Assumptions 1 This is a steady-flow process since there is no change with time at any point and thus Amy = 0, ABoy = 0, and AX = 0. 2 The kinetic and potential energies are negligible. Analysis We take the turbine as the system. This is a control volume since mass crosses the system boundary during the process. We note that there is only one inlet and one exit and thus rm, = rm, = m. Also, heat is lost to the surrounding air and work is done by the system. The properties of the steam at the inlet and exit states and the state of the environment are P,=3MPal hy = 3344.9 Ki/ke Interstate: Table A-6 erste: 7 3MEA\ cpoeseuyte-x (TAblEA-6) , 0.2MPa) hy = 2769.1 43/ke Exit state: Table A-6 i state: = 150°C } 5, = 7.2810 kI/kg-K (Table A-6) Py = 1OOKPA) hy = liye asc = 104.83 kI/ke Dead state: 7 = as2c } Se= gone = 03672 Kifxg-K (THEA) (a) The actual power output of the turbine is determined from the rate form of the energy balance, = Ey = dE gygeg htt 7° = 0 atcofetenrey taser Ro ange nine Kinet ‘beat wo and mse Tonle snersies Eq = Eo ith = Way + Qoue + tilt (since ke = pr Woy = tn(y ~ tn) ~ Qo = (8kg/s)[ (3344.9 — 2769.1) kI/ke] — 300 kW = 4306 kW 0) (b) The maximum power output (reversible power) is determined from the rate form of the exergy balance applied on the extended system (system + immediate surroundings), whose boundary is at the environment temperature of To, and by setting the exergy destruction term equal to zero, . . O Geversibley O (steady) Ka Koa — Kearoye = AX yaen/ dt 7 9 ee eas aS ea ha = hen . 7 tits, = Wrevou + X ea + titel Wyo = H(t ~ 4) 0 = tif (hy — ha) Tels, — 52) — Ake” — Ape} Note that exergy transfer with heat is zero when the temperature at the point of transfer is the environment temperature T,. Substituting, Waovout = (8 kg/s)[ (3344.9 — 2769.1) Ki/kg — (298 K) (7.0856 — 7.2810)kI/kg-K] = 4665 kW(c) The second-law efficiency of a turbine is the ratio of the actual work delivered to the reversible work, Wou _ 4306 KW. Weovou 4665 KW That is, 7.7 percent of the work potential is wasted during this process. (@) The difference between the reversible work and the actual useful work is the exergy destroyed, which is determined to be = 0.923 or 92.3% TM Xescoyea = Wrovout — Wear = 4665 — 4306 9 kW ‘That is, the potential to produce useful work is wasted at a rate of 359 kW during this process. The exergy destroyed could also be determined by first calculating the rate of entropy generation S,., during the process. (e) The exergy (meximum work potential) of the steam at the inlet conditions is simply the stream exergy, and is determined from 0 yra 0 = (In hy) ~ Tels, ~ 50) + SY + 8277 = (hh = he) = B81 = 50) = (3344.9 — 104.83)kI/kz — (298 K) (7.0856 — 0.3672) kI/kg+K = 1238 kJ/kg, That is, not counting the kinetic and potential energies, every kilogram of the steam entering the turbine has a work potential of 1238 kJ. This corre- sponds to a power potential of (8 kg/s)(1238 kJ/kg) = 9904 kW. Obviously, the turbine is converting 4306/9904 = 43.5 percent of the available work potential of the steam to work.