DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

LECTURE 6
Fall 2010
2K8-5th Semester
Tahir Muhammad
[email protected]
Content and Figures are from Discrete-Time Signal Processing, 2e by Oppenheim, Shafer, and
Buck, ©1999-2000 Prentice Hall Inc.
THE INVERSE Z-TRANSFORM
| Formal inverse z-transform is based on a Cauchy
y integral
g
| Less formal ways sufficient most of the time
y Inspection method
y Partial fraction expansion
y Power series expansion

| Inspection Method
Make use of known z-transform pairs such as
1
anu[n] ←⎯
⎯Z
→ z > a
1 − az −1

Example: The inverse z-transform of

n
1 1 ⎛1⎞
X(z ) = z > → x[n] = ⎜ u[n]
1 2 2
⎝ ⎠
1 − z −1
2

Lecture 6
INVERSE Z-TRANSFORM BY PARTIAL
FRACTION EXPANSION
| Assume that a given z-transform can be expressed as M

∑b z k
−k

X(z ) = k =0
N

∑a z k
−k

| Apply
pp y p
partial fractional expansion
p k =0

M −N N
Ak s
Cm
X(z ) =
∑B z −r
+ ∑ + ∑
r =0
r
( )
k =1,k ≠ i 1 − dk z
−1
m =1 1 − d z
i
−1 m

| First term exist only if M

M>N
N
y Br is obtained by long division
| Second term represents all first order poles
| Third term represents an order s pole
y There will be a similar term for every high-order pole
| Each term can be inverse transformed by inspection

Lecture 6
INVERSE Z-TRANSFORM BY PARTIAL
FRACTION EXPANSION
M −N N
Ak s
Cm
X(z ) = ∑B z −r
+ ∑ + ∑
r =0
r
k =1,k ≠ i 1 − dk z −1
(
m =1 1 − d z
i
−1
)
m

| Coefficients are given as

( )
Ak = 1 − dk z −1 X(z ) z = d
k

Cm =
1
(s − m)! (− di ) s −m
⎧ ds − m
⎨
dw s −m
[
(1 − diw )s
X ( )]
w −1 ⎫
⎬
⎩ ⎭w = di−1

| Easier to understand with examples

Lecture 6
EXAMPLE 1
1 1
X(z ) = ROC : z >
⎛ 1 −1 ⎞⎛ 1 −1 ⎞ 2
⎜1 − z ⎟⎜1 − z ⎟
⎝ 4 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠

A1 A2
X(z ) = +
⎛ 1 −1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 −1 ⎞
⎜1 − z ⎟ ⎜ 1 − z ⎟
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠

⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
A1 = ⎜1 − z −1 ⎟X(z ) = = −1
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎛ −1
⎞
⎜1 − 1 ⎛⎜ 1 ⎞⎟ ⎟
1
z=
4
⎜ 2 ⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎟⎠
⎝

⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
A 2 = ⎜1 − z −1 ⎟X(z ) = =2
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎛ −1
⎞
⎜1 − 1 ⎜⎛ 1 ⎞⎟ ⎟
1
z=
2
⎜ 4 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎠⎟
⎝

Lecture 6
EXAMPLE 1 CONTINUED
−1 2 1
X(z ) = + z >
⎛ 1 −1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 −1 ⎞ 2
⎜1 − z ⎟ ⎜1 − z ⎟
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠

| ROC extends to infinity

y Indicates right sided sequence

n n
⎛1⎞ ⎛1⎞
x[n] = 2⎜ ⎟ u[n] - ⎜ ⎟ u[n]
⎝2⎠ ⎝ 4⎠

Lecture 6
EXAMPLE 2

X(z ) =
1 + 2z −1 + z − 2
=
(1 + z −1 )
2

z >1
3 −1 1 − 2 ⎛
1− z + z
2 2
(
1 −1 ⎞
⎜1 − z ⎟ 1 − z
2
−1
)
⎝ ⎠

| Long division to obtain Bo

2 A1 A2
1 − 2 3 −1 X(z ) = 2 + +
1 −1
1 − z −1 1 − z
−2 −1
z − z + 1 z + 2z +1
2 2 2
z − 2 − 3z −1 + 2
5z −1 − 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞
A1 = ⎜1 − z −1 ⎟X(z ) = −9
⎝ 2 ⎠ z=
1
2
− 1 + 5z −1
X(z ) = 2 +
⎛ 1 −1 ⎞
(
⎜1 − z ⎟ 1 − z
2
−1
) ( )
A 2 = 1 − z −1 X(z ) =8
⎝ ⎠ z =1

Lecture 6
EXAMPLE 2 CONTINUED
9 8
X(z ) = 2 − + z >1
1 −1 1 − z −1
1− z
2

| ROC extends to infinity

y Indicates right-sided sequence

n
⎛1⎞
x[n] = 2δ[n] − 9⎜ u[n] - 8u[n]
⎝2⎠

Lecture 6
INVERSE Z-TRANSFORM BY POWER SERIES
EXPANSION
| The z-transform is p
power series
∞
X (z ) = ∑ x[n] z
n = −∞
−n

| I expanded
In d d fform
X ( z ) = L + x[− 2] z 2 + x[− 1] z 1 + x[0] + x[1] z −1 + x[2] z −2 + L

| Z-transforms of this form can generally be inversed

easily
il

| Especially useful for finite

finite-length
length series

Lecture 6
EXAMPLE 3
⎛ 1 ⎞
( )(
X(z ) = z2 ⎜1 − z −1 1 + z −1 1 − z −1
2
)
⎝ ⎠
1 1
= z 2 − z − 1 + z −1
2 2

1 1
x[n] = δ[n + 2] − δ[n + 1] − δ[n] + δ[n − 1]
2 2

⎧ 1 n = −2
⎪ 1
⎪− 2 n = −1
⎪
x[n] = ⎨ − 1 n = 0
⎪ 1
⎪ 2 n=1
⎪ 0 n=2
⎩

Lecture 6