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Differentiation 01

This document provides an introduction to differentiation, including: 1) Calculating the derivative of a function to determine the slope of its tangent line at a given point. 2) Rules for differentiating common functions like power functions using the constant, sum, and difference rules. 3) How to take first and second order derivatives and interpret their meaning. Examples are provided to demonstrate differentiating functions and applying the rules of differentiation.

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10 views

Differentiation 01

This document provides an introduction to differentiation, including: 1) Calculating the derivative of a function to determine the slope of its tangent line at a given point. 2) Rules for differentiating common functions like power functions using the constant, sum, and difference rules. 3) How to take first and second order derivatives and interpret their meaning. Examples are provided to demonstrate differentiating functions and applying the rules of differentiation.

Uploaded by

eggbraganca
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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D I F F E R E N T I AT I O N - 1

KHURSHID ALAM
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

• Estimate the derivative of a function by measuring the slope of a tangent.


• Differentiate power functions.
• Use the constant rule to differentiate a function of the form cf(x).
• Use the sum rule to differentiate a function of the form f(x) + g(x).
• Use the difference rule to differentiate a function of the form f(x) - g(x).
• Evaluate and interpret second-order derivatives.

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GRADIENT OF A STRAIGHT LINE
VS GRADIENT OF A CURVE

Gradient of a straight line is fixed throughout


the straight line.
𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒄

Gradient(Slope)

Gradient of a curve varies along the curve.

3
GRADIENT OF A
CURVE
The gradient of a curve at a point is
the gradient of the tangent at that
point.

What is a tangent?
A tangent is a straight line which
passes through a point on a curve and
which just touches the curve.

4
HOW TO CALCULATE GRADIENT OF A CURVE
𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 NOTE: The process of


finding the derivative
𝒅𝒚 function is called
= gradient of the tangent to a curve at a given point differentiation.
𝒅𝒙

𝒅𝒚
If 𝒚 = 𝒙𝒏 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 = 𝒏𝒙𝒏−𝟏
𝒅𝒙

If 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝒏 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝒇′(𝒙) = 𝒏𝒙𝒏−𝟏

5
EXAMPLE
Solution
Differentiate 𝑑𝑦
a) = 4𝑥 3
𝑑𝑥
a) 𝑦 = 𝑥 4
1
b) 𝑦 = 𝑥 −4
b) 𝑦 = 𝑥4 𝑑𝑦 4
−5
= −4𝑥 = − 5
c) 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
1
d) 𝑦 = 𝑥 c) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2

𝑑𝑦 1 −1 1
= 𝑥 2=
𝑑𝑥 2 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
d) = 1𝑥 1−1 = 1𝑥 0 = 1 1 = 1
𝑑𝑥

6
RULES OF DIFFERENTIATION

• The constant rule


• The sum rule
• The difference rule

7
THE CONSTANT RULE

𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 𝑛 Differentiate the function and multiply by the constant


𝑑𝑦
= 𝑐(𝑛)𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥

𝑦=𝑐 Constants differentiate to zero


𝑑𝑦
=0
𝑑𝑥

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THE CONSTANT RULE

Differentiate: 𝑦 = 4𝑥 3 Differentiate: 𝑦 = 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= 4 3 𝑥 2 = 12𝑥 2 =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

9
THE SUM RULE
THE DIFFERENCE RULE
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑐𝑥 𝑚
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑐 𝑛 𝑥 𝑛−1 + 𝑐(𝑚)𝑥 𝑚−1 Differentiate each function separately
𝑑𝑥

𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 𝑛 − 𝑐𝑥 𝑚
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑐 𝑛 𝑥 𝑛−1 − 𝑐(𝑚)𝑥 𝑚−1
𝑑𝑥

10
THE SUM RULE
THE DIFFERENCE RULE
Differentiate: 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 3 Differentiate: 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 10
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= 3𝑥 2 + 0 = 3𝑥 2 = 3𝑥 2 + 14𝑥 − 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Differentiate: 𝑦 = 𝑥 5 − 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦
= 5𝑥 4 − 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥

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FIRST-ORDER DERIVATIVE
SECOND-ORDER DERIVATIVE
𝑑𝑦 First-Order derivative
𝑓′ 𝑥 𝑜𝑟
𝑑𝑥

𝑑2 𝑦 Second-Order derivative
𝑓 ′′ 𝑥 𝑜𝑟
𝑑𝑥 2
Differentiated twice in succession

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FIRST-ORDER DERIVATIVE
SECOND-ORDER DERIVATIVE
Find the second-order derivative of the function:

1
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥7 +
𝑥
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 7𝑥 6 − 𝑥 −2
𝑓 ′′ 𝑥 = 7 6 𝑥 5 − −2 𝑥 −3 = 42𝑥 5 + 2𝑥 −3

13

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