cause of Leonor Rivera’s silence moved to Paris. In Paris, he continued to work on his
writings and reforms while living in poverty. He
Seeking Reforms: Rizal was deeply committed to faced financial difficulties and relied on the support
advocating for political and social reforms in the of his friends and supporters.
Philippines. During his time in Spain, he had been
actively involved in reformist activities, including Noli Me Tangere Publication (1887): While in Paris,
writing articles, essays, and letters to Spanish Rizal was able to publish his first novel, "Noli Me
officials and Filipino compatriots. Rizal believed that Tangere" (Touch Me Not), which exposed the
he could be more effective in advancing his reform injustices and abuses of Spanish colonial rule in the
agenda if he were physically present in the Philippines. The book was printed in Berlin,
Philippines. Germany, but it was through his connections in
Europe, including France, that he was able to get it
Disillusionment with Reform Progress: Rizal had published.
hoped that his efforts and the work of reformist
organizations like La Liga Filipina would lead to
meaningful changes in the Philippines. However, he
El Filibusterismo (1887-1891): Rizal continued to
became increasingly disillusioned with the lack of
work on his second novel, "El Filibusterismo" (The
progress and the resistance from Spanish
Reign of Greed), while in France. He faced
authorities. He believed that his presence in the
challenges in completing the novel due to his
Philippines could help galvanize the reform
financial constraints and the difficulties of living in a
movement.
foreign country. Nevertheless, he managed to finish
Calamba Land Dispute: One of the immediate and publish the book in Ghent, Belgium, in 1891.
reasons for Rizal's return was the land dispute
Association Internationale des Philippinistes: Rizal
involving his family's estate in Calamba, Laguna.
established the "Association Internationale des
Spanish friars and officials had been oppressing the
Philippinistes" (International Association of
tenants on the estate, and Rizal felt compelled to
Filipinists) in France to promote the study of the
intervene on behalf of the tenants and his family.
Philippines and Filipino culture. He aimed to foster
His return allowed him to address this issue directly.
understanding and support for reforms in the
Concern for the Welfare of Filipinos: Rizal was Philippines among scholars and intellectuals in
deeply concerned about the plight of the Filipino Europe.
people and the deteriorating conditions in the
Meeting with Blumentritt and Other Reforms: Rizal
Philippines. Reports of abuses and injustices further
corresponded with various European intellectuals
motivated him to return andactively work for
and reformists, including Ferdinand Blumentritt, a
reforms and justice.
Czech professor who was a close friend and
Peaceful Advocacy: Rizal was a proponent of supporter. Rizal's letters to Blumentritt provided
peaceful and legal means of achieving reform. He
insights into his thoughts on Philippine history, the Philippines. His experiences in Germany
culture, and politics. influenced his ideas and contributed to his growing
reputation as a leader in the Philippine reform
Return to the Philippines (1892): Rizal left France in
movement.
1892 to return to the Philippines, hoping to put his
reforms into practice and lead a peaceful revolution Return to the Philippines (1887): Rizal briefly left
against Spanish colonial rule. Unfortunately, his Germany in 1887 to return to the Philippines.
return marked the beginning of a chain of events However, his return was met with hostility from
that would ultimately lead to his arrest and Spanish authorities, who viewed him as a threat due
execution in 1896. to his writings and reform activities. He eventually
went back to Europe, including Germany, to
Rizal's time in France was instrumental in shaping
continue his studies and advocacy
his ideas and ideals. He used his stay in Europe,
including his experiences in France, to gather Publication of "El Filibusterismo" (1891): Rizal
support for Filipino reforms and to expose the completed his second novel, "El Filibusterismo,"
injustices of Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines while he was in Germany. Similar to "Noli Me
through his writings and advocacy. Tangere," this novel critiqued Spanish colonial rule
in the Philippines and called for reforms. He had it
RIZAL IN GERMANY
printed in Ghent, Belgium, in 1891.
Dr. Jose Rizal, the national hero of the Philippines,
Rizal's time in Germany was a crucial period in his
traveled to Germany as part of his quest for
life, as it allowed him to gain valuable education and
knowledge and his efforts in advocating for Filipino
to establish connections with European intellectuals
rights and reforms during the late 19th century.
who supported his cause for Philippine reform. His
Here are some of the key travels and experiences of
experiences in Germany, along with other European
Rizal in Germany:
countries, shaped his thinking and played a
Move to Heidelberg (1886): Rizal first arrived in significant role in his efforts to bring about change
Germany in 1886 and settled in the city of in the Philippines during the late 19th century.
Heidelberg. He chose to study in Germany because
RIZAL IN HONGKONG
of its renowned universities and advanced
education system. Heidelberg University, in Dr. Jose Rizal, the national hero of the Philippines,
particular, was known for its excellence in the field traveled to Hong Kong as part of his quest for
of medicine, which was Rizal's primary focus. knowledge and his involvement in the Filipino
nationalist movement during the late 19th century.
Medical Studies: Rizal enrolled at the University of
Here are some key details about Rizal's travels to
Heidelberg to pursue further studies in medicine. He
Hong Kong:
took up various courses in ophthalmology,
ophthalmoscopy, and other medical subjects. He Exile to Hong Kong (1892): Rizal was exiled from the
also studied languages, history, and other fields of Philippines by Spanish authorities in July 1892 due
interest during his time in Germany. to his involvement in the Propaganda Movement
and his writings, which criticized Spanish colonial
Frequent Correspondence: While in Germany, Rizal
rule. He was ordered to leave the Philippines and
maintained correspondence with friends, family,
was initially sent to Dapitan, but after a few months,
and fellow intellectuals, including Ferdinand
he was granted permission to leave for Hong Kong.
Blumentritt, a Czech professor who became a close
Rizal departed from Manila on July 3, 1892, and
friend and supporter. These letters contained
arrived in Hong Kong on July 7, 1892.
discussions on various topics, including Philippine
history, culture, and politics. Purpose of Stay: Rizal's primary reason for going to
Hong Kong was to continue his advocacy for reforms
Noli Me Tangere Publication (1887): Rizal published
in the Philippines. He believed that by being in a
his first novel, "Noli Me Tangere," while he was in
foreign city, he could better coordinate efforts with
Germany. He sought to expose the injustices and
fellow reformists and communicate with Filipinos in
abuses of Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines
exile. Hong Kong was a hub for Filipino expatriates
through his writings. Although the book was
and provided a convenient base for his activities.
published in Berlin, it was through his connections
in Germany and Europe that he managed to get it Publication of La Liga Filipina: While in Hong Kong,
published. Rizal continued to work on his reformist goals. He
published "La Liga Filipina," a reformist society that
Active Involvement in Reform Movement: While in
aimed to unite Filipinos for peaceful reform and
Germany, Rizal remained active in the Filipino
education. The organization was established on July
reformist movement. He corresponded with fellow
3, 1892, while Rizal was still in the Philippines, but it
reformists and continued to advocate for reforms in
gained momentum and support among Filipino Economic Self-Sufficiency: La Liga Filipina also
exiles in Hong Kong. advocated for economic self-sufficiency and
encouraged the development of industries and
Fundraising for La Liga Filipina: Rizal sought financial
businesses owned by Filipinos to reduce
support for the Liga while in Hong Kong. He gave
dependence on foreign goods and services.
lectures and presentations to fellow Filipinos and
other foreign residents to raise funds for the
organization's activities.
Cooperation with Spanish Authorities: While
Correspondence and Writings: Rizal continued his advocating for reforms, La Liga Filipina did not
correspondence with friends, supporters, and fellow initially seek outright independence from Spain.
reformists during his time in Hong Kong. He wrote Instead, it aimed to work within the existing colonial
letters and articles to advocate for reforms and to framework to achieve its objectives.
keep the flame of nationalism alive among Filipinos.
Suppression and Rizal's Exile: La Liga Filipina faced
Return to the Philippines (1892): Rizal's stay in Hong opposition from Spanish colonial authorities who
Kong was relatively short. He left Hong Kong in saw it as a threat to their control. In 1892, Rizal was
November 1892 with the intention of returning to arrested and exiled to Dapitan in Mindanao. This
the Philippines to lead a peaceful reform setback led to the dissolution of the organization.
movement. However, upon his arrival in Manila in
Legacy: Although La Liga Filipina was short-lived, it
June 1893, he was arrested by Spanish authorities
played a significant role in the development of
on charges of rebellion and sedition.
Filipino nationalism and the quest for reforms
Rizal's time in Hong Kong was a significant chapter during the late 19th century. Rizal's writings and
in his life and his efforts to push for reforms in the ideas, as well as the experiences of La Liga Filipina,
Philippines. Although his return to the Philippines contributed to the eventual call for Philippine
did not lead to the peaceful reform movement he independence from Spanish rule.
had hoped for, his actions and writings continued to
Ultimately, La Liga Filipina was a precursor to the
inspire Filipinos in their quest for independence
more radical and revolutionary movements that
from Spanish colonial rule, which was ultimately
emerged in the Philippines, leading to the Philippine
achieved in 1898.
Revolution against Spanish colonial rule and, later,
La Liga Filipina the Philippine-American War in the late 19th and
early 20th centuries. Jose Rizal, the organization's
It was a Filipino nationalist organization founded by
founder, is considered a national hero in the
Dr. Jose Rizal in July 1892 during the Spanish
Philippines for his contributions to the struggle for
colonial period in the Philippines. The organization
independence and his advocacy of reform and
aimed to advocate for reforms and promote a sense
education.
of unity among Filipinos to work towards achieving
greater political and social rights from Spanish Dr. Jose Rizal is considered a national hero in the
colonial authorities. Philippines for several significant reasons:

Here are some key points about La Liga Filipina and Advocacy of Reforms: Rizal was a strong advocate
its objectives: for political, social, and economic reforms during
the late 19th century when the Philippines was
Unity and Reform: La Liga Filipina sought to unite
under Spanish colonial rule. His writings and actions
Filipinos from all social classes and backgrounds to
were focused on addressing the injustices and
work together in a peaceful and organized manner
abuses of the colonial administration.
for meaningful reforms within the Spanish colonial
system. It aimed to promote cooperation among Peaceful Means: Rizal advocated for reform through
Filipinos and encourage civic engagement. peaceful and intellectual means rather than violent
revolution. His belief in education and
Social and Economic Reforms: The organization
enlightenment as tools for change resonated with
aimed to address various issues faced by the Filipino
many Filipinos who shared his desire for a better
population, including poverty, inequality, and lack of
future.
opportunities. Members of La Liga Filipina believed
that these problems could be mitigated through Writing and Literature: Rizal's literary works,
reforms within the colonial administration. particularly his novels "Noli Me Tangere" and "El
Filibusterismo," exposed the oppressive nature of
Encouraging Education: Dr. Jose Rizal, the founder of
Spanish colonial rule and sparked nationalistic
La Liga Filipina, believed in the power of education
sentiments among Filipinos. His writings criticized
to enlighten the Filipino people. The organization
the abuses of the Spanish friars and government
aimed to establish more schools and promote
officials and inspired Filipinos to seek change.
education among Filipinos.
Symbol of Nationalism: Rizal's writings and actions government and the Catholic Church in the
symbolized the growing sense of Filipino Philippines. It criticized the abusive practices of the
nationalism and identity. He advocated for a distinct friars and the exploitation of the Filipino people.
Filipino identity and culture, separate from Spanish This critique contributed to growing discontent
influence, which played a crucial role in shaping the among the Filipino population.
nation's self-perception.
Cultural and Linguistic Influence: The novel also
Sacrifice and Martyrdom: Rizal's dedication to his played a role in shaping the Filipino language, as it
principles and his willingness to sacrifice his own life introduced new words and phrases that reflected
for the cause of reform made him a martyr in the the country's nationalistic spirit. Rizal's writings
eyes of many Filipinos. His execution by firing squad helped standardize Tagalog, which later evolved into
on December 30, 1896, in Manila's Luneta Park, the basis for the Filipino national language.
galvanized the Filipino nationalist movement and
Inspiration for Reform Movements: "Noli Me
further cemented his status as a national hero.
Tangere" inspired a wave of reform movements
among Filipinos who sought political and social
change. It influenced the Propaganda Movement, a
Role in the Revolution: While Rizal himself did not
group of Filipino intellectuals based in Spain who
actively participate in the armed revolution against
advocated for reforms within the colonial system.
Spanish rule, his ideas and writings inspired many
revolutionaries who later took part in the Philippine Spanish Crackdown: The Spanish authorities,
Revolution of 1896. His influence on the revolution's alarmed by the novel's impact and the growing
leaders and the revolutionary spirit of the Katipunan nationalist sentiment it fueled, took measures to
movement cannot be understated. suppress it. They banned the book in the Philippines
and went after those who distributed and read it.
Legacy and Recognition: Over the years, Rizal's
Rizal himself faced persecution and exile.
legacy has been recognized and celebrated through
various means, including monuments, museums, In summary, "Noli Me Tangere" had a profound
holidays, and educational institutions named after effect on the Spaniards by raising awareness of the
him. He is also featured prominently on Philippine injustices and abuses of Spanish colonial rule in the
currency. Philippines, inspiring Filipino nationalism, and
contributing to the eventual push for independence
Today, Jose Rizal is revered as the foremost symbol
from Spanish rule.
of Philippine nationalism and heroism. His life,
writings, and sacrifices continue to inspire Filipinos Yes, there is historical controversy and debate
in their pursuit of freedom, democracy, and social surrounding whether Jose Rizal, the Filipino
justice. nationalist and writer, retracted his writings and
beliefs under pressure from the Spanish authorities.
How did noli me tangere affected the Spaniards?
The issue of Rizal's retraction primarily centers on
"Noli Me Tangere" is a novel written by Filipino his actions in the days leading up to his execution in
nationalist and author Jose Rizal, published in 1887. 1896.
It played a significant role in affecting the Spaniards
According to some historical accounts, Rizal did sign
in several ways:
a retraction document just before his execution. It is
Social and Political Awareness: "Noli Me Tangere" said that he signed a statement renouncing his
exposed the harsh realities of Spanish colonial rule alleged involvement with the Philippine Revolution
in the Philippines during the late 19th century. It and his supposed opposition to the Catholic Church.
depicted the abuses and corruption of Spanish The retraction document, however, remains a
officials, clergy, and friars. The novel raised subject of controversy and skepticism among
awareness among Filipinos about the injustices they historians for several reasons:
faced under Spanish rule and inspired them to
Lack of Concrete Evidence: Some historians argue
demand reforms and greater autonomy.
that there is insufficient concrete evidence to prove
Nationalism and Patriotism: The novel ignited a that Rizal did indeed sign a retraction document.
sense of nationalism and patriotism among The original document has not been located, and
Filipinos. It encouraged them to take pride in their the only known copies are said to be based on
culture, history, and heritage and to seek a national recollections of witnesses.
identity separate from Spanish rule. Rizal's
Coercion and Duress: Critics of the retraction theory
character, Crisostomo Ibarra, became a symbol of
argue that Rizal may have signed the document
Filipino resistance and aspiration for change.
under duress or coercion from the Spanish
Challenging Spanish Authority: "Noli Me Tangere" authorities. Given the circumstances of his
challenged the authority of the Spanish colonial impending execution and the desire to spare his
family from further persecution, it is possible that individuals were part of this movement as
he made the retraction to appease his captors. well. Some of them include Marcelo H. del
Pilar, Graciano Lopez Jaena, and Mariano
Ambiguity of the Document: Even if Rizal did sign a
Ponce.
retraction document, its contents are often
4. Writings and Publications: The
described as ambiguous. Some versions of the
propagandists used writing and publications
document express regret for any offense caused to
as their primary means of spreading their
the Catholic Church, but they do not necessarily
message. They wrote articles, essays,
indicate a complete renunciation of his nationalist
poems, and pamphlets in Spanish and other
beliefs.
languages, which were published in
Rizal's Character and Beliefs: Rizal was known for his newspapers and magazines. Rizal's novels,
strong convictions and dedication to the cause of "Noli Me Tangere" and "El Filibusterismo,"
Philippine independence. Many argue that it would were among the most famous literary works
have been out of character for him to fully recant of the Propaganda Movement.
his nationalist ideals and principles. 5. Appeal to Spanish Liberalism: The
propagandists framed their calls for reforms
In any case, the issue of Rizal's retraction remains a within the context of Spanish liberalism,
topic of historical debate and controversy. Some using Enlightenment ideas about liberty,
historians believe that Rizal's primary concern was equality, and justice to argue for Filipino
to protect his family and maintain a sense of dignity rights within the Spanish empire.
in his final moments, while others contend that he 6. Impact: The Propaganda Movement had a
may have genuinely sought reconciliation with the significant impact in several ways:
Catholic Church. Regardless of the debate
surrounding the retraction, Rizal's legacy as a It raised awareness in Spain and other parts of
Filipino national hero and his contributions to the Europe about the injustices and abuses occurring in
Philippine independence movement remain the Philippines.
significant.
It influenced public opinion in the Philippines,
The Propaganda Movement was a key intellectual fostering a growing sense of nationalism and a
and reformist movement in the late 19th century desire for change.
Philippines, and it was associated with Jose Rizal
It laid the intellectual and ideological groundwork
and other Filipino expatriates living in Europe. This
for the later Philippine Revolution against Spanish
movement aimed to advocate for political and social
colonial rule.
reforms in the Philippines under Spanish colonial
rule. Here are some key aspects of the Propaganda 7. Suppression: The Spanish colonial
Movement led by Rizal: authorities were not receptive to the
demands of the Propaganda Movement and
1. Background: The Propaganda Movement
often suppressed their publications. Rizal
emerged in the late 19th century in
and other propagandists faced harassment
response to the oppressive and exploitative
and persecution.
conditions in the Philippines under Spanish
colonial rule. Filipino intellectuals who were The Propaganda Movement, although it did not
studying or living abroad in Europe, directly lead to immediate reforms, played a crucial
particularly in Spain, became the driving role in the larger context of Filipino history. It
force behind the movement. contributed to the awakening of Filipino national
2. Objectives: The primary objectives of the consciousness and set the stage for the more radical
Propaganda Movement were to: actions that would eventually lead to the Philippine
Revolution in 1896.
Advocate for political reforms that would grant
more rights and representation to Filipinos within trials of rizal
the Spanish colonial system.
It seems like you are looking for information about
Expose the abuses and corruption of Spanish the trials of Jose Rizal, a Filipino nationalist and
officials and friars in the Philippines. revolutionary hero. Jose Rizal played a significant
role in the Philippine struggle for independence
Promote Filipino national identity and cultural pride.
from Spanish colonial rule during the late 19th
Seek equality and justice for Filipinos under Spanish century. There were two major trials that are
law. notable in Rizal's life:

3. Key Figures: While Jose Rizal is perhaps the Trial in Manila (1896): Rizal's involvement in the
most prominent figure associated with the Philippine Revolution against Spanish colonial rule
Propaganda Movement, other notable led to his arrest and subsequent trial. On July 6,
1892, he was arrested and exiled to Dapitan in
Mindanao, where he spent four years in exile. After
Trial in Barcelona (1896): In 1896, while in Spain,
some time, his connections with the revolutionary
Rizal was again arrested, this time in Barcelona, on
movement continued to be suspected, and in July
charges of sedition and rebellion. He was accused of
1896, he was arrested again upon his return to
being involved in the revolutionary activities of
Manila.
Filipino nationalists in Spain. Rizal's trial took place
The main charges against Rizal during this trial were in a military court, and he was eventually acquitted
based on his association with the revolutionary of the charges due to the defense arguments made
group Katipunan and his writings, particularly his by his lawyer, Luis Taviel de Andrade.
novels "Noli Me Tangere" and "El Filibusterismo,"
Return to the Philippines and Execution (1896):
which were seen as critical of Spanish rule in the
After his acquittal in Spain, Rizal returned to the
Philippines. Rizal defended himself during the trial,
Philippines, where he was immediately arrested
arguing that his writings were aimed at inspiring
upon arrival on August 6, 1896. He was detained at
reforms and not necessarily advocating for armed
Fort Santiago in Manila, where he faced trial on
rebellion. Nevertheless, he was found guilty of
charges of sedition, rebellion, and conspiracy.
sedition, rebellion, and conspiracy.
Despite his defense and his assertion that his
On December 30, 1896, Rizal was executed by firing writings were meant to inspire reforms rather than
squad at Bagumbayan, which is now known as rebellion, Rizal was found guilty. On December 30,
Luneta Park in Manila. His martyrdom played a 1896, he was executed by a firing squad at
significant role in inspiring further resistance against Bagumbayan, which is now known as Luneta Park in
Spanish colonial rule. Manila.

Trial in Barcelona (1896): Before returning to the These arrests and imprisonments were pivotal
Philippines and facing the trial mentioned above, moments in Rizal's life, as they highlighted his
Rizal had already faced a trial in Barcelona, Spain, in dedication to the cause of Philippine independence
1896. In this trial, Rizal was accused of inciting and his willingness to endure personal sacrifices for
rebellion based on his writings and connections with the sake of his country. Rizal's execution, in
Filipino nationalist groups in Spain. The trial took particular, turned him into a martyr and symbol of
place in a military court, and Rizal was found not the Filipino struggle for freedom from Spanish
guilty of the charges, partly due to the intervention colonial rule. His writings and actions continue to
of his defense lawyer, Luis Taviel de Andrade, who inspire Filipinos in their pursuit of national identity
had convinced the court that Rizal's writings were and independence.
not meant to incite violence.
Execution
These trials are pivotal moments in the life of Jose
The execution of Jose Rizal is a significant event in
Rizal and in the history of the Philippines. Rizal's
Philippine history and the life of the national hero.
writings and actions continue to be celebrated for
Jose Rizal was executed by firing squad on
their role in inspiring the Filipino people's quest for
December 30, 1896, at Bagumbayan, which is now
independence from colonial rule.
known as Luneta Park, in Manila, Philippines. This
Arrest and Imprisonment event is commonly referred to as "Rizal's
Martyrdom."
Jose Rizal, the Filipino nationalist and hero,
experienced several instances of arrest and Here are the key details and circumstances
imprisonment during his lifetime, primarily due to surrounding Rizal's execution:
his advocacy for reforms and his involvement in the
Conviction and Sentencing: Jose Rizal had been
Philippine nationalist movement against Spanish
arrested and put on trial for his involvement in the
colonial rule. Here are the key moments of his arrest
Philippine nationalist movement against Spanish
and imprisonment:
colonial rule. He was charged with sedition,
Arrest in 1892: On July 6, 1892, Rizal was arrested rebellion, and conspiracy, primarily based on his
by Spanish authorities in Manila shortly after his writings, which were seen as subversive by Spanish
return from a trip to Europe. His arrest was based authorities. Despite his defense during the trial,
on suspicions of his involvement with the Filipino Rizal was found guilty and sentenced to death.
nationalist movement, particularly the Katipunan,
Last Moments: On the morning of December 30,
which was gaining momentum. He was imprisoned
1896, Rizal was brought to the execution site,
at Fort Santiago in Intramuros, Manila, for several
Bagumbayan (now Luneta Park), on a carriage. He
days but was later exiled to Dapitan, a remote town
was dressed in a black suit and stood erect and
in Mindanao. His exile in Dapitan lasted for four
dignified before the firing squad. Rizal requested to
years.
face his executioners, not to be shot in the back, Manila. His execution was carried out as ordered by
and his request was granted. the court, and he faced it with dignity and courage.

Execution: A firing squad consisting of Spanish and Impact: Rizal's execution had a profound impact on
Filipino soldiers carried out the execution. They fired the Philippine independence movement. He
at Rizal at the command of their officer. Rizal fell to became a martyr and symbol of resistance against
the ground, facing the sky, with his arm raised, Spanish colonial oppression. His writings and legacy
symbolizing his final act of defiance and patriotism. continued to inspire Filipinos in their struggle for
freedom.

It's worth noting that despite his conviction and

Aftermath: Rizal's execution had a profound impact
execution, Rizal's ideas and ideals lived on and
on the Philippine independence movement. His
contributed significantly to the eventual success of
martyrdom inspired Filipinos to continue the
the Philippine Revolution against Spanish colonial
struggle for freedom from Spanish colonial rule.
rule, which culminated in the declaration of
Rizal's writings, particularly his novels "Noli Me
Philippine independence on June 12, 1898.
Tangere" and "El Filibusterismo," became even more
influential and were seen as calls for national Why should we study about rizal?
awakening and resistance.
Studying about Jose Rizal, the national hero of the
Rizal's execution is commemorated annually in the Philippines, is important for several reasons:
Philippines on December 30 as Rizal Day, a national
holiday that serves as a reminder of his sacrifice and
the ongoing fight for Philippine independence. Jose Historical Significance: Rizal played a pivotal role in
Rizal remains a symbol of patriotism, the Philippines' struggle for independence from
intellectualism, and the quest for national identity in Spanish colonial rule in the late 19th century. His
the Philippines. writings, particularly his novels "Noli Me Tangere"
and "El Filibusterismo," exposed the injustices and
Jose Rizal's trial in the Philippines in 1896 resulted in
abuses of the Spanish colonial government and
his conviction on charges of sedition, rebellion, and
ignited a sense of nationalism among Filipinos.
conspiracy against Spanish colonial authorities.
Understanding Rizal's role in this historical context is
Here's a summary of the judgment and the key
essential to appreciate the Philippines' struggle for
details of the trial:
freedom.
Charges: Rizal was accused of being involved in the
Cultural Identity: Rizal's life and works are deeply
revolutionary activities of Filipino nationalists and
intertwined with Filipino culture and identity. His
the secret society Katipunan, which aimed to
writings explored themes of love for country, social
overthrow Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines.
justice, and the Filipino spirit. Studying Rizal helps
The charges were based on his association with
Filipinos connect with their cultural roots and
Filipino nationalist leaders and his writings,
understand the values that have shaped their
particularly his novels "Noli Me Tangere" and "El
nation.
Filibusterismo," which were deemed subversive.
Inspirational Figure: Rizal's dedication to his ideals,
Trial: Rizal's trial took place in a military court,
his intellectual prowess, and his willingness to
presided over by a Spanish military officer, Lt. Col.
sacrifice his life for the cause of Philippine
Francisco Olive. The trial was conducted quickly, and
independence make him an inspirational figure. His
Rizal was given limited opportunity to defend
commitment to peaceful and intellectual means of
himself.
change serves as a source of inspiration for
Defense: During the trial, Rizal defended himself by individuals and movements advocating for positive
arguing that his writings were not meant to incite change and social justice.
violence but to inspire reforms and expose the
Moral and Ethical Lessons: Rizal's writings and
injustices of Spanish colonial rule. He maintained
actions promote important moral and ethical values
that he had no involvement in any revolutionary or
such as patriotism, integrity, courage, and a
seditious activities.
commitment to justice. These values continue to be
Verdict: Despite Rizal's defense, the court found him relevant and can serve as guides for personal and
guilty of the charges. On December 26, 1896, the societal development.
verdict was announced, and he was sentenced to
Promoting Critical Thinking: Studying Rizal
death by firing squad.
encourages critical thinking and analysis of historical
Execution: Just a few days after the trial, on events, social issues, and literary works. His writings
December 30, 1896, Jose Rizal was executed by a provide opportunities for discussions on topics like
firing squad at Bagumbayan (now Luneta Park) in
colonialism, nationalism, and the role of literature in The study of his life and writings can inspire
social change. students to become responsible and socially
conscious citizens who are dedicated to their
Unity and National Pride: Rizal is a unifying figure in
country's well-being.
the Philippines. His life and legacy bring Filipinos
together in a shared appreciation of their history Legal Framework: The Rizal Law provides a legal
and national identity. Celebrating Rizal's framework for the inclusion of Rizal's life and works
contributions fosters a sense of pride and unity in the curriculum of educational institutions. This
among Filipinos. ensures that his legacy is not neglected or forgotten.

Education and Advocacy: Rizal was a strong Cultural Continuity: The Rizal Law helps ensure the
advocate for education as a means to empower continuity of Filipino culture and values by passing
individuals and nations. By studying his life and on the knowledge and teachings of Jose Rizal to
works, Filipinos are encouraged to prioritize future generations.
education and continue advocating for its
accessibility and quality.
Cultural Diplomacy: The study of Rizal's works also
In summary, studying Jose Rizal is essential for
helps promote Filipino culture and history
understanding the Philippines' history, culture, and
internationally. Filipinos abroad, as well as those
identity. It offers valuable lessons in patriotism,
from other countries, can gain a better
ethics, and critical thinking, while also serving as a
understanding of the Philippines through its
source of inspiration and unity for the Filipino
national hero's writings.
people.

Why is rizal law important?

In summary, the Rizal Law is important because it
The Rizal Law, officially known as Republic Act No.
helps preserve and promote Filipino culture, history,
1425, is important for several reasons, primarily
and identity by requiring the study of Jose Rizal's life
within the context of the Philippines:
and works in educational institutions. It fosters
Promotion of National Identity: The Rizal Law national unity, encourages critical thinking, and
requires educational institutions in the Philippines instills a sense of patriotism among students and
to teach the life, works, and writings of Jose Rizal, citizens of the Philippines.
the national hero. By doing so, it helps promote a
Why are some people against rizal law?
sense of national identity and unity among Filipinos,
as Rizal played a significant role in the country's There are various reasons why some people might
struggle for independence and the formation of its be against the Rizal Law or have reservations about
national consciousness. its implementation. It's important to note that
opinions on this matter can vary widely, and not all
Historical Awareness: The Rizal Law ensures that
objections are based on the same concerns. Here
Filipino students are exposed to the historical and
are some common reasons people might be against
cultural context of their country during the Spanish
the Rizal Law:
colonial period. This knowledge is crucial for
understanding the roots of Filipino society and the Educational Freedom: Some argue that educational
challenges faced by the nation during its colonial institutions should have the freedom to decide their
history. curriculum without government mandates. They
believe that forcing schools to teach specific
Preservation of Cultural Heritage: The law helps
content, even if it's about a national hero like Rizal,
preserve the cultural and literary heritage of the
infringes on academic freedom.
Philippines by requiring the study of Rizal's literary
works, particularly his novels "Noli Me Tangere" and Curriculum Priorities: Critics might argue that the
"El Filibusterismo." These novels are not only curriculum is already overcrowded with subjects
important literary works but also powerful critiques and topics, and adding more content, such as Rizal's
of the Spanish colonial regime. life and works, could come at the expense of other
subjects that they deem more important for
Encouragement of Critical Thinking: Teaching Rizal's
students' development.
life and works encourages critical thinking and
analysis among students. They can explore themes Relevance: Some individuals question the relevance
such as nationalism, colonialism, social justice, and of studying Rizal's life and works in the modern
the role of literature in shaping society, which are world. They argue that the issues he dealt with are
still relevant today. historical and may not have as much practical
significance for today's youth.
Promotion of Patriotism: Rizal is considered a
symbol of patriotism and love for the Philippines.
Quality of Education: Critics may contend that corruption. Rizal's novel "Noli Me Tangere" depicted
simply requiring the teaching of Rizal's life and the shortcomings of some priests and religious
works doesn't guarantee a high-quality education. institutions.
They argue that it's more important to focus on
Advocacy for Reforms: Rizal advocated for political
improving the overall quality of education, rather
and social reforms in the Philippines, including the
than mandating specific content.
separation of church and state. His vision for a more
Differing Views: There are different perspectives on just and equitable society included calls for reforms
Jose Rizal and his ideas. Some people may not agree within the Catholic Church, which some Church
with his views, especially regarding his approach to officials viewed as a threat to their authority.
achieving reforms during the Spanish colonial
Secular Education: Rizal believed in the importance
period. Critics might worry that teaching Rizal's
of secular education as a means to enlighten the
works without providing a balanced discussion
people and promote critical thinking. This stance ran
could lead to a one-sided portrayal.
counter to the Church's historical role in education
Religious and Ideological Concerns: Rizal's writings and its influence over educational institutions.
contain critical views of the Catholic Church and
Excommunication: In 1883, some Church officials
some religious practices. This has raised concerns
attempted to excommunicate Rizal due to his anti-
among some religious groups who worry that the
friar activities and his refusal to retract his writings.
mandatory teaching of Rizal's works might
Although the excommunication did not succeed, it
undermine their faith or values.
demonstrated the tensions between Rizal and
Implementation Challenges: Some critics argue that certain elements within the Church.
enforcing the Rizal Law can be difficult, especially in
Perception of Heresy: Some Church officials
regions with different languages and cultures. They
perceived Rizal's writings and ideas as heretical or
believe that local autonomy in education is essential
contrary to Catholic teachings. His views on the
for tailoring curriculum to the specific needs of
separation of church and state and his questioning
communities.
of certain religious practices raised concerns among
Political Considerations: In some cases, objections to some members of the clergy.
the Rizal Law may be driven by political factors.
It's important to emphasize that not all members of
Opposition to government mandates, regardless of
the Catholic Church were against Rizal, and many
content, can be a reflection of broader political or
individuals within the Church supported reforms
ideological disagreements.
and social justice, which were also goals of Rizal's
It's important to recognize that while there are advocacy. Over time, the relationship between the
criticisms and objections to the Rizal Law, there are Catholic Church and Rizal's legacy has evolved, and
also strong arguments in favor of it, as outlined in today, Rizal is often seen as a national hero whose
previous responses. The debate surrounding the law contributions to Philippine history and culture are
often revolves around the balance between respected and celebrated by many Filipinos,
preserving national heritage, fostering patriotism, including Catholics.
and respecting educational autonomy and diversity
In summary, historical tensions between Jose Rizal
of thought.
and certain elements within the Catholic Church
Why is catholic church against rizal? were primarily rooted in his criticisms of Church
practices and his advocacy for political, social, and
The Catholic Church's stance on Jose Rizal is
educational reforms during the Spanish colonial
complex and has evolved over time. It's important
period. These tensions have softened over time, and
to note that the Church as an institution does not
Rizal is now widely regarded as a national hero with
have a unified or official position on Rizal. However,
a complex and multifaceted legacy.
historical tensions between Rizal and some
elements within the Catholic Church, as well as Is jose rizal deserving to become a national hero?
differing views on certain issues, have led to
The recognition of Jose Rizal as the national hero of
perceptions of conflict between Rizal and the
the Philippines is a matter of historical consensus
Church. Here are some key reasons why there have
and cultural significance. He is widely celebrated
been tensions between Rizal and certain segments
and revered as a national hero in the Philippines,
of the Catholic Church:
and this designation is based on several factors that
Critique of Church Practices: Rizal, in his writings are considered deserving by many:
and actions, criticized certain practices and issues
Role in the Propagation of Philippine Nationalism:
within the Catholic Church during the Spanish
Rizal played a pivotal role in awakening a sense of
colonial period. He was critical of some aspects of
national identity and pride among Filipinos during
the clergy's behavior, including abuses and
the late 19th century. Through his writings, sense of national identity, and work toward political
particularly his novels "Noli Me Tangere" and "El and social reforms under Spanish colonial rule. The
Filibusterismo," he exposed the injustices and organization was established in response to the
abuses of the Spanish colonial regime and growing desire for change and reform among
advocated for reforms. His works became a source Filipinos during the late 19th century. While La Liga
of inspiration and motivation for Filipinos to work Filipina had noble goals, it was short-lived due to
towards independence. the arrest and deportation of Jose Rizal shortly after
its formation.

Key members of La Liga Filipina included:

Commitment to Non-Violence and Intellectual
Revolution: Rizal's approach to seeking change and Jose Rizal: The founder of La Liga Filipina, Rizal was a
reform was based on peaceful means, education, prominent Filipino nationalist, writer, and
and intellectual discourse. He believed in the power intellectual. He played a central role in advocating
of ideas and the importance of education in for peaceful reforms and exposing the abuses of the
effecting positive change, which resonated with Spanish colonial regime through his writings.
many Filipinos.

Sacrifice for the Nation: Rizal's dedication to the

Andres Bonifacio: Although not a member of La Liga
cause of Philippine independence is evident in his
Filipina, Bonifacio was influenced by Rizal's ideas
willingness to sacrifice his own life for the sake of his
and ideals. He would go on to become a key figure
country. He was executed by firing squad in 1896 for
in the Philippine Revolution against Spanish rule and
his involvement in the revolutionary movement
was one of the founders of the Katipunan, a
against Spanish colonial rule.
revolutionary society.
Promotion of Filipino Culture and Identity: Rizal's
The objectives of La Liga Filipina were outlined in its
writings and advocacy also emphasized the
constitution and were as follows:
importance of preserving and promoting Filipino
culture, language, and identity. He contributed to Unification of Filipinos: La Liga aimed to unite
the development of a national consciousness among Filipinos of all social classes and backgrounds into a
Filipinos. single organization with the goal of working
together for the common good and the
Enduring Legacy: Rizal's ideas and writings continue
advancement of the Philippines.
to be studied and celebrated in the Philippines and
by Filipinos worldwide. His principles of patriotism, Promotion of Education: The organization
social justice, and the importance of education are emphasized the importance of education as a
considered timeless and relevant. means to uplift the Filipino people. It sought to
establish a scholarship fund to support the
Symbol of Filipino Unity: Rizal serves as a unifying
education of deserving students.
figure in the Philippines, transcending regional and
cultural differences. His life and works provide a Fostering Civic Virtues: La Liga aimed to promote
common point of pride and identity for Filipinos. civic virtues and ethical conduct among its
members, encouraging them to be responsible and
While the designation of Jose Rizal as the national
law-abiding citizens.
hero is widely accepted and celebrated in the
Philippines, it's important to recognize that the Economic and Social Reforms: It advocated for
concept of a national hero can be subjective, and economic and social reforms, including the
there may be differing opinions on the matter. Some establishment of cooperative stores (tiendas
individuals may argue for the recognition of other económicas) to help Filipinos economically and
historical figures as national heroes, depending on reduce the exploitation of colonial economic
their perspectives and criteria. However, Rizal's systems.
contributions to the Filipino struggle for
independence and his enduring legacy have Representation and Consultation: La Liga also called
solidified his status as the national hero of the for representation in government and the
Philippines in the eyes of many. consultation of Filipinos on colonial policies
affecting the Philippines.
Who were the members of la liga filipina and its
objectives? End to Abuses and Injustices: The organization
sought to address abuses and injustices under
La Liga Filipina, also known as the Liga Filipina or the Spanish colonial rule by means of legal and peaceful
Philippine League, was a Filipino nationalist reforms.
organization founded by Dr. Jose Rizal in July 1892.
Its main objectives were to unite Filipinos, foster a Cultural Promotion: La Liga aimed to promote
Filipino culture, heritage, and language, as well as
encourage the use of the native language (Tagalog) Awareness and Consciousness: Rizal's return was
in everyday life. instrumental in raising awareness and fostering a
sense of national consciousness among Filipinos. He
Despite its relatively short existence, La Liga Filipina
encouraged his fellow countrymen to be more
played a significant role in the Philippines' struggle
aware of their history, culture, and identity as
for independence from Spanish colonial rule. Its
Filipinos.
ideals and objectives continued to inspire
subsequent movements and individuals who sought It's important to note that Rizal's return was
freedom and reform in the Philippines. motivated by his deep love for his country and his
desire to improve the conditions of the Filipino
What was the purpose of rizal's homecoming after
people within the framework of peaceful reforms.
studying at Europe?
However, his efforts ultimately led to his arrest and
Jose Rizal's return to the Philippines after studying exile, as Spanish authorities perceived him as a
in Europe had several purposes, which were closely threat to their rule. Despite this, Rizal's
tied to his aspirations for the country and his desire contributions to the Philippine national awakening
for social and political reforms under Spanish and his advocacy for reforms remain highly
colonial rule: significant in the country's history.

Observation and Documentation: Rizal returned to What was the situation of the Filipino during
the Philippines to observe the social, economic, and spanish colonization?
political conditions firsthand. He wanted to gather
The situation of the Filipino people during Spanish
information and document the injustices and abuses
colonization was complex and characterized by
being perpetrated by the Spanish colonial
various aspects, including social, economic, political,
authorities and the friars. He believed that accurate
and cultural conditions. It's important to note that
knowledge of these conditions was essential to
the impact of Spanish colonization varied across
advocate for reforms effectively.
different regions and over the course of more than
Advocacy for Reforms: Rizal aimed to advocate for three centuries, from the arrival of Ferdinand
reforms in the Philippines, particularly in areas such Magellan in 1521 to the end of Spanish rule in 1898.
as land ownership, education, governance, and Here are some key aspects of the Filipino situation
religious practices. He believed that the peaceful during Spanish colonization:
path of reform was the best way to address the
Social Structure and Classes: Spanish colonial
country's problems and improve the well-being of
society in the Philippines was highly stratified. The
Filipinos.
highest social class was the Spanish rulers, followed
Promotion of Education: Rizal was a strong advocate by the local Spanish and mestizo elite (those of
for education as a means to uplift the Filipino mixed Spanish and Filipino descent). Below them
people. During his homecoming, he established the were the indios, who were the majority indigenous
La Liga Filipina, an organization that aimed to Filipino population. The indigenous Filipinos were
promote education and civic virtues among further divided into various ethnic groups and
Filipinos. He believed that a well-educated populace classes, including the principalía (local nobility) and
was crucial for achieving meaningful change. the commoners.

Inspiration and Mobilization: Rizal's return served as

an inspiration to fellow Filipinos who shared his
Economic Exploitation: The Spanish colonial regime
desire for reforms. He hoped to mobilize like-
imposed economic policies that favored Spain and
minded individuals and encourage them to work
its economic interests. The encomienda system, for
together toward common goals, fostering a sense of
example, allowed Spanish colonists to extract
national unity.
tribute and labor from indigenous communities.
Exposure of Abuses: Rizal intended to use his This system often led to exploitation and abuses of
influence and writings to expose the abuses of the the indigenous population.
Spanish colonial regime and the friars. His novels,
Forced Labor: Indigenous Filipinos were subjected
"Noli Me Tangere" and "El Filibusterismo," were
to forced labor, particularly in the construction of
critical of these abuses and sought to awaken the
infrastructure, such as churches and forts. This
Filipino consciousness about the need for change.
system, known as "polos y servicios," was a form of
Peaceful Dialogue: Rizal believed in the power of tribute labor.
peaceful dialogue and negotiation with the Spanish
Christianization: The Spanish colonial authorities
authorities. He aimed to engage in discussions with
actively sought to convert Filipinos to Christianity,
colonial officials and present the grievances of the
primarily Roman Catholicism. This led to the
Filipino people in a rational and diplomatic manner.
establishment of churches, the introduction of
religious practices, and the suppression of played a significant role in various historical and
indigenous beliefs and traditions. political movements worldwide. Rizal's involvement
with Freemasonry had both personal and political
Education: Education during Spanish colonization
aspects, and it is important to understand it in its
was primarily reserved for the elite, with religious
historical context. Here are some key points about
orders like the Dominicans, Franciscans, and Jesuits
Rizal's association with Freemasonry:
playing a significant role in education. Native
languages were replaced with Spanish in formal Lodge Membership: Rizal became a Freemason in
education. 1884 when he joined Acacia Lodge No. 9 in Madrid,
Spain. He used the Masonic name "Dimasalang" as a
Cultural Changes: Spanish colonization had a
way to protect his identity. Joining a Masonic lodge
profound impact on Filipino culture. It introduced
provided Rizal with a platform for networking,
European customs, languages, and institutions while
gaining support for his reformist ideas, and fostering
suppressing indigenous practices. However, it also
international connections.
led to the blending of Spanish and indigenous
cultures, resulting in the rich cultural heritage of the Reformist Ideals: Rizal's involvement in Freemasonry
Philippines. was driven by his advocacy for political and social
reforms in the Philippines. Many Freemasons at the
Resistance Movements: Throughout Spanish rule,
time were proponents of Enlightenment ideals, such
various resistance movements and uprisings
as liberty, equality, and fraternity, which aligned
occurred, reflecting the dissatisfaction of Filipinos
with Rizal's goals for his homeland.
with colonial rule. Notable examples include the
Dagohoy Rebellion, the Palaris Revolt, and the Anti-Friar Sentiment: Freemasonry in the Philippines
Katipunan-led Philippine Revolution. during the late 19th century often held anti-friar
and anti-colonial sentiments. The friars were
Limited Political Participation: Indigenous Filipinos
powerful figures in Spanish colonial society and
had little to no political representation or power in
were known for their influence and control over
the colonial government. The Spanish authorities
various aspects of Filipino life. Rizal's writings,
governed the Philippines directly, and local
including his novels "Noli Me Tangere" and "El
governance was often in the hands of the Spanish
Filibusterismo," criticized the abuses of the friars,
elite.
and this perspective was shared by many Filipino
Economic Underdevelopment: While some Freemasons.
economic activities and trade networks existed, the
Connections and Support: As a Mason, Rizal had the
Philippines remained largely underdeveloped in
opportunity to connect with like-minded individuals
terms of infrastructure and industry. The Spanish
who supported his reformist efforts. He could use
focus was on extracting resources rather than
these connections to gain international support for
fostering economic growth.
the Filipino cause.
End of Spanish Rule: Spanish colonial rule in the
Symbolism and Rituals: Freemasonry is known for
Philippines came to an end in 1898 as a result of the
its symbolism and rituals, which often emphasize
Spanish-American War. The Treaty of Paris
moral and ethical values, as well as the pursuit of
transferred control of the Philippines to the United
knowledge and enlightenment. These aspects of
States.
Freemasonry may have resonated with Rizal's
The situation of the Filipino people during Spanish personal beliefs.
colonization was marked by oppression,
Secrecy and Brotherhood: Freemasonry is
exploitation, and social inequality, which
characterized by a degree of secrecy and a sense of
contributed to a growing desire for independence
brotherhood among its members. Rizal's use of a
and reforms in the later years of colonial rule. These
Masonic alias and the clandestine nature of some
conditions laid the groundwork for the Philippine
Masonic activities may have served to protect him
Revolution and the eventual pursuit of national
from the scrutiny of Spanish colonial authorities.
sovereignty.
International Solidarity: Rizal's association with
Freemasonry also allowed him to establish
connections with Masonic lodges and supporters in
other countries, including in Europe and the
Americas. These connections may have contributed
Masonry of jose rizal to international awareness of the Filipino struggle
for reform and independence.
Jose Rizal, the national hero of the Philippines, was
associated with Freemasonry during his lifetime. It's important to note that while Rizal was a
Freemasonry is a fraternal organization that has Freemason, his primary focus remained on peaceful
and intellectual means of achieving reforms. He did and governments in other countries to raise
not advocate violence or revolution during his time awareness about the Philippine situation and gain
as a Mason. Rizal's writings and his involvement in support for reforms.
the Propaganda Movement were central to his
Repression and Exile: The Spanish authorities
efforts to raise awareness about the issues facing
viewed the propagandists as a threat and took
the Philippines and to push for reform within the
measures to suppress their activities. Rizal was
framework of Spanish colonial rule.
arrested, tried, and eventually executed in 1896.
Propaganda movement of rizal Other leaders of the movement faced exile or
persecution.
The Propaganda Movement, led by Jose Rizal and
other Filipino reformists during the late 19th Legacy: The Propaganda Movement is considered a
century, was a political and cultural campaign aimed significant precursor to the Philippine Revolution of
at advocating for political and social reforms in the 1896. Although it did not achieve its immediate
Philippines under Spanish colonial rule. The goals, it played a crucial role in raising awareness
movement sought to address the injustices, abuses, about the plight of the Filipinos and setting the
and inequalities faced by Filipinos during that time. stage for future struggles for independence.
Here are key points about the Propaganda
Impact: The writings and advocacy of the
Movement:
propagandists had a lasting impact on Philippine
Background: The Propaganda Movement emerged history and the national consciousness. Their calls
in the late 19th century in response to the for reforms, freedom, and justice continue to inspire
worsening conditions in the Philippines under Filipinos to this day, and their contributions are
Spanish colonial rule. It was characterized by commemorated in Philippine history and literature.
increasing dissatisfaction with Spanish policies and a
The Propaganda Movement was a vital chapter in
desire for change among the Filipino elite.
the Philippines' journey toward achieving
Leadership: Jose Rizal was one of the prominent independence and social justice. It demonstrated
leaders of the Propaganda Movement. Other key the power of ideas and the written word in
figures included Marcelo H. del Pilar, Graciano Lopez challenging oppressive regimes and advocating for
Jaena, and Mariano Ponce. These individuals were change.
educated and well-traveled Filipinos who were
Retraction of jose rizal
exposed to Enlightenment ideals and political
movements in Europe. The retraction of Jose Rizal refers to a controversial
issue surrounding the national hero of the
Goals: The primary goals of the Propaganda
Philippines, Dr. Jose Rizal, and his supposed
Movement were to advocate for political reforms,
retraction of his anti-Catholic and anti-Spanish views
equality before the law, representation in the
shortly before his execution on December 30, 1896.
Spanish Cortes (parliament), and the separation of
The retraction issue has been the subject of debate
church and state. They also aimed to expose the
and historical controversy, and scholars have varying
abuses and corruption of the Spanish colonial
interpretations of its authenticity and significance.
administration, particularly the friars.
Here are key points related to the retraction of Jose
Use of Writing: The propagandists utilized the Rizal:
power of the written word to convey their message.
The Supposed Retraction: According to some
They wrote articles, essays, pamphlets, and literary
historical accounts, Rizal signed a retraction
works to raise awareness about the situation in the
document and attended a Catholic Mass before his
Philippines and to call for reform. Rizal's novels,
execution. The retraction document, if genuine,
"Noli Me Tangere" and "El Filibusterismo," were
would have indicated his return to the Catholic faith
central to this effort, as they exposed the abuses of
and a disavowal of his previous writings that
the friars and the Spanish authorities.
criticized the Catholic Church and Spanish colonial
Publication and Distribution: The propagandists rule.
published their writings in Spanish-language
Controversy: The authenticity of Rizal's retraction
newspapers and periodicals, both in the Philippines
has been a subject of debate among historians.
and abroad. Some of the key publications included
Some argue that it was coerced by Spanish
"La Solidaridad" and "La Liga Filipina." These
authorities and that it should not be taken at face
writings were distributed widely to reach a broad
value. Others believe that Rizal's retraction was
audience.
genuine and that he reconciled with the Catholic
International Efforts: The propagandists sought Church before his execution.
international support for their cause. They aimed to
engage with sympathetic individuals, organizations,
Circumstances Surrounding the Retraction: Rizal was He came from a well-to-do family. His parents were
held in captivity by Spanish authorities leading up to Francisco Mercado and Teodora Alonso Realonda de
his execution. During this time, he was closely Rizal, and he was the seventh of eleven children.
watched, and it is suggested by some that he was
Rizal began his early education in Calamba and later
pressured or coerced into signing the retraction
attended the Ateneo Municipal de Manila and the
document.
University of Santo Tomas in Manila. He pursued
Statements and Letters: Throughout his life, Rizal various degrees and excelled in multiple fields,
expressed his views on religion and the Catholic including the arts, sciences, and languages.
Church through his writings and letters. He
He continued his education in Europe, studying
advocated for religious tolerance and reforms but
medicine and other subjects in Madrid, Paris, and
also criticized certain practices and abuses within
Heidelberg.
the Church.
Writing and Activism:
Impact on Rizal's Legacy: The issue of retraction has
had an impact on the perception of Rizal's legacy. During his time in Europe, Rizal became involved in
Some argue that it does not diminish his the Filipino expatriate community and became a key
contributions to Philippine nationalism and that his figure in the Propaganda Movement. He used his
writings and actions throughout his life should be writings to advocate for political and social reforms
considered in their entirety. Others view the in the Philippines.
retraction, if genuine, as a sign of Rizal's complexity
and personal beliefs. His two most famous novels, "Noli Me Tangere"
(1887) and "El Filibusterismo" (1891), exposed the
Historical Debate: Scholars and historians continue abuses of the Spanish colonial regime and the friars
to debate the authenticity and significance of the in the Philippines. These works are considered
retraction. The lack of concrete evidence and the classics of Philippine literature.
circumstances of Rizal's captivity make it difficult to
arrive at a definitive conclusion. Rizal also contributed articles to Filipino publications
in Spain, using his pen name "Laong Laan."

Return to the Philippines:

Diversity of Opinions: Opinions on the retraction
issue can vary widely, and individuals may interpret In 1892, Rizal returned to the Philippines, hoping to
it differently based on their perspectives and beliefs. peacefully advocate for reforms. However, he was
arrested and exiled to Dapitan in Mindanao by
In summary, the retraction of Jose Rizal remains a Spanish authorities, who saw him as a threat.
topic of historical debate and controversy. While
some accounts suggest that he signed a retraction During his exile in Dapitan, Rizal continued his
document and attended a Catholic Mass before his scientific and artistic pursuits, including practicing
execution, others question the circumstances and medicine, farming, and engaging in civic and
authenticity of these events. Regardless of the educational activities.
retraction issue, Rizal's contributions to Philippine
nationalism, literature, and the pursuit of social and
political reforms are widely acknowledged and Execution and Legacy:
celebrated in the Philippines. On December 30, 1896, José Rizal was executed by
Biography of rizal firing squad in Bagumbayan (now Rizal Park, Manila)
after being accused of inciting rebellion. His
Jose Rizal, full name José Protacio Rizal Mercado y execution deeply affected the Filipino people and
Alonzo Realonda, was a Filipino nationalist, writer, galvanized the Philippine Revolution.
poet, doctor, and polymath. He is regarded as the
national hero of the Philippines due to his pivotal Rizal's writings and ideals continued to inspire the
role in the country's struggle for independence from Philippine Revolution, which eventually led to the
Spanish colonial rule. Here is a brief biography of country's independence from Spanish colonial rule
Jose Rizal: in 1898.

Early Life and Education: Today, José Rizal is celebrated as a national hero in
the Philippines, with monuments, parks, and
José Rizal was born on June 19, 1861, in Calamba, institutions named in his honor. His legacy as a
Laguna, Philippines, which was then under Spanish patriot, writer, and intellectual remains significant,
colonial rule. and his works continue to be studied and
appreciated for their historical and literary value.
José Rizal's life and writings are central to the works, as well as section 2,obligating all schools,
Philippines' cultural and historical identity, and he is colleges and universities to keep an adequate
remembered as a symbol of patriotism, number of copies of Rizal’s works. This makes them
intellectualism, and the quest for social justice. more accessible to a greater audience.

WHAT IS THE RIZAL LAW It is hard to make out any form of emotion from any
legal document; however, the choice of words is
The Rizal Law, also known as RA 1425, mandates the
still able to convey a fiery passion. To
study of Rizal’s life and works, as shown in section 1.
highlight this, they also use words or concepts
This Republic Act calls for an increased sense of
that can easily relate to the common Filipino man.
nationalism from the Filipinos during a time of a
Such passion is vital, as the audience is presumably
dwindling Filipino identity. According to the judicial
of dwindling nationalism. In this regard, the writer
system, a republic act is a law that has already been
attempts to show the audience the identity they
passed and implemented. In contrast to this, a bill is
have slowly been losing, and show them how they
merely a proposed law, in other words it may or
can undo this.
may not be passed by the Congress.
There are important points that the author cited in
The Republic Act was signed by the President on
this republic act that is worth noticing. First,
June 12, 1956. From the notes preceding the body
“Whereas, today, more than other period of our
of the document, one may infer that the bill
history, there is a need for a re-dedication to the
was originally proposed in the Legislative arm
ideals of freedom and nationalism for which our
of the Philippine Republic, in the Senate and House
heroes lived and died.” This document was written
of Representatives. According to the Official
in the year 1956 during Magsasyay’s regime when
Gazette, the law was made effective thirty
the country was still recovering from the
days after its implementation. The mere fact that
Japanese occupation and still very dependent
the Act was passed on the date of our
on US governance. Ideals of freedom and
independence seeks to stir up a greater sense of
nationalism were very essential during those times
fervor in the Filipino, to believe in their own country
since the Philippines was still struggling for
and national identity—who we are as a nation. It
independence, and the country was still gradually
was this time when the Philippines was heavily
developing its national identity and integrity. During
dependent on the American government for
those times havoc also existed within the Filipinos
support and guidance. Also, based on the fact that
since there were numerous uprisings against
Jose Rizal is honored by the Philippines as
the Philippine government. Moreover, even
the Philippine national hero, it is but
though this document was written decades ago, it is
appropriate that the document written to
still striking because this clause is very timely for this
commemorate his accomplishments is written here,
present generation when our culture is being
in the land of his birth.
overpowered by foreign influence and Filipino
It is Senator Claro M. Recto who authored the Rizal diaspora is widespread.
Bill. While Senator Jose P. Laurel, Sr., who was then
Another important point from RA 1425 is “Whereas,
the Chairman of the Committee on Education,
all educational institutions are under the
sponsored the bill in the Senate. Both of them
supervision of, and subject to regulation by
were known for their great sense of nationalism.
the State, and all schools are enjoined to
This nationalism served as the foundation to come
develop moral character, personal discipline, civic
up with this republic act, to set our country free
conscience, and to teach the duties of citizenship.” It
from the hands of others and stand up on our own
is very important to use our educational institutions
—exactly the ideals and values that Rizal strove to
to instill these values to the children who are at
fight for. It was written for the Filipino people,
their prime years of growing and learning. During
specifically the Filipino youth, who may have lost
one’s educational years especially the college level is
their sense of nationalism. The writers endeavored
when individuals formulate their priorities and
to rekindle a lost spark in each Filipino’s belief in
career tracks in life, and it is essential that
their country. A republic act as drastic as the Rizal
institutions make students realize that the
Law, which requires the study of Rizal’s life and
country should be a part of their priorities and
works—something that does not need to be
serving one’s country is an innate and inborn duty
required in the first place—can only be born out of
for all. Also, embedding a profound and
the fact that Rizal and his works were not given a
authentic moral character and a strong sense
high priority in the educational system of the
of personal discipline in the youth would yield
country prior to the release of this act. It is clear
proficient, genuine, and selfless Filipinos of the
that the government had to make drastic changes to
future who would turn the Philippines from an
resolve the issue. This is evident in section3 of the
impoverished country to a globally competitive
act, legalizing all forms of translations for Rizal’s
nation.
Lastly, “The Board of National education shall cause congressmen and senators showing their
the translation of the Noli Me Tangere and El opposition to the bill; later, it organized
Filibusterismo, as well as other writings of Jose Rizal symposiums. In one of these symposiums, Fr.
into English, Tagalog and the principal Philippine Jesus Cavanna argued that the novels
dialects; cause them to be printed in cheap, popular belonged to the past and that teaching them would
editions; and cause them to be distributed, free of misrepresent current conditions. Radio
charge, to persons desiring to read them, through commentator Jesus Paredes also said that Catholics
the Purok organizations and the Barrio Councils had the right to refuse to read them as it would
throughout the country.” To provide a specific way "endanger their salvation".
to carry out this act is very helpful. It makes the goal
Groups such as Catholic Action of the
very SMART – specific, measurable, attainable,
Philippines, the Congregation of the Mission,
realistic and time-bound. It is also important that
the Knights of Columbus, and the Catholic Teachers
the effects of this act would be experienced by all
Guild organized opposition to the bill; they were
students even those who are financially troubled. It
countered by Veteranos de la Revolucion (Spirit of
is commendable that in the context of this act, the
1896), Alagad in Rizal, the Freemasons, and the
poor is well represented and that it is attainable
Knights of Rizal. The Senate Committee on
regardless of ethnicity, social stature, and language
Education sponsored a bill co-written by both
barriers.
José P. Laurel and Recto, with the only
This document was obviously written during a time opposition coming from Francisco Soc Rodrigo,
when patriotism and nationalism was lost and Mariano Jesús Cuenco, and Decoroso Rosales.
needed, and a time when people were inspired by
The Archbishop of Manila, Rufino Santos,
the initiative of the authors of this act. It was during
protested in a pastoral letter that Catholic
this time when the Philippines and its’ citizens relied
students would be affected if compulsory reading of
on the United States for guidance, support and
the unexpurgated version were pushed through.
welfare. It was written in order to seek aide from
Arsenio Lacson, Manila's mayor, who supported the
the same brilliant mind that drove the Filipinos of
bill, walked out of Mass when the priest read a
the past to fight for freedom from colonists entails
circular from the archbishop denouncing the bill.
another need for another meaningful revolution in
spite of the absence of invaders; the country may Rizal, according to Cuenco, "attack[ed] dogmas,
have needed a slow-paced revolution driven by beliefs and practices of the Church. The assertion
patriotism against dormancy, apathy and futility that Rizal limited himself to castigating undeserving
priests and refrained from criticizing, ridiculing or
Republic Act No. 1425, known as the Rizal Law,
putting in doubt dogmas of the Catholic
mandates all educational institutions in the
Church, is absolutely gratuitous and misleading."
Philippines to offer courses about José Rizal. The
Cuenco touched on Rizal's denial of the existence of
full name of the law is An Act to Include in the
purgatory, as it was not found in the Bible, and
Curricula of All Public and Private Schools, Colleges
that Moses and Jesus Christ did not mention its
and Universities Courses. On the Life, Works
existence; Cuenco concluded that a "majority of the
and Writings of Jose Rizal, Particularly His
Members of this Chamber, if not all[including] our
Novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo,
good friend, the gentleman from Sulu" believed in
Authorizing the Printing and Distribution
purgatory. The senator from Sulu, Domocao Alonto,
Thereof, and for other Purposes. The measure
attacked Filipinos who proclaimed Rizal as "their
was strongly opposed by the Roman Catholic Church
national herobut seemed to despise what he had
in the Philippines due to the anti-clerical themes in
written", saying that the Indonesians used Rizal's
Noli Me Tángere and El Filibusterismo.
booksas their Bible on their independence
Senator Claro M. Recto was the main proponent of movement; Pedro López, who hails from Cebu,
the Rizal Bill. He sought to sponsor the bill at Cuenco's province, in his support for the bill,
Congress. However, this was met with stiff reasoned out that it was in their province the
opposition from the Catholic Church. During the independence movement started, when Lapu-Lapu
1955 Senate election, the church charged Recto fought Ferdinand Magellan.
with being a communist and an anti-Catholic. After
Outside the Senate, the Catholic schools threatened
Recto's election, the Church continued to oppose
to close down if the bill was passed; Recto
the bill mandating the reading of Rizal's novels
countered that if that happened, the schools would
Noli Me Tángere and El Filibusterismo, claiming
be nationalized. Recto did not believe the threat,
it would violate freedom of conscience and
stating that the schools were too profitable to be
religion.
closed. The schools gave up the threat, but
In the campaign to oppose the Rizal bill, the Catholic threatened to "punish" legislators in favor of
Church urged its adherents to write to their the law in future elections. A compromise was
suggested, to use the expurgated version; Recto, Many elements of society who were anxious for
who had supported the required reading of the change were attracted to the Liga, among them,
unexpurgated version, declared: "The people who Andres Bonifacio who became one of the founders
would eliminate the books of Rizal from the schools of the organization.
would blot out from our minds the memory of the
As listed in the constitution Rizal prepared, the
national hero. This is not a fight against Recto but a
Liga's aims were:
fight against Rizal", adding that since Rizal is dead,
they are attempting to suppress his memory.  To unite the whole archipelago into one
compact, vigorous, and homogenous body;
On May 12, 1956, a compromise inserted by
 Mutual protection in every want and
Committee on Education chairman Laurel that
necessity;
accommodated the objections of the Catholic
Church was approved unanimously. The bill  Defense against all violence and injustice;
specified that only college (university)  Encouragement of instruction, agriculture,
students would have the option of reading and commerce; and
unexpurgated versions of clerically-contested  Study and application of reforms.
reading material, such as Noli Me Tángere and As Rizal envisioned it, the league was to be a sort of
El Filibusterismo. The bill was enacted on June 12, mutual aid and self-help society dispensing
1956, Flag Day. scholarship funds and legal aid, loaning capital and
The Noli and Fili were required readings for college setting up cooperatives. These were innocent, even
students. Section 2 mandated that the students naive objectives that could hardly alleviate the
were to read the novels as they were written social ills of those times, but the Spanish authorities
in Spanish, although a provision ordered that the were so alarmed that they arrested Rizal on July 6,
Board of National Education create rules on how 1892, a scant four days after the Liga was organized.
these should be applied. The last two sections were With Rizal deported to Dapitan, the Liga became
focused on making Rizal's works accessible to the inactive until, through the efforts of Domingo
general public: the second section mandated the Franco and Andres Bonifacio, it was reorganized.
schools to have "an adequate number" of copies in Apolinario Mabini became the secretary of the
their libraries, while the third ordered the board to Supreme Council. Upon his suggestion, the
publish the works in major Philippine languages. organization decided to declare its support for La
After the bill was enacted into law, there were no Solidaridad and the reforms it advocated, raise
recorded instances of students applying for funds for the paper, and defray the expenses of
exemption from reading the novels, and deputies advocating reforms for the country before
there is no known procedure for such the Spanish Cortes
exemptions. In 1994, President Fidel V. Ramos The Split
ordered the Department of Education, Culture
and Sports to fully implement the law as there had At first the Liga was quite active. Bonifacio in
been reports that it has still not been fully particular exerted great efforts to organize chapters
implemented. in various districts of Manila. A few months later,
however, the Supreme Council of the Liga dissolved
The debate during the enactment of the Rizal Law the society. The reformist leaders found out that
has been compared to the Responsible Parenthood most of the popular councils which Bonifacio had
and Reproductive Health Act of 2012 (RH organized were no longer willing to send funds to
Law) debate in2011. Akbayan representative Kaka the Madrid propagandists because, like Bonifacio,
Bag-ao, one of the proponents of the RH they had become convinced that peaceful agitation
bill, said, quoting the Catholic hierarchy, that for reforms was futile. Afraid that the more radical
"More than 50 years ago, they said the Rizal rank and file members might capture the
Law violates the Catholic's right to conscience organization and unwilling to involve themselves in
and religion, interestingly, the same line of an enterprise which would surely invite reprisals
reasoning they use to oppose the RH bill. from the authorities, the leaders of the Liga opted
LA LIGA FILIPINA for dissolution. The Liga membership split into two
groups: the conservatives formed the Cuerpo de
Rizal's Liga Compromisarios which pledged to continue
supporting the La Solidaridad while the radicals led
When upon his return to the Philippines in July,
by Bonifacio devoted themselves to a new and
1892, Rizal organized the La Liga Filipina, this
secret society, the Katipunan, which Bonifacio had
constituted a forward step in the reformist ideas of
organized on the very day Rizal was deported to
the times in the sense that the new group sought to
Dapitan
involve the people directly in the reform movement.
The Philippines: A Past Revisited. Renato Solidaridad in Spain. Domingo Franco was elected
Constantino President; Deodato Arellano, Secretary-Treasurer;
Isidro Francisco, Fiscal; Juan Zulueta and Timoteo
Almost simultaneously with the introduction of
Paez, members of the Supreme Council. Later on,
Masonry in the Philippines, a civic society called La
Mabini became the Liga's Secretary.
Propaganda was established. Its members,
composed mostly, of not exclusively, of the middle Rizal and the Propaganda Movement
class, contributed money to defray the expenses of
To prove his point and refute the accusations of
the Filipino reformers in Spain who were waging a
prejudiced Spanish writers against his race, Rizal
campaign to obtain political concessions from the
annotated the book, Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas,
Mother Country. The funds collected were
written by the Spaniard Antonio Morga. The book
forwarded to the Hispano-Filipino Association. In
was an unbiased presentation of 16th century
time, however, the funds of the organization were
Filipino culture. Rizal through his annotation
malversed, and the society passed out of existence.
showed that Filipinos had developed culture even
At this juncture, Rizal stepped into the picture and before the coming of the Spaniards.
proposed the founding of another civic society. He
While annotating Morga’s book, he began writing
had prepared a constitution for this society while at
the sequel to the Noli, the El Filibusterismo. He
Hongkong and now he thought that the time has
completed the Fili in July 1891 while he was in
come for concrete action. On the night of July 3,
Brussels, Belgium. As in the printing of the Noli,
1892, at a house in Tondo, Rizal founded and
Rizal could not published the sequel for the lack of
inaugurated La Liga Filipina. Elected were Ambrosio
finances. Fortunately, Valentin Ventura gave him
Salvador, President; Agustin de la Rosa, Fiscal;
financial assistance and the Fili came out of the
Bonifacio Arevalo, Treasurer; and Deodato Arellano,
printing press on September 1891.
Secretary.
The El Filibusterismo indicated Spanish colonial
***
policies and attacked the Filipino collaborators of
The aims of the Liga were to be carried out through such system. The novel pictured a society on the
the creation of a governing body composed of the brink of a revolution.
Supreme Council, the Provincial Council, and the
To buttress his defense of the native’s pride and
Popular Council. The members were each to pay ten
dignity as people, Rizal wrote three significant
centavos as monthly dues. Each of the members
essays while abroad: The Philippines a Century
was free to choose a symbolic name for himself. The
hence, the Indolence of the Filipinos and the Letter
funds of the society were to be used in the following
to the Women of Malolos. These writings were his
manner:
brilliant responses to the vicious attacks against the
 The member or his son who, while not Indio and his culture.
having the means shall show application
While in Hongkong, Rizal planned the founding of
and great capacity, shall be sustained;
the Liga Filipina, a civil organization and the
 The poor shall be supported in his right
establishment of a Filipino colony in Borneo. The
against any powerful person;
colony was to be under the protectorate of the
 The member who shall have suffered any
North Borneo Company, he was granted permission
loss shall be aided;
by the British Governor to establish a settlement on
 Capital shall be loaned to the member who
a 190,000 acre property in North Borneo. The
shall need it for an industry or agriculture;
colony was to be under the protectorate of the
 The introduction of machines and
North Borneo Company, with the "same privileges
industries, new or necessary in the country,
and conditions at those given in the treaty with local
shall be favored; and
Bornean rulers".
 Shops, stores, and establishment shall be
opened where the members may be Governor Eulogio Despujol disapproved the project
accommodated move economically than for obvious and self-serving reasons. He considered
elsewhere. the plan impractical and improper that Filipinos
would settle and develop foreign territories while
Innocent as the society was, the Spanish authorities
the colony itself badly needed such developments.
considered it dangerous and on the night of July 6,
1892, Rizal was secretly arrested. The following day, RETRACTION OF RIZAL
Governor-General Eulogio Despujol ordered Rizal's
Fr. Vicente Balaguer was born in Alicante, Spain, on
deportation to Dapitan. The Liga languished for a
January 19, 1851. He joined theSociety of Jesus on
while, but some members continued to support it.
July 30, 1890 and went to the Philippines in 1894.
The aims remained the same, but it was agreed that
Moreover, he was one ofthe Jesuit priests who
all should contribute toward the support of La
visited Rizal’s last hours in Fort Santiago and claimed According to Fr. Balaguer,Rizal found the first
that he managed topersuade Rizal to denounce template unacceptable because it was too long and
masonry and return to the Catholic fold. In 1917 its language and stylewere not reflective of his
when he hadreturned to Spain, an affidavit personality. So Fr. Balaguer withdrew it and offered
executed that proves he was who solemnized the the shorter one. Rizal did not sign it right away
marriage of JoseRizal and Josephine Bracken. because he was uncomfortable with the statement
“I abominateMasonry as a society reprobated by
Rafael Palma was born on October 24, 1874. He was
the Church.” Rizal wanted to emphasize that
a Filipino politician, lawyer, writer,educator and a
PhilippineMasonry was not hostile to Catholicism
famous freemason. Additionally, he became the
and that Masonry in London did not require its
fourth President of the Universityof the Philippines.
membersto renounce their faith. The Jesuits
He was later elected as senator under the
allowed Rizal to revise the retraction template, and
Nacionalista Party, consistentlyrepresenting the 4th
his finalversion read, “I abominate Masonry as the
District, in both the 1916 and 1919 senatorial polls.
enemy of the Church and reprobated by the
Furthermore, he was theauthor of Biografia de Rizal,
sameChurch” (Cavanna 1956, 9). After making other
a work on the life of the national hero which won a
minor changes to the draft, Rizal together with
literary contestin 1938 sponsored by the
Señor Fresno, chief of the picket, and Señor Moure,
Commonwealth Government. The story of Rizal’s
adjutant of the plaza signed the retractionletter
alleged retraction isfound in chapter 32 and 33 with
before midnight. After which, Fr. Balaguer handed it
his analysis in the latter chapter.
over to Fr. Pi, who in turn submitted itto Archbishop
Dr. Jose Rizal was arrested, tried, and sentenced to Bernardino Nozaleda.
death by a Spanish court martial afterbeing
On the other hand, Rafael Palma, a
implicated as a leader of the Philippine Revolution.
prominent Mason, disputed the veracity of
On December 30, 1896, accounts existthat Rizal
thedocument of the alleged retraction because it
allegedly retracted his masonic ideals and his
did not reflect Rizal’s true character and beliefs.
writings reconverted to Catholicismfollowing several
Heregarded the resurrected retraction story as a
hours of persuasion by the Jesuit priests. A few
“pious fraud”. Where, according to his analysis,
hours before he was shot, Rizalsigned a document
theretraction of Rizal was hearsay with the following
stating that he was a Catholic and retracted all his
reasons: First, the documents of retractionwere kept
writings against the churchand the document were
secret so that no one except the authorities was
as “The Retraction”. Moreover, Rizal’s retraction
able to see it that time. Secondly, whenthe family
letter was discoveredby Father Manuel Garcia, C.M.
of Rizal ask for the original copy of the
in 1935 at the Catholic hierarchy’s archive in Manila.
document as well as the certificate ofcanonical
The letter,dated December 29, 1896. According to
marriage with Josephine Bracken, bot petitions
Fr. Balaguer, he and Fr. Vilaclara arrived in Rizal’s
were denied. Third, Rizal’s burial waskept secret, in
prison cell around 10o’clock in the morning on
spite of what Rizal meant to the Filipinos and of
December 29, 1896. He mentioned in his letter and
what his conversion meant, nomasses were said for
affidavit that theirencounter with Rizal started with
his soul or funeral held by Catholics.
a discussion of some articles of Catholic faith. They
Notwithstanding that Rizal wasreconciled with the
debated onissues such as the supremacy of faith
church, he was not buried in the Catholic cemetery
over reason and the dogmatic differences that
of Paco but in the ground,without any cross or stone
dividedCatholics and Protestants. They explained to
to mark his grave. And, in the entry of the entry in
him that they could not administer the
the book of burialsof the interment of Rizal’s body is
sacramentshe needed without him signing a
not made on the page those buried on December
retraction letter and making a profession of faith.
30, 1896,instead he was considered among persons
The two Jesuits left Rizal’s prison around lunchtime,
died impenitent with no spiritual aid. Lastly, there
with Rizal still undecided over whether to sign the
wasno moral motive for the conversion.
retraction letter or not. The Jesuits went straight to
the archbishop’s palace and informed theirsuperiors To conclude, whether or not Jose Rizal
of what had transpired during their first meeting retracted, the researchers believe that
with Rizal. Frs. Balaguer and Vilaclarareturned to theretraction document was more of Rizal
Rizal around 3 o’clock in the afternoon and tried taking a moral courage to recognize his
until sunset to persuade him torecant. They were mistakes.Perhaps it may be true that he retracted
still not able to convince him to sign the retraction and reverted to his faith, but this does not
document. Their thirdmeeting with Rizal took place diminishRizal’s stature as a great hero with such
at 10 o’clock that night, and it was during this greatness. As mentioned the documentary entitled
meeting that theyshowed Rizal the two retraction “AngBayaning Third World”, Joel Torre’s
templates Fr. Pi had given them. impersonation of Rizal told the time travellers that
whetherhe retracted or not, it does change what he
has already done and what his writings have study of literary forms, themes, and literary
alreadyachieved. Furthermore, former Senator Jose techniques. This expertise can be
Diokno once stated, "Surely whether Rizal died as particularly valuable when examining Rizal's
aCatholic or an apostate adds or detracts nothing novels, poetry, and essays.
from his greatness as a Filipino. Catholic orMason,  Literature educators are skilled in
Rizal is still Rizal - the hero who courted interpreting and teaching literary texts,
death "to prove to those who deny which can enhance students' understanding
ourpatriotism that we know how to die for our duty of Rizal's writings and their literary
and our beliefs". significance.

Ultimately, the choice between a social studies or

literature major to teach about Rizal may depend on
the specific course objectives, curriculum, and the
emphasis placed on historical, cultural, or literary
aspects. In some cases, a combination of both
perspectives may be ideal, with collaboration
between social studies and literature educators to
provide a comprehensive and multidimensional
understanding of Rizal's life, works, and their
historical and cultural context.

Moreover, the qualifications, teaching experience,

and pedagogical skills of the individual educators
should also be taken into account when selecting
the most suitable candidate to teach about Jose
Rizal. The ability to engage students, promote
critical thinking, and convey the significance of
Rizal's contributions to Philippine history and
culture is essential regardless of the academic
background of the teacher.

Who is more eligible to teach rizal, social studies or How do we preserve rizal's heritage?
literature major?
Preserving Jose Rizal's heritage is important not only
Both social studies and literature majors can be for honoring the national hero of the Philippines but
eligible to teach about Jose Rizal, but the choice of also for maintaining a connection to the country's
the most suitable candidate may depend on various history, culture, and values. Here are several ways to
factors, including the specific course or context in help preserve Rizal's heritage:
which Rizal's life and works are being taught. Here
 Maintain Historical Sites: Protect and
are some considerations:
maintain historical sites associated with
Social Studies Major: Rizal's life and activities, such as his
birthplace in Calamba, his home in Dapitan,
 A social studies major typically has a
and Rizal Park in Manila. These sites should
broader background in various social
be conserved and made accessible for
sciences, including history, geography,
educational and cultural purposes.
political science, sociology, and economics.
 Museums and Exhibitions: Establish and
This multidisciplinary approach can be
support museums and exhibitions dedicated
beneficial when teaching Rizal's historical
to Rizal. These institutions can house Rizal's
and socio-political context.
personal belongings, writings, and artifacts
 Social studies educators may be well-
related to his life and times. Regularly
equipped to provide a comprehensive
update and improve these exhibits to keep
understanding of the historical events,
them engaging and informative.
societal structures, and political dynamics
 Educational Programs: Promote Rizal's
during Rizal's time, which is crucial for
legacy through educational programs in
contextualizing his life and works.
schools and universities. Incorporate his
Literature Major: writings, ideals, and contributions to
Philippine history and culture into the
 A literature major has a specialized curriculum. Encourage students to study his
knowledge of literary analysis, including the works and learn about his life.
 Scholarships and Research Grants: Create Preserving Rizal's heritage requires a concerted
scholarships and research grants in Rizal's effort from government agencies, educational
name to support students and scholars institutions, cultural organizations, and the broader
interested in studying his life, works, and community. By actively promoting his legacy and
the historical period in which he lived. ensuring that his values and contributions are
Encourage academic research and passed down to future generations, Rizal's heritage
publications related to Rizal. can continue to inspire and shape the Philippines
 Public Lectures and Seminars: Organize and its people.
public lectures, seminars, and workshops
NOLI ME TANGERE
that explore various aspects of Rizal's life
and contributions. Invite scholars, "Noli Me Tangere" is a novel written by Jose Rizal,
historians, and experts to share their the national hero of the Philippines. The title "Noli
insights and research findings. Me Tangere" is Latin, and it translates to "Touch Me
 Cultural Events and Celebrations: Celebrate Not" in English. The novel was published in 1887
Rizal Day (December 30) and his birthday and is considered one of Rizal's most important
(June 19) with cultural events, parades, and literary works. Here are key details about "Noli Me
ceremonies that highlight his importance to Tangere":
Philippine history. Encourage artistic
Plot and Themes:
performances, exhibits, and competitions
related to Rizal. "Noli Me Tangere" is a social and political novel that
 Publication and Distribution: Continue exposes the injustices, abuses, and corruption of
publishing and distributing Rizal's writings, Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines during the
including his novels, essays, and poems, in late 19th century.
various formats and languages. Make these
works widely available in libraries, The novel follows the story of Juan Crisóstomo
bookstores, and online platforms. Ibarra, a young Filipino who returns to the
 Monuments and Statues: Maintain and Philippines after studying in Europe. He seeks to
protect statues and monuments of Rizal, improve the lives of his countrymen and address the
which can be found throughout the issues he witnessed while abroad.
Philippines and in various countries around Through the characters and events in the novel,
the world. Ensure that these monuments Rizal explores themes such as colonial oppression,
are well-preserved and respected. social inequality, religious hypocrisy, and the
 Civic Engagement: Encourage civic struggle for justice and reform.
engagement and community service in the
spirit of Rizal's values and ideals. Support
initiatives that address social issues and Characters:
promote positive change, as Rizal did during
his lifetime.  Juan Crisóstomo Ibarra: The protagonist and
 Cultural Promotion: Promote Filipino a representation of Rizal's own aspirations
culture, arts, and language in line with for reform and social justice.
Rizal's advocacy for national identity.  Maria Clara: A central character and Ibarra's
Support cultural organizations and activities love interest, Maria Clara embodies the
that celebrate Philippine heritage. innocence and suffering of the Filipino
 International Collaboration: Collaborate people.
with international institutions and  Padre Damaso: A corrupt and tyrannical
organizations to raise awareness of Rizal's friar, Padre Damaso represents the abusive
legacy on the global stage. Encourage religious authority in the Philippines.
cultural exchanges, exhibitions, and  Elias: A symbolic character who represents
partnerships with countries where Rizal the oppressed Filipino people and their
lived and had an impact. aspirations for freedom.
 Awareness Campaigns: Launch awareness  Sisa: A tragic figure who symbolizes the
campaigns through media, social media, suffering and abuse endured by Filipinos
and public events to educate Filipinos and under Spanish colonial rule.
people around the world about the
Impact and Significance:
significance of Rizal's contributions to
Philippine history and the ideals he stood "Noli Me Tangere" had a profound impact on
for. Philippine society and history. It exposed the abuses
of the Spanish colonial authorities and the friars,
sparking awareness and outrage among Filipinos.
The novel inspired the formation of nationalist  Padre Florentino: A wise and compassionate
movements and played a crucial role in the priest who plays a significant role in the
Philippine Revolution against Spanish rule. novel, Padre Florentino represents the voice
of moral conscience and hope for change.
Rizal's work is considered a cornerstone of
Philippine literature and is often studied for its Impact and Significance:
historical, cultural, and literary significance.
"El Filibusterismo" is considered a powerful critique
The characters and themes of "Noli Me Tangere" of Spanish colonial rule and a call to action. It
continue to be relevant and resonate with Filipinos portrays the frustration and anger of Filipinos who
as they reflect the enduring struggle for social yearn for justice and independence.
justice and national identity.
The novel contributed to the awakening of national
"Noli Me Tangere" is the first of Rizal's two novels, consciousness and the push for reform and
with "El Filibusterismo" serving as the sequel. revolution in the Philippines.
Together, these novels are regarded as powerful
Like "Noli Me Tangere," "El Filibusterismo" is a
literary and political works that contributed to the
classic of Philippine literature and is often studied
awakening of Filipino national consciousness and
for its historical, cultural, and literary significance.
the eventual quest for independence from Spanish
colonial rule. The characters and themes of the novel continue to
resonate with Filipinos, as they reflect the ongoing
EL FILIBUSTERISMO
struggle for social justice and national identity.
"El Filibusterismo," written by Jose Rizal, is a novel
Together with "Noli Me Tangere," "El Filibusterismo"
and the sequel to his earlier work, "Noli Me
played a vital role in the lead-up to the Philippine
Tangere." Like its predecessor, "El Filibusterismo" is
Revolution against Spanish colonial rule. The works
a significant literary and political work that critiques
of Jose Rizal continue to be celebrated and studied
the abuses of Spanish colonial rule in the
for their contributions to Philippine history and
Philippines. Here are key details about "El
literature.
Filibusterismo":
MI ULTIMO ADIOS
Plot and Themes:
"Mi Último Adiós," also known as "My Last
"El Filibusterismo" was published in 1891 and
Farewell" in English, is a poem written by Dr. Jose
continues the story of the Philippines under Spanish
Rizal, the national hero of the Philippines. It was
colonial rule.
written on the eve of his execution on December 30,
The novel follows the character of Simoun, who is 1896, and is considered one of his most important
revealed to be Crisóstomo Ibarra, the protagonist literary works. "Mi Último Adiós" reflects Rizal's
from "Noli Me Tangere." Simoun has returned to the farewell and his deep love for his country, as well as
Philippines under a new identity and is planning a his acceptance of his impending martyrdom.
revolution against the Spanish colonial authorities.

The novel explores themes such as social injustice,

oppression, corruption, and the desire for change. It
portrays the harsh realities faced by Filipinos during
the late 19th century.

Characters:

 Simoun (Crisóstomo Ibarra): The central

character of "El Filibusterismo," Simoun is
depicted as a wealthy jeweler and a
mastermind behind a plot to incite a
revolution against the colonial regime.
 Basilio: A character from "Noli Me Tangere,"
Basilio becomes a key figure in "El
Filibusterismo." He is portrayed as a young
medical student who is drawn into Simoun's
plans.
 Sisa: Another character from "Noli Me
Tangere," Sisa's tragic story continues in the
sequel, illustrating the continued suffering
of the Filipino people.