Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering

Class Test 1 Question Paper

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Power Systems Analysis EKK 410

15 April 2021

Student's details
Name: MEMO Surname:

Student number: 007 Telephone number:

Examination information
Maximum marks: 50 Full marks: 50
Duration of paper: 1.5 hours Open / closed book: Open
Total number of pages (including this page): 7
ECSA outcome assessment
The following ECSA outcomes are explicitly assessed at developmental level in this question paper: GA 1,2 and 3
Important
• The examination regulations of the University of Pretoria apply.
• The English text of this question paper will be given precedence in the interpretation of the content.
• The departmental rules relevant to electronically graded assessments apply.

Examiners and moderator

1 Mr. L Masike 1
Internal External
examiner(s): moderator(s):
2 Dr. M. K. Mbukani 2
Section A: Theoretical Concepts [10] {18 minutes}

Question 1 [2]
State if the following statement is True or False. Give a reason for your answer in either case
to ascertain validity:
“For a network with a total of five buses, one slack bus, two PV buses and two load buses,
the size of the Jacobian matrix is 5x5.”
_____________False_________.
Reason: ________for the two PV buses there are two unknown variables of interest while for
the two load buses there are four unknown variables of interest (two for each PQ bus). Hence,
we have six unknown variables. In this way the Jacobian matrix is
6x6_________________________________________________________
Question 2 [2]
State if the following statement is True or False. Give a reason for your answer in either case
to ascertain validity:
“In addition to the slack bus, two other bus types exist in a typical power system network.
These buses are known as swing bus and reference bus.”
______False_____________.
Reason: __The two other buses are the PQ and PV
buses_______________________________________________________________
Question 3 [2]
State if the following statement is True or False. Give a reason for your answer in either case
to ascertain validity:
“Load flow studies prefer the use of Ybus over the Zbus.”
________True___________.
Reason: ___The Ybus is typically a sparse matrix and it is easy to
modify______________________________________________________________
N

Pi =  ViYinVn cos ( i −  n − in ) 

n =1
N  (1)
Qi =  ViYinVn sin ( i −  n − in ) 
n =1


2
Question 4 [1]
Name the equations shown in equation (1).
___________Static Load Flow Equations_____________________________
Question 5 [1]
What do the equations shown in equation (1) represent?
They represent the injected active and reactive powers at
bus“i”___________________________________________________
Question 6 [2]
Name two methods that one may use to solve the equations shown in Equation (1).
_____________Gauss-Seidel_________________________________________
________________Newton-Raphson__________________________________

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Section B: Network modelling [30] {54 minutes}
The single line diagram of a power system network with five buses is shown in Fig. 1. A
generator G1 is connected through a transformer at bus ‘1’. Another generator G5 is also
connected through a transformer at bus ‘5’. The equivalent impedance diagram of the network
in Fig. 1 is shown in Fig. 2 with all parameters given in per unit on a common base.

Fig. 1. Single line diagram

4
 j
Fig. 2. Impedance diagram

Question 7 [10]
Draw the equivalent admittance diagram with all line admittances clearly shown.

5
 1 mark for each correct line admittance
1/2 mark for the shunt admittance
1/2 mark for each correct current
3/2 marks for the correct diagram

1/2

1/2

1/2

1/2
1/2

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Question 8 [5]
Compute the Ybus of the network in Error! Reference source not found.. Give you answers in
rectangular form.

y11 = 𝑌𝐺1 + 𝑌1−2 + 𝑌1−3

= −0.8𝑗 + 0.2865 − 3.9793𝑗 − 4𝑗 = 0.2865 −

8.7794𝑗 = 8.784∠ − 88.130

y22 = 𝑌0−2 + 𝑌1−2 + 𝑌2−4

= 0.3571𝑗 + 0.2865 − 3.9793𝑗 + 0.4863 −

6.631𝑗 = 0.7728 − 10.2532𝑗 = 10.2823∠ − 85.690

y33 = 𝑌1−3 + 𝑌3−4 + 𝑌3−5

= −4𝑗 − 8𝑗 − 2.5𝑗 = −14.5𝑗 = 14.5∠ − 900

y44 = 𝑌3−4 + 𝑌2−4 + 𝑌4−5

= −8𝑗 + 0.2494 − 4.9875𝑗 + 0.4863 −

6.631𝑗 = 0.7356 − 19.6185𝑗 = 19.6323∠ − 87.850

y55 = 𝑌0−5 + 𝑌3−5 + 𝑌4−5

= −0.8𝑗 − 2.5𝑗 + 0.2493 − 4.9875𝑗 = 0.2493 −

8.2875𝑗 = 8.2913∠ − 88.2770

y12 = y21 = −Y1−2 = −0.2865 + 3.9794𝑗 = 3.9897∠94.120

y13 = y31 = −Y1−3 = 4𝑗 = 4∠900

y24 = y42 = −Y2−4 = −0.4863 + 6.631𝑗 = 6.649∠94.1940

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 y14 = y41 = 0

y15 = y51 = 0

y23 = y32 = 0

y34 = y43 = −Y4−3 = 8𝑗 = 8∠900

y35 = y53 = −Y3−5 = 2.5𝑗 = 2.5∠900

y52 = y25 = 0

y45 = y54 = −Y4−5 = −0.2493 + 4.9875𝑗 = 4.9937∠92.860

1/2 mark if two elements of the row are correct

1 mark if all element of the raw are correct

0.2865 −0.2865 4𝑗 0 0
− 8.7794𝑗 + 3.9794𝑗
−0.2865 0.7728 0 −0.4863 0
+ 3.9794𝑗 − 10.2532𝑗 + 6.631𝑗
4𝑗 0 −14.5𝑗 𝟖𝒋 2.5𝑗
0 −0.4863 8𝑗 0.7356 −0.2493
+ 6.631𝑗 − 19.6185𝑗 + 4.9875𝑗
0 0 2.5𝑗 −0.2493 0.2493
+ 4.9875𝑗 − 8.2875𝑗

8.784∠ 3.9897∠94.120 4∠900 0 0

− 88.130
3.9897∠94.120 10.2823∠ 0 6.649∠94.1940 0
− 85.690
4∠900 0 14.5∠ 8∠900 2.5∠900
− 900
0 6.649∠94.1940 8∠900 19.6323∠ 4.9937∠92.860
− 87.850
0 0 2.5∠900 4.9937∠92.860 8.2913∠
− 88.2770

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Question 9 [5]
If mutual coupling with a mutual impedance of 𝑍𝑀 = 𝑗0.012 exists between branches 5-4
and 5-3 in Fig. 2. Compute the elements of the building block matrix of the mutually coupled
branches.

𝑍𝑀 = 𝑗0.012

𝑍𝑎 = 𝑍5−4 = 0.01 + 0.2𝑗

𝑍𝑏 = 𝑍5−3 = 0.4𝑗

The primitive impedance matrix is given by

0.01 + 0.2j 0.012j

0.012j 0.4j

0.01 + 0.2j 0.012j −1

[ ]
0.012j 0.4j
1 𝑗0.4 −0.012𝑗
= [ ]
(0.01 + 0.2j) ∗ (0.4j) − (0.012𝑗)2 −0.012𝑗 0.01 + 0.2𝑗
1/4 1/4

0.250 − 4.9964𝑗 1/4 −0.0075 + 0.14788𝑗

=[ ]
−0.0075 + 0.14788𝑗 0.00025 − 2.5043𝑗
1/4

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Hence, the elements of the building blocks are given by

1 −1 1 −1
[ ] (0.250 − 4.9964𝑗) [ ] (−0.0075 + 0.14788𝑗)
−1 1 −1 1

1 −1 1 −1
[ ] (0.250 − 4.9964𝑗) [ ] (0.00025 − 2.5043𝑗)
−1 1 −1 1

Question 10 [10]
Compute the Zbus for the network shown in Fig. 3. All values on the network are given in per
unit. Consider the provided reactance numbering system in your computation. Give your
answers in rectangular form.

Fig. 3. Diagram for Question 10

1. Adding branch impedance (1) between new bus 1 and the reference yields

𝑍𝑏𝑢𝑠,1 = [j0.125]

2. Adding branch impedance (2) between existing bus 1 and the new bus 2 yields

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 0.125𝑗 0.125𝑗
𝑍𝑏𝑢𝑠,2 = [ ]
0.125𝑗 0.275𝑗

3. Adding branch impedance (3) between existing bus 2 and the new bus 3

𝑗0.125 𝑗0.125 𝑗0.125

𝑗0.125 0.275𝑗 0.275𝑗
𝑗0.125 0.275𝑗 0.525𝑗

4. Adding a new branch impedance (4) between existing buses 3 and 1 yields

𝑗0.125 𝑗0.125 𝑗0.125 0 1/4

𝑗0.125 0.275𝑗 0.275𝑗 0.15𝑗 1/4

𝑗0.125 0.275𝑗 0.525𝑗 0.4𝑗 1/4

0 1/4
0.15𝑗 1/4 0.4𝑗 1/4 0.55𝑗 1/2

Using Korn’s reduction, it yields

0
𝑧11(𝑛𝑒𝑤) = 0.125𝑗 − = 0.125𝑗
0.55𝑗
0.15𝑗 ∗ 0.15𝑗
𝑧22(𝑛𝑒𝑤) = 0.275𝑗 − = 0.234𝑗
0.55𝑗
0.4𝑗 ∗ 0.4𝑗
𝑧33(𝑛𝑒𝑤) = 0.525𝑗 − = 0.234𝑗
0.55𝑗
0 ∗ 0.4𝑗
𝑧12(𝑛𝑒𝑤) = 𝑧21(𝑛𝑒𝑤) = 0.125𝑗 − = 0.125𝑗
0.55𝑗
0 ∗ 0.4𝑗
𝑧13(𝑛𝑒𝑤) = 𝑧31(𝑛𝑒𝑤) = 0.125𝑗 − = 0.125𝑗
0.55𝑗

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 0.15𝑗 ∗ 0.4𝑗
𝑧23(𝑛𝑒𝑤) = 𝑧32(𝑛𝑒𝑤) = 0.275𝑗 − = 0.1659𝑗
0.55𝑗
1/2 mark for each correct element of the Zbus

0.125𝑗 0.125𝑗 0.125𝑗 1/2 mark for the right size of the Zbus

Z𝒃𝒖𝒔 = [0.125𝑗 0.234𝑗 0.1659𝑗] 5

0.125𝑗 0.1659𝑗 0.234𝑗

Section C: Load flow studies [10] {18 minutes}

A generator bus with a phasor voltage of 𝑉1 = 1.0∠50 per unit has a series impedance of
j0.125 per unit. This generator supplies a load which draws 150 MVA from a bus at a power
factor of 0.932 lagging. The power is supplied through a line with an impedance of 𝑍1−2 =
0.06 + 𝑗0.22 per unit as shown in Fig. 4. Consider a base power of 110 MVA.

Question 11 [4]
Compute the Ybus of the network in Fig. 4. Give your answers in rectangular form. [4]

y11 = 𝑌𝐺1 + 𝑌1−2

= −8𝑗 + 1.5385 − 4.2307𝑗 = 1.1538 − 12.2307𝑗 = 12.285∠ − 84.610

y22 = 𝑌1−2 = 1.15385 − 4.2307𝑗 = 4.385∠ − 74.750

y12 = y21 = −1.153855 + 4.2307𝑗 = 4.385∠105.260

1 mark for each correct element of the Ybus
1.1538 − 12.2307𝑗 −1.153855 + 4.2307𝑗
Y𝑏𝑢𝑠 =[ ]
−1.153855 + 4.2307𝑗 1.15385 − 4.2307𝑗

Question 12 [6]
Assuming a flat start for the initial value of 𝑉2 (i.e. 𝑉2 = 1.0∠00 ), Compute numerical values
of the Jacobian Matrix elements for the first iteration.

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 Fig. 4. Diagram for section C

Given that we have one PQ bus and one slack bus, there exists two unknown variables of
interest (𝑉2 , 𝛿2 ). The Jacobian matrix is therefore a 2x2 matric and given by
1/2 1/2

𝜕𝑃2 𝜕𝑃2 1/2 mark for the correct partial derivative in the Jacobian matrix

𝜕𝛿2 𝜕𝑉2
𝐽0 = 1/2
𝜕𝑄2 𝜕𝑄2 1/2
[ 𝜕𝛿2 𝜕𝑉2 ]

1/2
𝜕𝑃2 1/2

= −𝑉2 𝑉1 Y12 sin(𝛿2 − 𝛿1 − 𝜃12 ) = 4.11

𝜕𝛿2
𝜕𝑃2 1/2 1/2

= 𝑉1 Y12 cos(𝛿2 − 𝛿1 − 𝜃12 ) + 2𝑉2 Y22 cos 𝜃22 = 0.788

𝜕𝑉2
1/2
𝜕𝑄2 1/2

= 𝑉2 𝑉1 Y12 cos(𝛿2 − 𝛿1 − 𝜃12 ) = −1.518

𝜕𝛿2
𝜕𝑄2 1/2 1/2

= 𝑉1 Y12 sin(𝛿2 − 𝛿1 − 𝜃12 ) − 2𝑉2 Y22 sin 𝜃22 = 4.347

𝜕𝑉2

4.11 0.788
𝐽0 = [ ]
−1.518 4.347

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