Programming in C language

Lecture 1: introduction
Omymah sarkez
Fall_2023
 What is C?
• C is a computer programming language. That means that you can use C to
create lists of instructions for a computer to follow.
• C is a compiled language. when you write your C program, you must run it
through a C compiler to turn your program

• The form of a C program

• comments
• preprocessor commands
• functions
• declarations
• variables
• statements
 The simplest C program
# i n c l u d e < s t d i o . h> #include <stdio.h>.
This line includes the
i n t main ( void )
“standard input/otput library”
{
p r i n t f ( " Thi s i s o u t p u t f rom my f i r s t program ! \ n " ) ; int main(void).
return0; declares the main function.
}
Printf ().
Output to send output to screen
This is output from my first program! return 0.
to return an error code of 0
 The form of a C program

• program is made up of functions.

• functions are made up of statements
between {}.

• The function main() does not have to be at

the top of a program so a C program does
not necessarily start at line.
Variables
In C, there are several standard types for variables:
• int - integer (whole number) values
• float - floating point values
• char - single character values (such as “m” or “Z”)

int b ; • create a space called b that is able to hold

one integer value.
b=5 ;
• Put 5 value in b space .
printf ("%d " , b ) ; • Output is 5
 Input and output
p r i n t f ( " The t emp e r a t u r e i s " ) ;
p r i n t f ("%d " , b ) ;
1. The printf statement
printf("degrees\n");

print all of the C types with printf by Output: The temperature is 5 degrees
using different placeholders :
• int (integer values) uses %d p r i n t f ( " The t emp e r a t u r e i s %d d e g r e e s \ n " , b ) ;
• float (floating point values) uses %f Output: The temperature is 5 degrees
• char (single character values) uses %c
• character strings (arrays of p r i n t f ("%d + %d = %d \ n " , a , b , c ) ;

characters, discussed later) use%s

Output: if a = 5 b = 10 C = a + b 5 + 10 = 15
 Input and output
2. The scanf statement
# include < stdio. h>
The scanf function allows you to accept input int main ( void )
from standard in. {
s c a n f ("%d " , &a ) ; Int a , b , c ;
printf( " En t e r t h e f i r s t v a l u e : " ) ;
s c a n f ("%d " , &b ) ; scanf ("%d " , &a ) ;
printf ( " En t e r t h e s e cond v a l u e : " ) ;
• [ &] in front of a and b. This is the address scanf ("%d " , &b ) ;
operator in C. c=a+b;
• You must use the & operator in scanf on any printf ("%d + %d = %d \ n " , a , b , c ) ;
variable of type char, int, or float. return 0 ;
}
Defining Constants
• There are two simple ways in C to define constants:
1. Using #define preprocessor.
2. Using const keyword
 #define const
#include <stdio.h> #include <stdio.h>
#define LENGTH 10 int main()
#define WIDTH 5 {
#define NEWLINE '\n' const int LENGTH = 10;
int main() const int WIDTH = 5;
{ const char NEWLINE = '\n';
int area; int area;
area = LENGTH * WIDTH; area = LENGTH * WIDTH;
printf("value of area : %d", area); printf("value of area : %d", area);
printf("%c", NEWLINE); printf("%c", NEWLINE);
return 0; return 0;
} }

Output: value of area : 50

 Arithmetic Operators
operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to perform specific mathematical
or logical manipulations
A holds 10 and variable B holds 20
#include <stdio.h> Example
main()
{
int a = 21;
int b = 10; Output:
int c ;
c = a + b; Line 1 - Value of c is 31
printf("Line 1 - Value of c is %d\n", c ); Line 2 - Value of c is 11
c = a - b;
Line 3 - Value of c is 210
printf("Line 2 - Value of c is %d\n", c );
c = a * b; Line 4 - Value of c is 2
printf("Line 3 - Value of c is %d\n", c ); Line 5 - Value of c is 1
c = a / b;
Line 6 - Value of c is 21
printf("Line 4 - Value of c is %d\n", c );
c = a % b; Line 7 - Value of c is 22
printf("Line 5 - Value of c is %d\n", c );
c = a++;
printf("Line 6 - Value of c is %d\n", c );
c = a--;
printf("Line 7 - Value of c is %d\n", c );
}
Relational Operators
Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20, then:
Logical Operators
Following table shows all the logical operators supported by C language.
Assume variable A holds 1 and variable B holds 0
 Example
printf("Line 2 - Condition is true\n" );
#include <stdio.h> }
main() /* lets change the value of a and b */
a = 0;
{ b = 10;
int a = 5; if ( a && b )
int b = 20; {
printf("Line 3 - Condition is true\n" );
int c ; } Output:
if ( a && b ) else
Line 1 - Condition is true
{
{ printf("Line 3 - Condition is not true\n" ); Line 2 - Condition is true
printf("Line 1 - Condition is } Line 3 - Condition is not true
true\n" ); if ( !(a && b) ) Line 4 - Condition is true
} {
printf("Line 4 - Condition is true\n" );
if ( a || b ) }
{ }
END
Questions
• Name the six basic things which make up a C program.
• Does a C program start at the beginning? (Where is the beginning?)
ref
• C Programming Tutorial, book