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CCN Fundamentals

The document discusses different types of wireless networking modes and standards. It explains that infrastructure mode uses wireless access points to connect to a wired network, while ad-hoc mode allows direct communication between wireless devices without an access point. It also summarizes key aspects of several wireless networking standards including 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, their operating frequencies, data rates and advantages/disadvantages.

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25 views

CCN Fundamentals

The document discusses different types of wireless networking modes and standards. It explains that infrastructure mode uses wireless access points to connect to a wired network, while ad-hoc mode allows direct communication between wireless devices without an access point. It also summarizes key aspects of several wireless networking standards including 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, their operating frequencies, data rates and advantages/disadvantages.

Uploaded by

satyam142857
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Networking Fundas

Dr. Deepak C. Karia,


S.P.I.T.
WLAN LAN: Incomplete/ Infrastructure Wireless
Network

 Access point.

 Repeaters.
WLAN WLAN: Complete/Ad-hoc Wireless Network

 size of the network.

 Suited for temporary


situations such as meetings
and conferences.
What is infrastructure and ad-hoc modes in
wireless networking?

 bridges a wireless network to a  wireless devices directly


wired Ethernet network.
communicates with each
other.

 A wireless access point (AP) is  Does not require AP’s.


required for infrastructure
mode wireless networking.
Mobile communication?

 Wireless vs. mobile Examples

  stationary computer
  laptop (portable)
  wireless LAN in buildings
  Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)
What is 802.11 (Wi-fi)?

 A family of WLAN specifications developed by IEEE.

 Defines standard for WLANs using the following four


technologies:
 Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)
 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)
 Infrared (IR)
 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)

 Versions: 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11e, 802.11f,


802.11i.
802.11 - Transmission

 Most wireless LAN products operate in unlicensed radio bands

 2.4 GHz is most popular

 Available in most parts of the world

 No need for user licensing

 Most wireless LANs use spread-spectrum radio

 Resistant to interference, secured

 Two popular methods

 Frequency Hopping (FH)

 Direct Sequence (DS)


Frequency Hopping SS
 FH systems uses a radio carrier that “hops” from frequency
to frequency in a pattern known to both transmitter and
receiver
 Easy to implement
 Resistance to noise
 Limited throughput (2-3 Mbps @ 2.4 GHz)
 Types:
Direct Sequence SS
 DS systems uses a carrier that remains
fixed to a specific frequency band.

 The data signal is spread onto a much


larger range of frequencies (at a much
lower power level) using a specific
encoding scheme.
 Much higher throughput than FH (11
Mbps)
 Better range.
 Less resistant to noise (redundancy –
it transmits at least 10 fully redundant
copies of the original signal at the
same time)
802.11a

 Employs Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing


(OFDM: method of encoding digital data on multiple
carrier frequencies.)

 Offers higher bandwidth than that of 802.11b.

 Operates in the 5 GHz range.


Advantages

 Ultra-high spectrum efficiency


 5 GHz band is 300 MHz (vs. 83.5 MHz @ 2.4 GHz)
 More data can travel over a smaller amount of
bandwidth

 High speed
 Up to 54 Mbps

 Less interference
 Fewer products using the frequency
 2.4 GHz band shared by cordless phones,
microwave ovens, Bluetooth, and WLANs
Disadvantages

 Standards and Interoperability


 Standard not accepted worldwide
 No interoperability certification available
for 802.11a products
 Not compatible or interoperable with 802.11b
 Legal issues
 License-free spectrum in 5 GHz band not
available worldwide
 Market
 Beyond LAN-LAN bridging, there is limited interest for
5 GHz adoption.
 Cost
 2.4 GHz will still has >40% cost advantage.

 Range
 At equivalent power, 5 GHz range will be ~50% of 2.4
GHz.

 Power consumption
 Higher data rates and increased signal requires more
power
 OFDM is less power-efficient then DSSS.
Applications

 Building-to-building connections
 Video, audio conferencing/streaming video,
and audio
 Large file transfers, such as engineering
CAD drawings
 Faster Web access and browsing
 High worker density or high throughput scenarios
 Numerous PCs running graphics-intensive applications
802.11a vs. 802.11b

 Frequency
 802.11b transfers at 2.4 gigahertz
 802.11a transfers at 5 gigahertz

 Coverage Distance
 802.11b goes about 400 feet indoors
 802.11a goes about 60 feet indoors
 Need more access points to cover a location
 Compatible to each other?
 Not yet.
802.11g
 802.11g is a high-speed extension to 802.11b

 Compatible with 802.11b

 High speed up to 54 Mbps

 2.4 GHz (vs. 802.11a, 5 GHz)

 Using OFDM for backward compatibility.

 Pros of 802.11g - fast maximum speed; signal range is good and not
easily obstructed
 Cons of 802.11g - costs more than 802.11b; appliances may interfere
on the unregulated signal frequency.
Performance

 802.11a offers speeds with a theoretically maximum rate


of 54Mbps in the 5 GHz band

 802.11b offers speeds with a theoretically maximum rate


of 11Mbps at in the 2.4 GHz spectrum band

 802.11g is a new standard for data rates of up to a


theoretical maximum of 54 Mbps at 2.4 GHz.
Choose the right technology

 Usually IEEE 802.11b or 802.11a

 802.11b offers interoperability (WECA Wi-Fi Certification


Program)

 802.11a offers higher data rates (up to 54 mbps) ->


higher throughput per user. Limited interoperability.
Data rates
 Data rates affect range
 802.11b 1 to 11 Mbps in 4 increments
 802.11a 6 to 54 Mbps in 7 increments
 The minimum data rate must be determined at
design time
 Selecting only the highest data rate will require a
greater number of APs to cover a specific area
 Compromise between data rates and overall
system cost

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