CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the related literature and studies

after the thorough research done by the researchers. In addition,

this chapter will also present the synthesis of the state-of-the-

art, the gap that will be bridged to the study, and the

conceptual and theoretical framework to shed light on the topic

under the study. This chapter also contains a presentation and

summary of the related literature and related studies.

Furthermore, this includes the studies or research that have been

previously conducted by other people along the topic to justify

that there is still a component/corpus/variable that remains

unexplored in the researcher's study. Moreover, this contains the

discussion of concepts underlying the present study and the

structure that can hold or support the theory of the research

study.

Related Literature

Various literature and writings by recognized experts were

studied, both of which have a significant bearing or relationship

to the problem under investigation.

 According to Negawo A.T. et al., (2017), “Napier grass

(Pennisetum Purpureum) is a fast-growing perennial grass native

to Sub-Saharan Africa that is widely cultivated throughout the

world’s tropical and subtropical regions”. The Philippines is one

of the world’s tropical countries because of its relatively high

temperature, high humidity, and abundant rainfall according to

PAGASA. Thus, it simply means that Napier grass is also sumptuous

to the country. The said research also assesses the

characterization and diversity studies on a small collection of

Napier grasses which revealed a moderate level of its genetic

variation as well as the availability of some good agronomic

traits, especially the high biomass production, as a forage crop.

This concluded that Napier grass is effective to feed cattle in

the cut and carry system in Eastern and Central Africa, which can

be considered as important as grass with high productivity.1

One early work by the Research Journal of Material Research

Innovation (2015) explains that “The abundance of Napier grass

characterized as agro-waste material has a high potential to

become one of the substitution fibers for pulp and paper making”.

Due to the high biomass and abundance of Napier grass, many

countries in the world are still studying Napier grass in other

ways that it can contribute besides being a forage crop to

prevent it from becoming an agricultural waste in the end.

Countries such as Thailand, Malaysia, Eastern Africa, Central

America, and the Philippines started to use this as bioenergy

resources, soil erosion control, and even in paper making because

of its possibility to be made as a source of fiber according to

Science Direct journal. The chemical composition of the fiber

was analyzed by the TAPPI test method, chlorination method, and

Kushner–Heffner method. And the results indeed indicate the

potential of Napier grass as a fiber. It proves that the Napier

grass morphology showed a condensed composition of fiber

structure under a scanning electron microscope. Thus, this

journal concluded that Napier grass could have the suitability

for promoting green technology in developing an eco-friendly

product like in the paper industry.2

Meanwhile, a research study cited by the International

Journal of Polymer Science (2015) reveals that “Paper cups are

ubiquitous in daily life for serving water, soup, coffee, tea,

and milk due to their fast convenience, biodegradability,

recyclability, and sustainability”. Importantly, the thermal

insulation performance of paper cups is significant because they

are used to supply hot food or drinks compared to plastic cups

which are only good for cold drinks. However, in contrast to the

opinion by Dr. David Stolzenburg, an assistant professor of civil

engineering at The University of Texas at Austin states that

“making one paper cup requires about 1.5 times more energy than
making one plastic cup, the study showed that their production

still uses a lot of water.3

“In addition, the study found that paper cups have a greater

carbon footprint than plastic cups this is because paper cups

require more energy to produce and transport than plastic cups”.

This simply discusses that both paper cups and plastic cups

have their advantages and disadvantages to people and the

environment. With this, the researchers suggest to depends on the

use of people to this product by what they value the most: cost

savings, practicality, sustainability, or something else.

Nevertheless, paper cups can debunk their disadvantages based on

how people or companies made or manufactured a certain type of

paper cups since paper cups have a lot of kinds and each kind has

differences that are also justified in the journal of KBV

Research.

In another latest study by Urban Ethos Journal on why coffee

cups are bad for the environment (2021) maintains that disposable

paper cups are popular for consuming beverages as also concluded

by the International Journal of Polymer Science. Moreover, it is

said that “Paper cups have an interior that is laminated with a

hydrophobic film made of mostly plastic (polyethylene) and

sometimes of copolymers. This plastic lining helps to keep the

contents of the coffee cup nice and warm, but it also prevents
the cup from being recycled. Aside from this, around 16 billion

paper cups are also used each year just for coffee, this leads to

6.5 million trees being cut down”. The results from the study

urge the researchers to make a paper cup without the use of

hydrophobic film while keeping the cups to still perform their

purpose properly. Additionally, the data stated from this journal

about the trees being cut down in making coffee cups also provoke

the researchers to accept the challenge of making a paper cup

from non-wood materials.4

Meanwhile, another study on the topic by the journal of

Tahibo coffee service (2018) narrates that “Compostable paper

cups means being used as compost, a mixture of decayed plants and

vegetable waste which is added to the soil to help plants grow.

Also, Compostable means that the product will break down within

12 weeks”. Their product called “vegware” cups are made from

plants. The outer wall of the cup is made from recycled board,

the inner wall is from sustainable sources and the inner lining

is made from polylactic acid (PLA), a compostable and heat-

resistant alternative to plastic, made from plants. The materials

used in their product made the paper cup to be compostable and

more eco-friendly compared to most of the paper cups and plastic

cups manufactured by many commercial companies. This indicates

that some people or companies are starting to make various ways

how to reduce the usage of wood materials from trees in making

paper cups and not just only value the profit they will make from

the products. It just simply means that paper cups can actually

debunk their disadvantage which is the use of trees for them to

be made.5

Furthermore, as cited by Plant Village (2018), a journal

from the Philippines maintains a similar opinion stated by

(Negawo et al., 2017) that Napier grass is one of the important

perennial tropical forage crops belonging to the family Pinaceae.

It is also called Uganda grass or elephant grass. “It is native

to Africa but is now grown in many tropical countries and it

produces huge biomass and can be harvested multiple times in a

year which makes it a good raw material for biofuel production”.

It is also said that “Napier grass is planted in marginal lands

and slopes to increase soil fertility and to reduce soil

erosion”. It is also the main source for paper production in many

regions and is also used in integrated pest management strategies

as pull crops mainly in maize and sorghum producing areas in the

Philippines which have the same situation as other countries

stated by the Science Direct journal. Besides this, Napier grass

in the Philippines is grown along maize or sorghum (in rows or

borders) to reduce the stem borer population and to act as a

border for many crops such as windbreak and firebreak in many

plantations in the country. This journal summarizes the various

uses of Napier grass in the Philippines that are also visible and
vital contributions of Napier grass to other countries. It also

indicates that Napier grass has now a lot of uses to be just

considered as simple as grass and agricultural waste.6

On the other hand, as also stated in the journal that is

related to the current study, the performance of Napier grass is

excellent in temperatures between 25 and 40 degrees Celsius.

Frost and water logging conditions can be particularly damaging

to Napier grass and few full-form seeds are typically produced

when Napier grass is planted. Therefore, stem cuttings are the

primary method of propagation. This data would help to navigate

where Napier grass is mostly planted and make it easy for the

researchers to propagate it if needed during the experimentation.

In another study conducted by Research Information Series on

Ecosystem (2015) explains the physical characteristics of Napier

grass grown in the Philippines. It distinguishes as a strong,

tall, erect perennial plant that resembles canes and grows to a

mature height of 2 to 5 meters. Its golden yellow, cylindrical

flowers are between 10 and 25 cm long and spread by short, sturdy

underground stems to produce stools up to 1 m across the leaves

are large and tapered with a strong midrib which has also a

lengthy lifespan and can endure for over three years. As a tall

growing perennial, Napier presents formidable problems in

efficient utilization if allowed to grow more than a meter tall.

Thus, it is advised to adjust the stocking rate and grazing

frequency so that Napier stands are grazed whenever the grass

reaches a height of 75 - 100 cm.7

These characteristics of Napier grass urge it to consider as

waste in agriculture in many countries. However, proper planning

and implementation can be as useful as it is to helping conserve

the earth and people.

Meantime, according to the Bureau of Science., Institute of

Science and Technology Philippines, “The simultaneous

introduction of wood and grass furnished the first important

sources of raw material for paper making and provided the first

evidence that perennial grasses are suitable for paper stock”.

When the adaptability of wood for this purpose was first

established, it is fascinating to know the direction in which the

search for acceptable paper material was going and to predict the

paths of future investigation when wood no longer fits the

demand. On the other hand, through this journal, the method of

preparation of paper pulp has been tackled. There are five

distinct steps in the preparation of paper pulp from any

vegetable material. Two of these are entirely mechanical, whereas

the remainder is distinctly chemical. Arranged in their order of

procedure, they are 1. Cleaning; 2. Boiling or digesting; 3.

Bleaching; 4. Beating or refining; and 5. Loading, sizing, and

coloring to the finished product.8

Commercial producers of paper cups use wood as their primary

raw material to create paper. On the other hand, the widespread

concerns about climate change and global warming may be

exacerbated by the removal of numerous trees. Paper cup

manufacturing from trees rendered this product unfit for the

label of eco-friendly. As a result, since Napier grass is a plant

and not a tree, the researchers are looking into the viability of

using it as the primary ingredient in paper cups. If converted

into paper cups, Napier grass, which is prevalent in many areas

of the Philippines and is occasionally thought of as agricultural

waste, could be more than just waste but also a material that can

be utilized to make cups which is as well kind to the environment

and people.

In the latest study by Business Diary Philippines (2021)

discloses that custom paper cups are getting in trend for serving

ice cream, hot chocolate, coffee, and tea throughout the

Philippines because of their disposable nature as well as their

easy mode of serving. They don’t have to do the hassle of washing

and conveniently serve tea or any drink in a disposable class.

Previously companies used plastic glasses to serve ice cream or

soft drinks. But now because of environmental hazards, the

packaging industry has transformed the wide use of plastic into

paper cups and boxes. These are useful, environmentally friendly,

and reusable characteristics. The manufacturers use cardboard

material to craft these cups. These are 100% recyclable and eco-

friendly. There is no fear of environmental hazards. Moreover, it

does not react with the drink present inside. Thus, keep the

inside product safe for the body also. Because of this feature,

companies now prefer paper cups made of 100% paper. The

compostable paper cups are also plant-based as stated earlier in

another journal. To emphasize, the primary factor that

makes custom paper cups important to use is their recyclable

nature which is one of many concerns nowadays in the

Philippines.9

Furthermore, in consonance with Christian San Jose (2019),

“Filipino-owned business may be on to something, particularly a

cup made with paper derived from a natural material. This genius

new material is “pinyapel” or paper made from discarded pineapple

leaves from pineapple plantations, and it is fabricated by the

Cagayan de Oro Handmade Paper Crafts, a local business which

expertise lies in the manufacturing of paper products.” Made in

partnership with the Design Center of the Philippines (DCP), an

attached agency of the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI),

“pinyapel” was awarded by the UK-based Design & Art Direction

Impact Award for Environment and Sustainability, which recognizes

creative ideas that are driving positive change from around the

world. It is said that the discarded pineapple leaves are sourced

from Nature’s Fresh Pineapples, an exporter in Bukidnon, then

processed into sheets through a technology created by the DCP.

Their partner company Ideatechs Packaging then converts these

sheets into takeaway boxes, paper cups, paper bowls, and various

food containers.10

This product in the Philippines implies that there is

interest in producing paper cups from other sorts of harvested

wood not only in other nations but also in the Philippines. It

simply goes to show how crucial and beneficial it is for the

country if Filipinos will keep looking for ways to lessen the

pollution came from man-made and agricultural wastes, which is

bad for both the environment and human health.

Paper cup made from trees is one of the most known products

used in the food and paper industry, but honestly, it has been

negatively affecting both the environment and the consumers.

Therefore, the researchers want to study the feasibility of

Napier grass as a paper cup that will effectively perform its

purpose and will indeed recognize as eco-friendly. Napier grass,

which is abundant in the Bicol region and is considered an

agricultural waste, it would be made as paper could be more than

just a waste but a material that can be used in making an ideal

paper cup which is as well kind to the consumers and in the

environment.

Related Studies

Nowadays, the environment is getting worse day by day. And

the various synthetic chemicals that we use in our everyday lives

is one cause of many environmental issues so it will be good if

we will substitute this with natural one. Several studies

assessed Napier grass to use as a potential alternative fiber in

the paper industry.

To assess the viability of Napier grass as a substitute

material to prevent deforestation and improve productivity in the

pulp and paper sector, researchers in Ghana undertook a study.

The paper addressed the dearth of information on the fiber

morphological characteristics of Silk Cotton, leaves, and Napier

Grass stalk (Fiber Length, Diameter, Lumen Diameter, and Wall

Thickness), as well as pulping properties (Slenderness Ratio,

Rigidity Coefficient, Flexibility Coefficient, Runkel Ratio,

Solids Factor, and Luce's Shape Factor). The findings indicated

that the analyzed parameters' observed values fell within an

acceptable range for paper manufacture. It would have favorable

psycho-mechanical characteristics that are suited for producing

elastic, smooth, dense, well-formed papers with high tensile and

bursting strengths that are flexible, high tearing, and

elastic.11

The results of the study demonstrate the capability of

Napier grass in paper production in Ghana because of its suitable

characteristics fitted to the properties needed when making a

paper. Therefore, it can be concluded that consumers of the

product can write or print on paper made of Napier grass.

However, the study does not include the use of Napier grass stalk

in making a paper suitable for creating paper cups for food and

drinks.

Napier grass fibers were utilized for pulp and paper

production in a study that was published in England by Obi K. et

al. The study demonstrates that “to extract the pulp from Napier

grass, sodium chlorite and sodium hydroxide were used in the

chlorination and alkaline processes. Moreover, the fibers and

pulp of the excised Napier grass were characterized using

scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared

spectroscopy. Handmade paper sheets were manufactured in the lab,

and the physical, optical, and mechanical characteristics of the

papers were evaluated to quantify the ductile index, burst index,

breakage length, luminance, and transparency of Napier grass

pulp”. The sheets of hand-made paper manufactured from Napier

grass pulp were compared to the paper made from several perennial

grass species. After the evaluation of the researchers, the

results emphasize the improved qualities of paper made from

Napier grass pulp and that this non-wood source is a viable

alternative for the paper industry.12

Based on the results of the investigation of the

characteristics of Napier grass to other perennial grass, the

researchers claim that there is also a high possibility to use

Napier grass in making paper cups that are eco-friendly and easy

to decompose.

In a similar opinion about the possibility of employing

Napier grass as a reasonably priced non-wood substitute for

environmentally friendly paper production in Malaysia was also

investigated (2014). The said study asserts that the approximate

20-m fiber length of Napier grass, which is comparable to the

short fibers of hardwoods, gives a sense of the potential utility

of these naturally uncultivated crops in pulp and paper

production. The resulting lignocellulosic-rich non-wood paper is

equivalent to that of other papers, with better water absorption,

stronger tear strength, smoother shear formation, and increased

thermal stability. It also absorbs less moisture and tears more

readily. Additionally, Napier grass' finer and shorter fiber

length can enhance its drainage qualities and hence lower

processing costs. It is therefore concluded that this new

approach demonstrates the feasibility of using Napier grass as

the non-wood substitute for paper making and it is economically

cost-effective.13

The researchers wanted to emphasize that this study

indicates the increased thermal stability of Napier grass fiber

as paper. Therefore, the researchers can infer that Napier grass

can have the ability to be made as a paper cup as it has

properties suitable for holding cold to hot drinks without

terminating its properties, such as strength, toughness, or

elasticity.

Meanwhile, the latest study by Wang L. et al, (2022) reveals

that most disposable paper cups are frequently used in daily life

and are typically made of high-grade paper board with an inner

polyethylene coating. Due to the difficulty in separating the

components, most disposable paper cups are only used briefly

before being burned or accumulating in landfills at the end of

their useful life, posing a huge threat to our ecology. Since

paper cups being dumped in landfills with plastic coating in it

does not easily decompose and just become microplastic that goes

to many bodies of water which makes marine life to be in danger

that is also according to Climate News of Columbia. On the other

hand, when cups with polyethylene coating burned after use, many

hazardous gases like dioxins, furans, and BCPs are released.

These gases cause environmental pollution as well as serious

health diseases in humans and the gases that are released cause

air pollution and the ashes that are left cause soil pollution.

Moreover, to determine the many kinds of plastic layers that are

utilized in paper cups and to assess how their mechanical,

physical, and chemical properties alter when they come into

contact with hot liquid, paper cups made of disposable material

in this study were filled with hot water and left to sit for 15

minutes. A fluorescent microscope was used to confirm the release

of microplastic particles into the liquid by looking at the

liquid. Approximately 25,000 micron-sized microplastic can be

dissolved in a disposable paper cup (100 ml) with a plastic

lining. According to some sources, habitually eating hot

beverages like tea and coffee can expose us to future health

problems due to the regular intake of microplastics, ions, and

heavy metals.14

Therefore, it is determined that creating an easy and

environmentally friendly method for recycling and reusing

disposable paper cups are essential. Additionally, the

researchers make want to conduct this study to find other eco-

friendly alternatives to paper cup’s coating instead of using

plastics in it since it brings many perilous events to lots of

organisms and the environment.

Besides, the latest study conducted by SN applied science

(2020) about pineapple peels, orange peels, and Mauritian hemp

leaves to produce biodegradable disposable paper cups tackles the

pulping and molding process required for paper cup making.

According to the statement, soda was pulped using the proper

procedures to produce the dry cellulosic pulp needed to produce

paper cups. In a nutshell, 200 g of biomass were dissolved in

2000 mL of aqueous sodium hydroxide solution, which was then

heated to a constant temperature of 902.5 °C for 90 min under

atmospheric pressure to cause pulping. Homogenous delignification

was achieved by manually mixing the mixture at regular intervals.

The beaker and its contents were allowed to cool to room

temperature after the cooking process. The boiled mixture was

filtered once it had cooled using cheesecloth as the filtering

media, allowing the black liquor to pass through while keeping

the solid pulp residue. Additionally, hot water was used to

carefully wash the residue, and the process was repeated until

the effluent was clear and had a pH of almost 7. To get rid of

any possible debris, undigested fibers, shards, and knots, the

washed pulp was thoroughly examined and screened. The pulp was

then oven-dried to a consistent mass for 24 hours at 60 °C. While

this was going on, a cup-shaped vacuum molding equipment was

manually put together for use in a laboratory setting. The rigid

high-density polyethylene (HDPE) plastic cup's mouth was covered

and cemented with a rigid HDPE cover after 0.5 mm holes were

drilled in it at regular intervals. The middle of the lid was

then pierced to create a hole for pipe connections. The aperture

was then connected with flexible plastic tubing using bolts and

nuts. To measure the amount of suction pressure being used, a

negative pressure gauge was also connected. Drawings of the cup's

base and surface proportions were made on nylon sieve cloth,

which was then cut and stitched into the HDPE cup's shape. To

complete the vacuum cup molding setup, the sieve cloth was placed

on the perforated HDPE cup, and the entire assembly was connected

to the vacuum pump.15

Results indicate that it is feasible to extract fiber from

hemp leaves and fruit peel wastes to make disposable paper cups

that are environmentally benign and biodegradable. From the

results and methods done in this study, the researchers urge to

make paper cups made also from non-wood materials like Napier
grass to help reduce plastic pollution and in consideration to

the health of people in the Philippines.

Conversely, one early study published and conducted by

researchers in Pampanga city (2015) states that the Philippines

have their goal to produce renewable electricity for their meat

factories. According to reports, Napier grass is one of those

plants that can grow in abundance on fallow land with just a

little water and nutrient input. The town has plenty of area for

growing grass, but it needs energy for its plant that processes

meat. Therefore, they gasify the cellulose in the grass blades

and convert it to an energy-rich synthetic gas that contains

methane, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide to assess the viability of

a grass-powered power plant.16

According to the study's findings, Napier grass can be a

great source of energy and has a variety of other uses.

Coinciding with the result of the study, the researchers also

concluded that the various uses of Napier grass, prevent them to

considered agricultural waste and can even promote biomass

enrichment which can benefit the Philippines.

In different scales, the paper sector in the Philippines is

a key component of the nation's industrialization strategy,

boosting economic expansion and creating thousands of job

opportunities. Unfortunately, it also adds to the nation's

garbage production. Thus, the researchers in Quezon City

performed this study to ascertain the recycling potential and

current programs for paper in the Philippines. 19% of the total

municipal solid trash produced in the Philippines is made up of

wastepaper. Next to kitchen garbage, it is the solid waste that

is created the most. Even though there is a lot of wastepaper

produced, the Philippine paper sector still relies heavily on

wastepaper imports for its main raw material. Therefore,

recycling used paper has a lot of promise. According to the

study's findings, recycling in the nation is still extremely low.

Approximately 720 tons per day of Metro Manila's daily trash

production of 6,700 tons are recycled or composted.17

Therefore, researchers concluded that stakeholders should

think outside the box, that is, explore new strategies and ideas

to advance and develop while concentrating on a single objective,

to improve paper recycling in the Philippines. The stakeholders

must view paper recycling as one of the important concerns.

Because of this, it is necessary to create and explore the

structure and flow of paper recycling. Research, case studies, or

initiatives should focus on and show the connections to economic

growth and other top concerns of local stakeholders.

In a contrasting opinion, instead of importing raw materials

from other nations, which would be much more expensive than what
the Philippines would spend if other locally available natural

resources like Napier grass were used instead, researchers are

considering making paper products from plants or other items that

could be exiled. In this sense, it is impossible to even call it

recycling; but it would still result in what the goals of

recycling are which are to minimize the amount of waste produced

by the paper industry since, if the material used to make the

paper decomposes, it won't stay in the waste storage for much

longer; instead, it will decompose and return to soils.

Additionally, this strategy would also prevent the Philippines to

waste much money on importing raw materials to produce paper

products in the country that just ended up in dumpsites and

nearly never use or recycle again.

Another study with regards to the current study conducted by

the researchers in the Philippines was conducted to test the

efficacy of pineapple leaves as an alternative source of fiber

for paper cup production apart from its known use as treating flu

and nosebleeds when boiled in water and the resulting liquid

drunk as tea. The study employed several different techniques,

such as beating the pulp and combining reinforcement solution to

improve the finished paper, molding the pulp into sheets,

pressing the sheets to remove excess water using a screw press,

and then drying. A pulping agent is also added to dissolve most

of the lignin and separate the cellulose into pulp, and the

sizing agent provides the water-resistance property of pineapple

sheets that prevents the paper from blurring with water. The

study's findings demonstrated that pineapple leaves might be

transformed into valuable materials like paper cups. Therefore,

it is concluded that pineapple leaves can significantly benefit

the Philippines, not only in terms of food and medicine but also

in terms of the paper sector.18

Moreover, this study reinforces the researchers to also make

paper products, especially paper cups made from other natural

sources of fiber particularly the Napier grass which is said to

be abundant in the region and contains high cellulose content and

low lignin content that could lead to high-quality pulp and paper

produced like the pineapple leaf fiber.

Napier grass was used to make a variety of paper goods using

various sorts and techniques. The positive impact it has on the

environment and people's lives raise the status of the paper

sector. And making paper cups from Napier grass—which could also

be a brand-new product—is a significant contribution to both the

paper industry and the agriculture sector.

 Endnotes

1
A.T. Negawo, A. Teshome, A. Kumar, J. Hanson & C. S. Jones

(2017). Opportunities for Napier Grass (Pennisetum purpureum)

Improvement Using Molecular Genetics. Retrieved from:

https://scholar.google.com/scholar?

hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=+Napier+grass&btnG=#d=gs_qabs&t=166939468183

5&u=%23p%3Dy1pW_DZBuPkJ
 2
M.Z. Hatta, A.S. Kassim, A.M. Aripin & H. Awang (2014).

Analysis of Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) as a potential

alternative fibre in paper industry. Retrieved from:

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/

10.1179/1432891714Z.000000000925

3
Y. Kuang, G. Chen & Z. Fang, (2015). A Facile Approach to

Evaluate Thermal Insulation Performance of Paper Cups. Retrieved

from:

https://doaj.org/article/843b3a86969e465e84d52513637a9a0d

4
Why coffee cups are bad for the environment: How many

trees are cut down every year? (2021). Retrieved from:

https://urbanethos.co/blogs/journal/why-coffee-cups-are-bad-for-

the-environment-how-many-trees-are-cut-down-every-year

5
Vegware disposable coffee cups: Become part of the plants-

not-plastic revolution (2018). Retrieved from:

https://www.tchibo-coffee.co.uk/vegware-cups-become-part-of-the-

plants-not-plastic-revolution/

6
Plant village; Napier grass (n.d.). Retrieved from:

https://plantvillage.psu.edu/topics/napier-grass/infos
 7
W.Z. Rosacia Ph.D., R.M. Rimando, Ph.D., E.A. Perino,

Ph.D., M.B. Avanzado, M.A. Polinag, & L.B. Rueda(2015). Retrieved

from:

https://erdb.denr.gov.ph/wp content/uploads/2015/05/r_v19n1_3.pdf

8
Philippines. Bureau of Science., Institute of Science and

Technology (Philippines), Philippines. National Science

Development Board (n.d.). Retrieved from:

https://quod.lib.umich.edu/p/philamer/ACT3868.0005.001?

rgn=main;view=fulltext

9
Business Diary Philippines: Why eco-friendly custom paper

cups are popular in markets? (2021). Retrieved from:

https://businessdiary.com.ph/20949/why-eco-friendly-custom-paper-

cups-are-popular-in-markets/

10
C.S. Jose (2019). CRAFT: This locally designed pineapple

leaf paper cup just won an int’l award for sustainability.

Retrieved from:

https://nolisoli.ph/69536/cdo-handmade-paper-pinyapel-dandad-

csanjose-20191028/

11
K. Afrifah, A.N.A. Adom & S. Ofosu. The Morphological and

Pulping Indices of Bagasse, Elephant Grass (Leaves and Stalk),

and Silk Cotton Fibers for Paper Production (2021). Retrieved

from:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/

356150090_The_Morphological_and_Pulping_Indices_of_Bagasse_Elepha

nt_Grass_Leaves_and_Stalk_and_Silk_Cotton_Fibers_for_Paper_Produc

tion

12
K. Obi Reddy,C. Uma Maheswari,M. Shukla &E. Muzenda.

Extraction Preparation, Chemical Composition, Characterization,

and Properties of Napier Grass Paper Sheets (2014). Retrieved

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