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Lecture 10

This document discusses the equivalent circuit model of a transformer. It notes five main imperfections that must be accounted for: copper losses, leakage flux, magnetization current, hysteresis losses, and eddy current losses. Each imperfection can be modeled by a circuit element (resistor or inductor). Together these make up the full equivalent circuit model, which can be referred to either the primary or secondary side. Approximate models are also discussed that simplify the full model by neglecting small elements like the excitation branch, for cases where this approximation does not cause serious errors.

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26 views14 pages

Lecture 10

This document discusses the equivalent circuit model of a transformer. It notes five main imperfections that must be accounted for: copper losses, leakage flux, magnetization current, hysteresis losses, and eddy current losses. Each imperfection can be modeled by a circuit element (resistor or inductor). Together these make up the full equivalent circuit model, which can be referred to either the primary or secondary side. Approximate models are also discussed that simplify the full model by neglecting small elements like the excitation branch, for cases where this approximation does not cause serious errors.

Uploaded by

muhammadarsalank01
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Electric Machines

The Equivalent Circuit of Transformer

The losses that occur in real transformers have to be accounted


for in any accurate model of transformer behavior.

1. Copper losses.

2. Leakage f1ux.

3. Magnetization Current.

4. Hysteresis losses.

5. Eddy current losses.


lt is possible to construct an equivalent circuit that takes into account all
the major imperfections in real transformers.

Each major imperfection is considered in turn, and its effect is included in


the transformer model
Copper losses

Copper losses are resistive losses in the primary and secondary


windings of the transformer core.

They are modeled by placing a resistor Rp in the primary circuit of the


transformer and a resistor Rs in the secondary circuit.
2. Leakage f1ux.

Since much of the leakage flux path is through air, and since air has a constant
reluctance much higher than the core reluctance, the flux is directly proportional
to the primary circuit current ip

Leakage flux will be modeled by primary and secondary inductors.


3. Magnetization Current.

The magnetization current Im is a current proportional (in the unsaturated


region) to the voltage applied to the core and lagging the applied voltage by
90,
so it can be modeled by a reactance XM connected across the primary
voltage source

4. Hysteresis and eddy current losses.

The core- loss current is a current proportional to the voltage applied to the core
that is in phase with the applied voltage,
so it can be modeled by a resistance Rc connected across the primary voltage
source.

Why the elements forming the excitation branch are placed inside the primary
resistance Rp and the primary inductance Lp. ?
This is because the voltage actually applied to the core is really equal
to the input voltage less the internal voltage drops of the winding.
Although Figure is an accurate model of a transformer, it is not a very
useful one.

To analyze practical circuits containing transformers, it is normally


necessary to convert the entire circuit to an equivalent circuit at a
single voltage level.

Therefore, the equivalent circuit must be referred either to its


primary side or to its secondary side in problem solutions
Figure is the equivalent circuit of the transformer referred to its primary
side
Figure is the equivalent circuit referred to its secondary side.
Approximate Equivalent Circuits of a Transformer

One of the principal complaints about equivalent circuits is that the excitation
branch of the model adds another node to the circuit being analyzed, making the
circuit solution more complex than necessary.

The excitation branch has a very small current compared to the load current of
the transformers. In fact, it is so small that under normal circumstances
it causes a completely negligible voltage drop in Rp and Xp.

The excitation branch is simply moved to the front of the transformer, and the
primary and secondary impedances are left in series with each other.

These impedances are just added, creating the approximate equivalent circuits
Approximate Equivalent Circuits of a Transformer
In some applications, the excitation branch may be neglected
entirely without causing serious error. In these cases, the equivalent
circuit of the transformer reduces to the simple circuits in Figure

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