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This template can be altered and personalized to fit your needs. Another result to be observed is the
increase in the received power from Scenario 1 to Scenario 2, followed by an increase in Scenario 3,
regarding the FTP service. If you haven’t found the answers to your questions, you can always
contact us and also get your aid. Finally, the output files are analysed with the use of Microsoft
Excel. The measurements performed under the scope of this work were made using the equipment
supplied by Vodafone and using its own network. Mobile communication systems are mainly
focused on offering wireless connection to its users, providing them with the services they request. It
is essential the through the separation of data into smaller. Measurement control - The source eNB
configures the UE measurement procedures. 2. Measurement report - The UE periodically sends
measurement report message to serving eNB. 3. Handover decision - The serving eNB makes the
handover decision based on the UE mea- surement reports. 4. Handover request - Once a decision is
made to handover then this message is sent to the 6 Page 13. Latency also needs to be improved, so
that user experience is enhanced and the terminal power consumption must be minimised, thus
allowing a higher usage of multimedia applications without the need to constantly recharge the
battery of the equipment. LTE-UMTS Spectrum Smart Utilization also for Communication in Smart
Grids. The primary function of the WiMAX MAC layer is to provide a effective interface between
the. Not only it increases coverage capacity but also it provides better voice quality and battery life.
This handover mechanism seems to reduce packet drop. An algorithm has been proposed, which is
used to dynamically decide upon the handover policy to be used based on the UE mobility and
signal strength from the various available cells. Explains Vertical Handover: Figure 1:
VerticalHandover Many. In case of handover execution, UE is detached from source eNB and the
packet forwarding for downlink is done through target eNB. In the first round of reductions, if after
each resource reduction users still have RBs assigned, but are not able to reach a minimum
throughput, they are guaranteed minimum throughput. In this scheme, RS used two mechanisms for
pairing with subscriber stations which are. We developed the thesis using following LTE Network
Simulators. The UE measurement reports will contains the standard measurements used for
calculating signal strength, based on these measurement report serving cell takes the handover
decision. I am deeply grateful for their support, and thankful for the unique chances they offered me.
The LTE system should attain the performance targets for 5 km of cell radius in terms of. Reviewers
and Editors Expectation in Wireless Information about channel state Must be clear The modulation
and the encoding techniques are used along with the sub carrier spacing information The considered
noise and noise level is given precisely Channel propagation and fading information must be given
Relate the proposed system with the communication standard Use the latest communication
standards rather than the old standards As far as this, the above information is about paper
publication. In case of handover execution, UE is detached from source eNB and packet forwarding
is done to target eNB through X2 bearer. At this point, the users that ended up not being served are
stored in Data2.dat, which will now serve as input for re-processing these users on the second and
third considered carrier frequencies, meaning that the allocation of RBs to each user is made firstly
for the 2600 MHz carrier, then for the 1800 MHz one and finally for the 800 MHz carrier. It is
known for a fact that for each carrier frequency, different coverage areas and throughputs are
obtained, resulting in a trade-off between both that deeply affects user experience. Using the multi-
objective optimization framework, the time used for simulation may be a little. One of those
challenges would be reducing unnecessary and frequent handovers. 7 Page 14. ADVANCED can be
modeled as a multi objective optimization problem. So, in this thesis we have used speed of the UE
as one of the parameter for handover decision.
D. Best Effort (BE): The basic service class of QoS does not guarantee minimum data rate. Also,
FTP users throughput is analysed for each scenario and, finally, the number of RBs allocated to FTP
users per carrier as well as for each sector per service. ADVANCED can be modeled as a multi
objective optimization problem. My father Ramarao Rathod, my mother Parvathi Rathod and my
Elder brother Shivaji Rathod and my Younger sister Vandana Rathod. iv Page 5. The results obtained
from the simulations proved to be much different from the ones presented in this section. You can
also reach us at any stage with your demands; we will help you from that stage. Not only it increases
coverage capacity but also it provides better voice quality and battery life. Resource allocation is
done on an RB basis instead of on a sub-frame one, since the simulator is snapshot based. In early
stages, the main concern was to have a mobile network that would carry voice traffic. Chapter 3 is
dedicated to the description of the models used throughout this thesis, starting by explaining the
various considerations that are of relevance for the development of the present work, such as
coverage, capacity and throughput calculations, and the relationship between them. If one single user
has allocated to him a number of resources enough to lower the load under the threshold, it is
removed and the next sector (or eNB, or carrier frequency) is analysed. Each of these comparisons is
made for the three frequency bands scenarios under study and for the two network load condition
situations previously mentioned. These devices accounted for 88% of the global mobile data traffic in
2013, even though they represented 21% of the total mobile devices and connections. Writing Rough
Draft We create an outline of a paper at first and then writing under each heading and sub-headings.
I am deeply grateful for their support, and thankful for the unique chances they offered me. Femto-
Gateway appears as an eNB to the MME and as MME to femtocells. Thank you for your faultless
service and soon I come back again. - Samuel Trusted customer service that you offer for me. Kanal
transport adalah kanal yang berfungsi menghungkan layer MAC dengan layer fisik. The random
mobility model has been used for the UE, when it is outside the building. The rules proposed will
lead to increase in throughput of UE at high speed and will reduce the chances of a handover
happening. B. Mobile WiMAX 802.16a extension, refined in January 2003, uses a lower frequency
of. The power at the input of the receiver is given by (A.4), making use of the link budget presented
in Annex A and considering the COST 231 Walfisch-Ikegami propagation model presented in Annex
B for path loss. This relationship also reveals that interference has little effect on system performance,
since the SNR always follows the growth of the RSRP, possibly meaning that there was a low
number of UEs using Page 84. The present chapter is a guideline to explain the constant need to
develop and improve mobile communications systems by briefly describing the existing systems and
their adoption throughout the world. Last, but not least, all of my remaining beloved friends and
family, specially Sofia Rodrigues, Andre Alberto, Tiago Pereirinha, Pompeu Santos, Ana Gomes,
Claudia Pinto and all members of the electrical and computer engineering students commission. Page
6. This handover strategy estimates UE position before UE 9 Page 16. The relative errors between
measurements and simulations are obtained using (3.12). Negative variations correspond to
measurement values above the ones obtained via simulations, and positive values refer to the opposite
case. The implemented algorithm focuses on the prioritisation of the higher frequency bands so it is
an expected result that the throughputs are indeed very low, when one takes into account the
theoretically achievable ranges of this parameter. There are two approaches applied in the research
towards improving the LTE Advanced network performance. The LTE radio-access network posses
flat architecture, consists of Evolved Node B (eNB). It.
The other criteria may achieve better results in one of the parameters, but the overall performance of
the mentioned criterion is better, regarding the trade-off between packet loss rate and number of
HOs. Page 43. In this mechanism of handover, it was assumed that the UE sends period- ical
(example: every 1 ms) measurement reports to the source cell (either eNB or HeNB) during its
motion. This is a result of the implemented algorithm, which only considers that users camp on the
frequency band that they are firstly connected to and, due to the prioritisation of the higher
frequency bands, this may represent repercussions in terms of the achieved data rate, as it is
presented further in this section. The S1 interface between the femtocell and the core network is the
same, regardless whether the femtocell is connected to the core network through a Femto-GW or
not. We strive for perfection in every stage of Phd guidance. Furthermore, five criteria are defined,
according to inter-frequency measurement gap triggering and HO decision criteria, and assessed
through packet loss rate and number of HOs observed in the simulations. Figure 3-4: Sub-channel
allocation for LTE-A macrocells and femtocells. Femtocell operates through Ethernet connection
using a DSL or cable modem to backhaul data and voice calls through the UE’s Internet connection
to the mobile operator network. The IEEE 802.16m works with the radio frequency range from 2 to
6. The analysis of the number of active users in each frequency band in each scenario is also
presented, however, the obtained results are much different from the ones presented in the previous
section, as shown in Figure 4.22. The first observation to be made is that the total number of
considered users 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 1 2 3 Ave rage Vo LTE load Scenario 2600 MHz
1800 MHz 800 MHz 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 1 2 3 Nu mb er of acti ve u sers Scenario FTP VoLTE
Page 77. And also in Network simulation Thesis is one such service which works on the speed of
networks. Mobile LTE Advanced Networks: Objectives, Features and Technical Challenges” IEEE
VOL. The notable advantages of wireless network are listed below. However, it will be authorized in
preliminary screening, and then it will be sent for the noble evaluation for analyzing the paper by our
research and data analyst team. In this handover mechanism, it tends to delay the handover as long
as possible, even though it has discovered the good signal strength from other cells. Functionally, the
EPC is responsible for maintaining the communication between Access Networks (ANs), and its
main components are: Mobility Management Entity (MME). The mobile operator controls the radio
in the femtocell from core network, and it will operate with standard mobile terminals without
additional modifications. We offer enormous services to research scholars across the world.
Relaying” received 31 July 2007; Accepted 20 January 2008. OFDMA. The quality of some
reference signals received by UE also plays a great role in. The aggregated data rate in this case
corresponds to the sum of the data rates from all active users served by the cell, which in turn, are
directly related to the number of allocated RBs per user proving a correlation between the number of
available RBs and the number of users that can be assigned to them. Thank you and I am 100%
satisfied with publication service. - Abhimanyu I had found this as a wonderful platform for scholars
so I highly recommend this service to all. Download Free PDF View PDF A Review of The LTE and
LTE-A Security In Handover Technology. In this handover mechanism, it tends to delay the
handover as long as possible, even though it has discovered the good signal strength from other cells.
The transmission frequencies of WiMAX technology from 2.3MHz to. The signaling and latency in
handovers is studied using X2 interface between macrocells and femtocells. The algorithm searches
for the user with the lowest priority service using a number of RBs enough to be able to unload the
sector all by himself. The concept of LTE is a step towards 4G communication technologies, ensuring
the competitive. In LTE ADVANCED, most efforts have been aimed to improve spectral efficiency.
To make the LTE Advanced relay system more competitive and applicable to meet the QoS.
The coverage shape of macrocell and femtocell is assumed as circular. Figure 3.1: Handovers 14
Page 21. Femto-Gateway appears as an eNB to the MME and as MME to femtocells. Dr. Shahida
Rafique Download Free PDF View PDF Evolution of LTE and Related Technologies towards IMT-
Advanced Alcardo Alex Barakabitze The Long Term Evolution (LTE) is an emerging technology,
which is standardized by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) and evolving to meet the
International Mobile Telecommunication Advanced (IMT-Advanced) requirements named as LTE-
Advanced. Using the multi-objective optimization framework, the time used for simulation may be a
little. If your field is Wireless, then you can prefer any of the above areas to choose innovative
Wireless Network Thesis Topics. Reviewers and Editors Expectation in Wireless Information about
channel state Must be clear The modulation and the encoding techniques are used along with the sub
carrier spacing information The considered noise and noise level is given precisely Channel
propagation and fading information must be given Relate the proposed system with the
communication standard Use the latest communication standards rather than the old standards As far
as this, the above information is about paper publication. Students and scholars who face issues
during your Master’s Degree Program can come to our organization. Fungsi utama RRC adalah
pembentukan, pemeliharaan dan pelepasan koneksi RRC. Linear amplifiers have low power
conversion efficiency, hence, the use of SC-FDMA in UL enabling a better power amplifier
efficiency. PhD services, we meet all requirements of journals (reviewers, editors, and editor-in-
chief). B. Real-Time Polling Service (rtPS): This service supports real time service flows where. This
relationship also reveals that interference has little effect on system performance, since the SNR
always follows the growth of the RSRP, possibly meaning that there was a low number of UEs using
Page 84. The proposed algorithm uses handover hysteresis margin (HHM) for reducing the
unnecessary handovers. 4 Page 11. Our services are writing, developing, editing, coding,
proofreading, formatting, plagiarism checking, and also in statistical analysis, illustrating, etc. As it
was done in the previous section, only the FTP users’ throughput is presented in the form of a figure
for the same reasons presented in the high load analysis. System capacity is not taken into account at
this step. The RS technology works as middle node as it transmits the BS data to SS which is can be
out of. Three handover scenarios: hand-in, hand-out and inter- femtocell and two different handover
strategies: reactive and proactive handover are considered and analyzed. Streaming services are
strongly dependent on the time relation between both ends of the stream, as in audio-video streaming
in mobile TV applications. LTE Advanced also uses QAM which is combination of phase shift
keying and amplitude. Vodafone also provided support in examining the measured results, and the
analysis performed in this thesis are based on the three frequency bands used in Vodafone’s network
to provide coverage. Each of these scenarios enables different coverage areas and different available
bandwidths, depending on the frequency bands being used. I also want to thank him for providing
me the chance to develop this work in collaboration with a network operator, which allowed me to
work on real life issues and even analyse better solutions for this situation. Regarding bandwidth
allocation, LTE is supposed to be flexible to the point of allowing the use of less than 1.5 MHz and
up to 20 MHz. Figure 1.2 illustrates the time schedules of the 3GPP specifications together with their
respective commercial deployment, where each date refers to the approval of the specification. Page
24. The file names are just suggestive, as the BS.tab and the Users.txt files can have different names
according to the eNB distribution along the considered area and the quantity and type of users being
considered on the simulation, respectively. Page 51. In Chapter 2, a theoretical background on LTE’s
network architecture is presented, describing its main constituting elements and how they are able to
interact with each other. It is essential the through the separation of data into smaller. Another factor
that may influence the obtained results is the difference in the number of users and their respective
traffic in the sector from which the measurements were being acquired, meaning that the occupation
of the serving sector is likely to differ from the one considered in the simulations. In this mechanism
of handover, it was assumed that the UE sends period- ical (example: every 1 ms) measurement
reports to the source cell (either eNB or HeNB) during its motion. In this technique, relays receive
the signal, amplify it and retransmit it.
A computer is never superior to the human mind; similarly, our expert’s knowledge is like the ocean
because they have ten years of work experience in all domains. First results show that the RSRQ
variation is very sensitive to the system load whereas the RSRP reveals high stability, in both
synchronous and asynchronous deployments. With high deployment of femtocells, there could be a
lot of cells within a particular area. It is expected that the overall mobile data traffic will continue its
growth over the next years. Alternatively, the base station can trigger an adaptive re-transmissionby.
Finally, Annex D presents the user’s manual, intended to aid in the use of the simulator. Page 28.
Next, a file is assigned to each active FTP user (with sizes randomly distributed between 1 byte and
50000 bytes) and a call duration is attributed to each active VoLTE user (with an exponential
distribution between 60 and 1800 seconds), and the simulator is ready to start executing the dynamic
analysis. For Later 0% 0% found this document useful, Mark this document as useful 0% 0% found
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Jump to Page You are on page 1 of 8 Search inside document. When a user send data from a
subscriber device to a. In this paper, we provide in-depth, the evolution and the major basic features
of LTE to LTE-Advanced. It is very much attractive and popular because femtocell is the
improvement to both coverage and capacity, especially indoors. Users are able to achieve higher data-
rates and a wider variety of services with ensured quality levels, consequently demanding a better
overall performance of the network. The physical layer represents the transmission of raw bits rather
than the logical data packets. I will approach again. - Michael I am fully satisfied with thesis writing.
Dispense information and present a thorough explanation of Architecture, Evolution, Applications
using the slides given. Step 3: UE mengirim hybrid ARQ acknowledgement kepada BS sebagai tanda
data yang. HO performance is mainly characterised by two delays, as shown in Figure 2.7.
????????????????? is the total time since the end of transmission of the HO command on the source
cell to the beginning of the UE transmissions towards the target cell. The minimum and desired
throughputs taken into account are of 12.2 kbps and 12.65 kbps respectively for VoLTE users
whereas for FTP users the minimum throughput is set to 1.024 Mbps and the desired throughput to
100 Mbps. Another possible approach for capacity evaluation is in terms of a specific service or QoS
requirements for determining the number of users served in equal conditions, simultaneously.
Whether LTE Advanced operators could provide better services to end users depends on. The lowest
number of handovers are reactive handovers as compared to proactive and normal handover scheme
because of delay in handover decision. So, in this thesis we have used speed of the UE as one of the
parameter for handover decision. The logical architecture and interfaces between these entities are
shown in Fig 1.1. Figure 1.2: Overall E-UTRAN - Femto-Gateway (HeNB-GW) operating in LIPA
mode - LogicalArchitecture The HeNB-GW (Femto-Gateway) as in Fig 1.2, allows the S1 interface
between femtocell (HeNB) and to EPC through Femto-Gateway for supporting a large number of
femtocells in a scalable man- ner. The QoS based on MAC layer of IEEE 802.16m on the concept of
connections as unidirectional. We have used X2 interface between macrocells and femtocells for
reducing signaling cost. Regarding FTP users, three main observations can be made. Femtocell
operates through Ethernet connection using a DSL or cable modem to backhaul data and voice calls
through the UE’s Internet connection to the mobile operator network. WiMAX2 or IEEE 802.16m is
the advance version of WiMAX which is based on its previous. In order to accomplish this goal, a
model was developed and implemented in the form of a simulator based on previous works, and
several simulations were done for high and low user densities throughout the considered network.
Based upon relaying or forwarding schemes Relays can be broadly classified in three categories.