REG NO: ………………………………………. NAME: ………………………………………………....

.
DEPARTMENT: …………………………......... SESSION: ……………… DATE: …………………..

EXPERIMENT 1A – THE USE OF VERNIER CALIPERS

APARATUS: Vernier caliper, glass measuring cylinder, meter rule
METHOD: Close the jaws of the calipers and record the zero error, (if any). Measure the length or
depth of the material provided, inner and outer diameter of the glass cylinder at three
different places and find their average.

Exp 1A: Set up

Object 1: Inner Diameter ( ) of a Test tube

No of Reading Main scale Reading (cm) Vernier Reading (cm) Diameter (cm)
1
2
3

Object 2: Outer Diameter ( ) of a Test tube

No of Reading Main scale Reading (cm) Vernier Reading (cm) Length (cm)
1
2
3

1
CALCULATION: (i) Thickness of the glass __________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

__________________________________________

(ii) Volume of the cylinder V =

______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________

State two precautions taken to ensure accurate results.

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

CONCLUSION:
________________________________________________________________________

WORKSHEET
____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________
2
 REG NO: ………………………………………. NAME: ………………………………………………....

DEPARTMENT: …………………………......... SESSION: ……………… DATE: …………………..

EXPERIMENT 1B – THE USE OF MICROMETER SCREW GAUGE

AIM: To measure the diameter of the given wire by a screw gauge

APPARATUS: Micrometer screw gauge, wire, meter rule.

METHOD: Turn the head of the screw until the gap is fully closed. Record the zero error ( ), if any.
Gently grip the wire between the two jaws and take the reading first on the main scale (M)
and then on the Vernier scale (V). Also record the total reading as [R = M + V]. This gives
diameter of the material after estimating zero error. Measure the diameter of the same
material in two (2) other places and find the average. Repeat the procedure for other
materials provided.

Exp 1B: Set up

MEASUREMENTS OF DIAMETER OF A WIRE:

Zero error = ________________________________________________________________________

Least count = ________________________________________________________________________

No of Reading Pitch Scale Reading Head Scale Reading Diameter d (mm)

(mm) (mm)
1
2
3

3
Mean diameter of wire d = ______________________________________________________________

Length of the wire measured by meter rule L = ______________________________________________

Radius of wire r = _____________________________________________________________________

Volume of the wire V = r2 L = __________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

State two precautions taken to ensure accurate results.

(i) _________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

(ii) _________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

WORKSHEET
____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________
4
 REG NO: ………………………………………. NAME: ………………………………………………....

DEPARTMENT: …………………………......... SESSION: ……………… DATE: …………………..

EXPERIMENT 2 - DETERMINATION OF ELASTIC CONSTANT OF A

MATERIAL
APPARATUS: You are provided with two meter rules, two knife edges, optical pin, a known mass and
other necessary apparatus.

Exp 2: Set up

(i) Affix the optical pin at the 50 cm mark of one of the metre rules supplied, with a sellotape/ plasticie.
(ii) Place the rule horizontally on the knife edges such that the knife edges are at the 5 cm and 95 cm
marks. Record the distance D between knife edges and keep it constant.
(iii) Mount the other metre rule vertically with the retort stand and clamp and place it close to the pin to
measure the depressions of the metre rule when the weight M is suspended at its mid-point.
(iv) Read and record the position ℎ0 of the pointer on the vertically mounted metre rule, with no weight
suspended on the horizontal metre rule.
(v) Suspend M =100 g at the midpoint of the metre rule. And read and record the new position of the
pointer ℎ𝑖 . Determine the depression of the metre rule 𝐻 = |ℎ𝑖 − ℎ0 | and evaluate log H. Repeat the
procedure with the value of M = 200, 300, 400 and 500 g. Each time read and record the value of ℎ𝑖 .
In each case, evaluate H, log H, and F = mg. [10𝑚𝑠 −2 ]. Tabulate your readings

READINGS:
______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________
5
Slope (S) of the Graph: 𝐾𝐻𝐷
(ii) 𝐹 = 𝑎𝑏𝑊. Deduce the value of 𝐾 from the
________________________________________
graph. Where W = weight of the rule, a = width of
________________________________________ the rule, b = thickness of the rule, K = elastic
constant
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________

________________________________________
The intercept, C on the vertical axis
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
Evaluation: (i) 𝑌 = ½𝑆 −1 𝐶 2 .
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________

________________________________________ State two precautions taken to ensure accurate

________________________________________ results.

________________________________________ ________________________________________

________________________________________ ________________________________________

________________________________________ ________________________________________

________________________________________ ________________________________________

6
Questions Explain whether the plotted obeys Ohm’s law or
not. Give reason to support your answer
(i) If the meter rule is pressed down through ________________________________________
distance 12cm at the center C when a mass of 50 g
is placed on C and then release, calculate the speed ________________________________________
at which the mass will move with. Note; the rule
________________________________________
elastic constant is determined from the graph
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________

7
 REG NO: ………………………………… NAME: ………………………………………………......

DEPARTMENT: ………………………… SESSION: ……………… DATE: ……………………

Graph: Plot a graph with H on the vertical axis and F on the horizontal axis

8
 REG NO: ………………………………… NAME: ………………………………………………......

DEPARTMENT: ………………………… SESSION: ……………… DATE: ……………………

EXPERIMENT 3A – VERIFICATION OF HOOKE’S LAW

AIM: To verify Hooke’s Law and to determine the extension per unit mass of load.
APPARATUS: Spiral spring, stand and clamps, meter or half meter rule, slotted weights and hanger or
scale pan, unknown mass Q and weights.

Exp 3: Set up

METHOD:
Suspend the spiral spring vertically from support and attach the slot weights to the hanger. Clamp the meter
rule vertically alongside the spring so that a small pointer of pin attached to the spring move lightly against
the meter-rule.
Record the matching of the pointer and the weight attached to the spring. Increases the load by successive
increments of weight provided, and records the pointer reading each time. Take about 5 such readings before
the string stretch to more than double of its original length and tabulate your reading.

READINGS:
______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________
9
Slope (S) of the Graph: State two precautions taken to obtain accurate
________________________________________ result
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________

________________________________________ Questions:
(i) A force of 40N at the end of a wire of length 4m
________________________________________ and diameter 2mm process and extension of
024mm. calculate the stress and Young’s modulus
________________________________________ for the material of the wire
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
The intercept, C on the vertical axis
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
Deduction
________________________________________
(i) Find and record the extension P produced when
the unknown mass Q is suspended in the spring and ________________________________________
determine from the graph the value of mass Q.
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________

________________________________________ (ii) A body in circular motion performs 30

oscillations in 6s. Calculate its angular speed?
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________

10
 REG NO: ………………………………… NAME: ………………………………………………......

DEPARTMENT: ………………………… SESSION: ……………… DATE: ……………………

GRAPH: Plots graph of tension (T) in spring against extension (e).

11
 REG NO: ……………………………………… NAME: ………………………………………………......

DEPARTMENT: ……………………………… SESSION: ……………… DATE: ……………………

EXPERIMENT 5 – OSCILATORY MOTION OF A CANTILEVER

AIM: To determine Young Modulus by a vibrating loaded cantilever
APPARATUS: You are provided with a uniform metre rule on which a mass M is firmly attached at B,
the 95cm mark of the metre rule G-clamp and other necessary apparatus.

Exp 5: Set up

Method:

(i) Clamp the loaded metre rule to the edge of the table at 5cm mark as shown in the diagram above.
Ensure the metre rule is capable of performs oscillatory motion
(ii) Determine and record the distance D between the edge of the table.
(iii) Deflect the ruler slightly and release so that it performs vertical oscillation.
(iv) Measure and record the time for 10 complete oscillations.
(v) Determine the period T of the oscillation
(vi) Repeat the procedure with the loaded metre rule clamped to the edge of the table at 10, 15, 20 and
25cm marks respectively. In each case, determine and record the corresponding values of D and t.
Evaluate T, 𝑇 2 and 𝐷3 . Tabulate your readings in the space provided below.

Theory: the depression S is due to the load W at the end of cantilever length D
𝑊𝐷 3
Thus: 𝑆 = . Where I is the moment of inertial and E is the Young Modulus. Considering the strain, the
3𝐼𝐸
3𝐼𝐸𝑆 3𝐼𝐸𝑆
force, W is given by: 𝑊 = but 𝑀𝑆̈ = − 𝐷3
𝐷3
𝑀𝐷 3 4𝜋 2 𝑀𝐷 3
For the Period of Simple Harmonics motion: 𝑇 = 2𝜋√ 3𝐼𝐸 ∴ 𝑇2 = . For the rectangular cross
3𝐼𝐸
𝑏𝑑3 16𝜋 2 𝑀𝐷 3 16𝜋 2 𝑀𝐷 3 16𝜋 2 𝑀 𝐷 3
section beam, 𝐼 = ∴ 𝑇2 = ∴ 𝐸= = (𝑇2 )
12 𝑏𝑑3 𝐸 𝑏𝑑3 𝑇 2 𝑏𝑑3
𝐷3 16𝜋 2 𝑀
But the slope (m) of the graph is: 𝑚 = ∴ 𝐸= 𝑚
𝑇2 𝑏𝑑3
12
READINGS:
______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

Slope (S) of the Graph: Evaluation:

________________________________________
𝑊𝐷 3
(i) Given that 𝑇 = 2𝜋√𝑎𝑏3 𝐸; deduce the value of 𝐸
________________________________________
from the graph. Where W = weight of the rule, a =
________________________________________ width of the rule, b = thickness of the rule, E =
Young’s modulus
________________________________________

________________________________________ ________________________________________

________________________________________ ________________________________________

________________________________________ ________________________________________

________________________________________ ________________________________________

________________________________________
State two precautions taken to ensure accurate
results. ________________________________________

________________________________________ ________________________________________

________________________________________ ________________________________________

________________________________________ ________________________________________

________________________________________ ________________________________________

________________________________________ ________________________________________

13
________________________________________ Questions

________________________________________ (i) State two functions of the mass M placed on

the metre rule
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
(ii) From your graph, determine the value of t in
seconds when 𝐷3 = 5.5 × 105 ________________________________________
________________________________________

________________________________________ (ii) What happen to the period if the body M is

replaced by a larger or a smaller body?
________________________________________ ________________________________________
________________________________________ ________________________________________
________________________________________ ________________________________________
________________________________________ ________________________________________
________________________________________ ________________________________________
________________________________________ ________________________________________
________________________________________ ________________________________________
________________________________________ ________________________________________
________________________________________ ________________________________________
________________________________________ ________________________________________
________________________________________ ________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________

14
 REG NO: ………………………………… NAME: ………………………………………………......

DEPARTMENT: ………………………… SESSION: ……………… DATE: ……………………

Graph: Plot a graph of on the vertical axis and on the horizontal axis.

15
 REG NO: ………………………………… NAME: ………………………………………………......

DEPARTMENT: ………………………… SESSION: ……………… DATE: ……………………

EXPERIMENT 6 - OSCILLATION IN BLACKBURN PENDULUM

AIM: To measure the acceleration due to gravity by a simple pendulum
APPARATUS: You are provided with two meter rules, pendulum bulb, two retort stands, thread,
stopwatch, four split corks, clamps other necessary apparatus.

Exp 6: Set up

i. Tie each end of the piece of thread ABC about 80 cm length to a clamp of a retort stand let the space
between the retort stands be about 60 cm apart.
ii. Suspend a pendulum bob with piece of thread CD = L2 = 15cm. record the length L1 of the bifilar
thread and also L2 of the pendulum. Measure the angel ACB as . Determine and record
iii. Record the time t taken for the pendulum to make 50 oscillations in the vertical plane perpendicular
ACB. Repeat and determine the period T of the oscillation.
iv. Repeat the experiment for 4 other values of by increasing the length AB such that is approximately
equal to; . In each case, determine and record the corresponding values
of , /2, t, T, and . Tabulate your readings.

READINGS:
______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________
16
Slope (S) of the Graph: ________________________________________

________________________________________ ________________________________________

________________________________________ ________________________________________

________________________________________ ________________________________________

________________________________________ ________________________________________

________________________________________ ________________________________________

________________________________________ ________________________________________

Evaluation: ________________________________________

(i) From your graph, determine the value of t in ________________________________________

seconds when 𝜃 = 150
________________________________________ ________________________________________

________________________________________ ________________________________________

________________________________________
State two precautions taken to ensure accurate
________________________________________ results.
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
Questions

(ii) Given that: , (Why a spherical body is preferred to the body

calculate the value of using the slope and the used in above experiment?
intercept ________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________

17
 REG NO: ………………………………… NAME: ………………………………………………......

DEPARTMENT: ………………………… SESSION: ……………… DATE: ……………………

Graph: Plot a graph of on the vertical axis and on the horizontal axis

18
 REG NO: ………………………………… NAME: ………………………………………………......

DEPARTMENT: ………………………… SESSION: ……………… DATE: ……………………

EXPERIMENT 10 – TEMPERAUTRE AND HEAT

AIM: To Measure the Heating and Cooling process of a Liquid
APPARATUS: Retort stand, tripod stand, Bunsen burner, a thermometer ( ), a
beaker, water and other necessary apparatus

Exp 10: Set up

METHOD:
i. Measure and record the temperature of the surrounding air as room temperature. Also record the
temperature of the water before heating as . Heat the solid mass for 2.0 minutes
ii. Place the thermometer in a beaker half-full of water and record the temperature
iii. Gradually heat up the water and record the temperature, in every two minutes until the temperature
becomes steady at boiling point
iv. Also record the cooling temperature in every two minutes for the next 18 minutes
v. Tabulate your results to include the time, T in minutes and the corresponding heating and cooling
temperature, and respectively
vi. Record the final steady temperature ( )

19
READINGS:
_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

Slopes (S) of the Graphs: Deduction: Calculate

Slope of 𝑄𝐻 (𝑆𝑄𝐻 )
__________________________________
__________________________________

__________________________________

__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
Evaluation:
__________________________________ From your graph, determine the value of 𝜃 in
degree when 𝑡 = 300𝑠

Slope of 𝑄𝐶 (𝑆𝑄𝐶 ) __________________________________

__________________________________ __________________________________

__________________________________ __________________________________

__________________________________ __________________________________

__________________________________ __________________________________

__________________________________ __________________________________

20
State two precautions taken. (ii) Explain the anomalous behaviour of
water.
__________________________________ __________________________________
__________________________________ __________________________________
__________________________________ __________________________________
__________________________________ __________________________________
__________________________________ __________________________________

__________________________________
Questions:

__________________________________
(i) A faulty thermometer reads at lower fixed
point and at upper fixed point. Calculate
__________________________________
the temperature at which the reading will be
exactly correct when it reads 540 𝐶
(iii) State two reasons why your laboratory
__________________________________ thermometer is very sensitive to a little
change of temperature?
__________________________________ __________________________________

__________________________________ __________________________________

__________________________________ __________________________________

__________________________________ __________________________________

__________________________________ __________________________________

__________________________________ __________________________________

__________________________________ State your conclusion

__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________

21
 REG NO: ………………………………… NAME: ………………………………………………......

DEPARTMENT: ………………………… SESSION: ……………… DATE: ……………………

Graph: On a single graph, plot and against

22
 REG NO: ………………………………… NAME: ………………………………………………......

DEPARTMENT: ………………………… SESSION: ……………… DATE: ……………………

EXPERIMENT 11 – HEAT CAPACITY

AIM: To determine the heat capacity of a calorimeter by the method of mixtures.
APPARATUS: Thick calorimeter fitted with felt jacket, 2 Thermometers (10-100OC), Heater
Beaker, water.

Exp 11: Set up

METHOD: Find the mass of the calorimeter empty and dry (m). Put the calorimeter inside the jacket
and record its temperature (t1). Heat some water in a baker to about 60O (t2) and quickly
pour the water into the calorimeter to about one third of its depth. Stir continuously.
Record the maximum steady temperature (t3) reached by the calorimeter and water.
Weigh the calorimeter plus water after cooling down (M)

OBRSRVATION:
Mass of empty calorimeter (m) = __________________________________________ g
Initial temperature of calorimeter (t1) = _____________________________________ OC
Initial steady temperature of hot water (t2) = _________________________________ OC
Steady temperature reached by calorimeter + water (t3) = _______________________ OC
Mass of calorimeter + water (M) = _________________________________________ g
CALCULATIONS:
Let the heat capacity of calorimeter be C JK
Heat gained by calorimeter = heat capacity x rise in temperatures = C (t3 – t2)
Heat lost by water = (M-m) c (t2-t3)
Assuming no heat exchange between calorimeter and its surroundings, then

23
Heat gained by calorimeter = heat lost by water. C (t3-t2) = (M-m) (t2-t3)
Given that sp heat capacity of water c = 4200JK g K = 4.2 j g-1 K-1
-1 -1

Therefore, one can calculate C from the above equation i.e C = (M-m)(t2-t3) / (t3-t2)
CONCLUSION:
The heat capacity of a body is equal to its mass x the specific heat capacity of the body obtainable from
text. Check your result using this fact.
b(i) Define the specific heat capacity
(ii) Write down an expression that relates the quantity of heat of a body to the factors.
(i) A mass of 50g at C is transferred into 200g of water at C. assuming the heat absorbed by the
container is negligible. Calculate the final temperature of the mixture. Neglect the heat loss to the
surroundings.

WORKSHEET
____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________
24
____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________
25