Republic of the Philippines

CEBU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

ARGAO CAMPUS
Ed Kintanar Street, Lamacan, Argao Cebu Philippines
Website: http://www.argao.ctu.edu.ph E-mail: [email protected]
Phone No.: (032) 485-8290/485-5109 loc 1700Fax. N0.: (032)4858-290

Bachelor of Science in Tourism Management

MODULE I –
PHILIPPINE
TOURISM
OVERVIEW

COMPILED BY: VIVILLOU ANGELICA G. BATULAN, MBA

 MODULE 1 – PHILIPPINE TOURISM OVERVIEW

INTENDED LEARNING
OUTCOMES
At the end of this unit, the student should be able to develop knowledge of the basic
operation of tourism in the country. (CLO-1)

Specifically, students should be able to do the following performance indicators:

1. identify motivators of foreign tourists to visit the Philippines;

2. identify motivators of local tourists to travel within the country;
3. describe the Philippine tourist profile;
4. identify types of tourist attractions in the country;

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 2

 MODULE 1 – PHILIPPINE TOURISM OVERVIEW

PHILIPPINE TOURISM OVERVIEW

Tourism refers to the activity of individuals or groups traveling to and staying in places outside their
usual environment for leisure, business, educational, or other purposes. It involves a temporary
movement away from one's home or regular residence, usually involving overnight stays, to
destinations that are considered attractions due to their natural, cultural, historical, or recreational
value.
Tourism encompasses a wide range of activities, including sightseeing, experiencing local culture and
traditions, engaging in outdoor adventures, attending events and festivals, enjoying recreational
activities, and interacting with the local population. It can also involve aspects like transportation,
accommodation, dining, entertainment, and shopping. The tourism industry plays a significant role in
the economy of many countries, generating revenue, creating employment opportunities, and
contributing to local development.
Tourism can be categorized into various types, such as domestic tourism (travel within one's own
country), international tourism (travel to a foreign country), ecotourism (focused on preserving natural
environments), cultural tourism (exploring cultural heritage and traditions), adventure tourism
(engaging in physically demanding activities), medical tourism (traveling for medical treatments), and
more.
The Philippines recognizes the value of tourism in its economy, hence the birth of the Tourism Act of
2009. Republic Act No. 9593, also known as the "Tourism Act of 2009," is a significant piece of
legislation in the Philippines that aims to promote and develop the country's tourism industry. This law
was enacted on May 12, 2009, during the administration of President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo. The
law seeks to establish policies and mechanisms that support the sustainable growth of tourism in the
Philippines.
The travel and tourism industry contributed 6.2%% to the country's GDP in 2022; this was lower than
the 12.7% recorded in 2019 before the COVID-19 lockdowns. The country is known for having its rich
biodiversity as its main tourist attraction. Popular destinations among tourists include Boracay,
Palawan, and Siargao.
The Philippines ranked 75th out of 117 economies in the Travel and Tourism Development Index (TTDI)
for 2021 of the World Economic Forum (WEF). In the 2019 edition of the WEF’s Travel and Tourism
Competitiveness Report, the Philippines placed 73rd, with a score of 3.7.

MOTIVATION TO TRAVEL
Motivation is an intrinsic property of a human being that arises from the inside or of psychological
origin. A combination of internal and external forces that motivates to drive the tourism industry. To
satisfy all the levels of needs such as psychological, physiological, etc. humans travel. It tells of tourist
attempt to satisfy their recognized need and strongly influence decisions made by tourist at every step
of the decision. Various theories have been developed to reveal the most important question why do
people travel?
The tourist selecting to travel for business, leisure, pilgrimage, adventure, or other reasons, depends on
the motivation to visit the destination. There are some common factors influencing tourist travel
decisions such as:
✓ Availability of free time
✓ Disposable income
✓ Age and status
✓ Attractiveness of destination

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 3

 MODULE 1 – PHILIPPINE TOURISM OVERVIEW

Gray’s Travel-Motivation Theory.

Gray explains the motivation of individuals and gives two motives for travel:
1. Wanderlust. It describes the motive or the desire to go from a known to an unknown place. It is
traveling from or leaving familiar places to go and see different or unfamiliar places. It is about
going to different destinations to experience monumental and socio-cultural heritage.
2. Sunlust: It is a type of travel to a destination that can provide the tourist with specific facilities or
better amenities. It is traveling for a particular purpose or facilities that are not available in the
place of residence of the tourist.

McIntosh and Goeldner Categorization of Travel Motivation

McIntosh has stated that basic travel motivators may be grouped into four broad categories:
1. Physical Motivators. These types of motivation are concerned with the individual physical health
and well-being involving physical relaxation, sporting activities, medical care or treatment, and
specific remedial health management. It includes physical motivators that are concerned with
health from recreation to attending yoga camp to medical treatment for the upkeep of health.
2. Interpersonal Motivators. Humans are social animals and always keen to make new friends, have a
desire to visit and meet relatives and friends, or simply want to escape from the daily hassles of
everyday life. These types of motivators are termed interpersonal motivators.
3. Cultural Motivators. Cultural motivators are described as curiosity that tourists have and want to
experience different people’s cultures and lifestyles. These are related to tourists’ desire to travel to
a different destination, to know about other countries, people, their culture, tradition, lifestyle, art,
music, etc.
4. Status and Prestige Motivators. Tourists travel to secure respect among their friends or family and
recognition of education and knowledge or for the pursuit of hobbies. These types of motivators
are identified with the need for fame and status or personal esteem and personal development. It
also includes travel for business or professional interests.

Anomie and Ego Enhancement Motivation Theory

Dann investigated two push factors and proposes that motivational factors can be grouped into anomie
and ego enhancement.
1. Anomie. Anomie refers to the need and desire to rise above the feeling of loneliness and
quarantine inherent in everyday life and to get away from daily hassles. It is associated with the
search for life’s meaning and interaction with family and friends and social communication. The
anomic tourists are mainly young, married, male mostly repeat visitors. They are from urban and
rural areas and are of above-average socio-economic status.
2. Ego enhancement. Ego-enhancement tourists are on the opposite end of the spectrum. It is derived
from the desire and need for recognition. The individual’s desire and need for social recognition is
mainly associated with it and is achieved through the status or ego enhancement conferred by
travel. Ego-enhancement tourists are likely to be female, married, or single mostly first-time
visitors. They are older than anomic tourists and typically from lower socio-economic groups.

Dann argues that push factors are logically, and often an antecedent to pull factors. The question
that ‘what makes tourists travel’ can only be recognized through the push factors. As the tourist to take
two different difficult decisions at two diverse times i.e. “whether to go” and “where to go”.
Push and Pull Theory
Crompton identified two different levels of socio-psychological motivation. The first level of motivation
is the desire to travel, which drives the initial decision for a trip or a vacation. It subsequently facilitates
an individual’s decision for the destination. The second level of motivation drives the decision of the
selection of destinations. After the initial decision for making a trip, various motivational factors come
into being that impact the selection of a destination. Crompton proposes two groups of motives among
pleasure vacationers, one that pushes for a trip or tour are socio-psychological motives, while other
factors that pull are cultural motives.

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 4

 MODULE 1 – PHILIPPINE TOURISM OVERVIEW

1. Push Factors. Push factors are those factors that motivate people to travel. Push factors are
initiating the travel desire of an individual to engage in recreational activities or tourism. Push
factors are the inner motives that tend tourists to seek activities for needs fulfillment. Some push
factors of traveling are:
• Exploration and evaluation of self.
• Escape from a perceived mundane environment.
• Relaxation.
• Health and fitness.
• Re-experiencing family.
• Facilitation of social interaction.
• Enhancement of kinship relationships.
• Novelty.
• Cultural experiences.
• Education.
• Prestige.

2. Pull Factors. All the external factors that pull or attract an individual towards some specific things
or any destination. Pull factors appear due to the attractiveness and the attributes associated with
the destination. It is related to the external condition, cognitive aspects, or choices available at a
destination such as attractions, climate, culture, etc. Everyone has unique tastes and choices which
attract or pull individuals to experience the destination. Identifying a set of pull factors that can
apply to all sites is possible as different destinations have different or unique sets of pull factors.

Pull factors were characterized by facilities, core attractions, and landscape features.

• The facilities factor encompasses all tourism facilities of a destination including food, lodging,
roads, hospitality, and security.
• The core attractions factor includes all those activities and services available for tourism. It
includes sports activities, nightlife, entertainment, and amusement and shopping facilities.
• The landscape features pull factor strongly relates to the geographical and sociocultural
features of the destination i.e. natural and cultural environment of the destination.

Abraham Maslow’s Theory of Motivation

1. Physiological Needs: These are the most fundamental needs necessary for survival, such as food,
water, shelter, sleep, and basic bodily functions. These needs must be satisfied before an individual
can move up the hierarchy.

2. Safety Needs: Once physiological needs are met, people seek safety and security. This includes
physical safety, emotional security, financial stability, health, and protection from harm.

3. Love and Belongingness Needs: At this level, individuals desire social connections, love, and a sense
of belonging. This involves forming meaningful relationships, friendships, and being part of a
community or family.

4. Esteem Needs: Once the lower levels are satisfied, people start to seek self-esteem and
recognition. This includes both self-respect and the desire for respect and recognition from others.
Achievement, confidence, and reputation are important aspects of this level.

5. Self-Actualization Needs: At the highest level, individuals strive for self-actualization, which is the
realization of one's full potential. This involves personal growth, self-discovery, creativity, and
pursuing activities that align with one's values and passions.

According to Maslow, individuals progress through these levels in a sequential manner. They are
motivated to satisfy the needs at the lower levels before they can effectively address the needs at
higher levels. However, not everyone reaches the self-actualization level, as many individuals get stuck
at lower levels due to various life circumstances and challenges.

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 5

 MODULE 1 – PHILIPPINE TOURISM OVERVIEW

DOMESTIC VS. INTENATIONAL TOURISM

Domestic tourism and international tourism refer to two different types of travel activities based on the
origin of the travelers and the destinations they visit:
• Domestic Tourism: Domestic tourism involves residents of a particular country traveling within
their own country for leisure, business, or other purposes. These travelers do not cross
international borders. It contributes significantly to a country's tourism industry and economy.
Domestic tourism can encompass a wide range of activities, from weekend getaways to
exploring different regions within the same country. It helps distribute economic benefits across
various regions and supports local businesses and attractions.
• International Tourism: International tourism, also known as inbound tourism, refers to the
movement of people from one country to another for leisure, business, or other purposes. In
this case, travelers cross international borders and visit a foreign country. International tourism
brings cultural exchange, economic growth, and global connections. It can include various types
of travelers, such as tourists, business travelers, students, and more.

Differences between domestic and international tourism include:

• Origin of Travelers: Domestic tourists are residents of the country where the travel takes place,
while international tourists are residents of different countries.
• Destination: Domestic tourists travel within their own country, while international tourists travel
to a foreign country.
• Cultural Exchange: International tourism often involves cultural interactions and exchanges
between people from different countries, leading to greater global understanding.
• Economic Impact: Both domestic and international tourism have economic impacts, but they
affect different sectors. International tourism brings in foreign exchange and supports various
industries, while domestic tourism benefits local economies and businesses.
• Infrastructure and Marketing: The infrastructure and marketing strategies for domestic and
international tourism might differ. Domestic tourism may focus on promoting destinations within
the country, while international tourism marketing targets travelers from abroad.

Both forms of tourism have their significance and contribute to the growth and development of a
country's tourism industry. The balance between domestic and international tourism can vary
depending on factors such as economic conditions, travel restrictions, geopolitical situations, and
global trends.

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 6

 MODULE 1 – PHILIPPINE TOURISM OVERVIEW

DOMESTIC TOURISM IN THE PHILIPPINE SETTING

Tourism in the Philippines is a significant industry that contributes to the country's economy, cultural
exchange, and global recognition. The Philippines is known for its stunning natural landscapes, diverse
culture, rich history, and warm hospitality, making it a popular destination for both domestic and
international travelers.
In the Philippines, most travelers and users of tourism were between 25 and 34 years old, at
approximately 43.3 percent. Ranked second were 35-44-year-olds, at 27 percent, followed by 18-24-
year-olds at 22.8 percent.
Domestic tourism is categorized into the following:
• Interregional – travel between two different regions. Example: travel from Region 7 to Region 8
• Intraregional – travel within the region. Example: travel from Cebu to Bohol
• Local tourism – travel within a small, local area typically within the same province. Example:
travel from Cebu City to Bantayan Island.

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 7

 MODULE 1 – PHILIPPINE TOURISM OVERVIEW

TYPES OF DOMESTIC TOURIST ATTRACTIONS

• Beaches and Islands: The Philippines is famous for its stunning beaches and idyllic islands with
crystal-clear waters, white sand, and vibrant marine life. Some popular beach destinations
include Boracay, Palawan (El Nido and Coron), Siargao, and Bantayan Island.

• Coral Reefs and Marine Life: The Philippines is part of the Coral Triangle, a region known for its
diverse marine life and coral reefs. Snorkeling and scuba diving enthusiasts can explore
underwater wonders in places like Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park, Apo Reef, and Anilao.

• Volcanoes and Mountains: The country is home to numerous volcanoes and mountain ranges.
Tourists can hike to the summit of volcanoes like Mount Mayon, Mount Taal, and Mount
Pinatubo for breathtaking views and unique landscapes.

• Historical Sites and Heritage Towns: The Philippines has a rich history, with various historical sites
and heritage towns to explore. Intramuros in Manila, Vigan in Ilocos Sur, and Paoay Church in
Ilocos Norte are examples of well-preserved historical areas.

• Cultural Festivals and Events: The Philippines is known for its vibrant festivals that celebrate local
culture, religion, and traditions. Examples include the Ati-Atihan Festival in Kalibo, Sinulog
Festival in Cebu, and Panagbenga Festival in Baguio.

• Waterfalls and Natural Pools: The country is dotted with beautiful waterfalls and natural pools
perfect for relaxation and adventure. Examples include Kawasan Falls in Cebu, Tinuy-an Falls in
Surigao del Sur, and Pagsanjan Falls in Laguna.

• Underground Rivers and Caves: The Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park in Palawan
is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and one of the New Seven Wonders of Nature. There are also
other caves and underground rivers to explore.

• Local Markets and Crafts: Tourists can experience Filipino culture through local markets and
crafts. The markets offer traditional products, souvenirs, and local delicacies.

• Religious Sites: The Philippines has a strong religious influence, and tourists can visit historic
churches and pilgrimage sites. Examples include the Basilica Minore del Santo Niño in Cebu and
Quiapo Church in Manila.

• Adventure Activities: The country offers a variety of adventure activities such as zip-lining,
caving, rock climbing, and canyoneering, especially in areas like Sagada and Siquijor.

• Wellness and Relaxation: Some destinations offer wellness retreats, spa resorts, and yoga
retreats where tourists can unwind and rejuvenate.

• Ethnic and Indigenous Culture: Exploring the traditions and cultures of indigenous communities
in places like the Cordillera region and Mindanao provides a unique cultural experience.

• Food and delicacies: Filipino cuisine is a blend of indigenous, Spanish, Chinese, and American
influences. Local dishes like adobo, sinigang, lechon, and halo-halo offer a unique gastronomic
experience for visitors.

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 8

 MODULE 1 – PHILIPPINE TOURISM OVERVIEW

ACTIVITY 1.1 – SHORT QUIZ

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 9

 MODULE 1 – PHILIPPINE TOURISM OVERVIEW

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 10

 MODULE 1 – PHILIPPINE TOURISM OVERVIEW

ACTIVITY 1.2 – TRAVEL ESSAY

Write a travel essay about your most memorable vacation. Identify what are the PUSH and PULL factors
of that trip and the destination.

___________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________.

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 11

 Republic of the Philippines
CEBU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
ARGAO CAMPUS
Ed Kintanar Street, Lamacan, Argao Cebu Philippines
Website: http://www.argao.ctu.edu.ph E-mail: [email protected]
Phone No.: (032) 485-8290/485-5109 loc 1700Fax. N0.: (032)4858-290

Bachelor of Science in Tourism Management

MODULE II –
PHILIPPINE
GEOGRAPHY
AND
CULTURE

COMPILED BY: VIVILLOU ANGELICA G. BATULAN, MBA

 MODULE 2 – PHILIPPINE GEOGRAPHY AND CULTURE

INTENDED LEARNING
OUTCOMES
At the end of this unit, the student should be able to demonstrate knowledge of tourism
geography, and culture in the Philippines. (CLO-1; CLO-2)

Specifically, students should be able to do the following performance indicators:

1. explain the political structure, subdivision, and geography of the Philippine

archipelago;
2. locate places on the Philippine Map;
3. give clear directions utilizing a tourist map; and
4. describe the unique characteristics of each group of islands in the Philippines.

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 13

 MODULE 2 – PHILIPPINE GEOGRAPHY AND CULTURE

PHILIPPINE GEOGRAPHY AND CULTURE

The Philippines is an archipelago located in Southeast Asia in the Western Pacific Ocean. It consists of
over 7,600 islands, with a diverse geography ranging from lush tropical forests to beautiful beaches and
towering mountains. The country is known for its rich cultural heritage, a blend of indigenous, Spanish,
American, and other Asian influences.

Geography

The Philippines is divided into three major island groups: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao.

Luzon, the largest island, is home to the capital city, Manila, and other major cities. It's also where
you'll find the stunning Banaue Rice Terraces and the active Mayon Volcano.

The Visayas group consists of numerous smaller islands and is known for its beautiful beaches and
vibrant festivals, such as the Sinulog Festival in Cebu and Ati-Atihan Festival in Aklan.

Mindanao is the southernmost major island and is known for its diverse cultures and landscapes. It has
both bustling cities and remote tribal communities.

Culture
The Philippines has a rich cultural history influenced by various cultures. Indigenous traditions, Spanish
colonization, and American influence have all shaped the country's cultural landscape.

✓ Religion plays a significant role in Filipino culture, with the majority of the population being
Roman Catholic due to the Spanish colonial influence. Religious festivals, such as the Feast of the
Black Nazarene and the Flores de Mayo, are celebrated nationwide.

✓ Filipino hospitality, known as "pakikisama" or "bayanihan," is a core cultural value. People are
generally warm, friendly, and hospitable to guests and strangers alike.

✓ The country has a vibrant culinary scene, with dishes influenced by Spanish, Chinese, Malay, and
American cuisines. Some popular Filipino dishes include adobo, sinigang, lechon, and various
seafood-based dishes.

✓ Music and dance are integral to Filipino culture. Traditional dances like the Tinikling and the
Singkil are often performed during cultural events and celebrations.

✓ Arts and crafts, such as weaving, wood carving, and pottery, are deeply rooted in Filipino
heritage. The country's indigenous peoples are known for their intricate crafts and textiles.

✓ Language diversity is also a notable feature of the Philippines. While Filipino (based on Tagalog)
is the official language, there are numerous regional languages and dialects spoken throughout
the islands.

The Philippines' geography and culture are incredibly diverse and have been shaped by a mix of
indigenous roots and historical influences from around the world. This diversity makes the country a
fascinating and unique place to explore and learn about.

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 14

 MODULE 2 – PHILIPPINE GEOGRAPHY AND CULTURE

PHILIPPINE MAP STUDY

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 15

 MODULE 2 – PHILIPPINE GEOGRAPHY AND CULTURE

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 16

 MODULE 2 – PHILIPPINE GEOGRAPHY AND CULTURE

PHILIPPINE REGIONS

National Capital Region (NCR)

1. Caloocan
2. Las Piñas
3. Manila
4. Makati
5. Malabon
6. Mandaluyong
7. Marikina
8. Muntinlupa
9. Navotas
10. Parañaque
11. Pasay
12. Pasig
13. Quezon City
14. San Juan
15. Taguig
16. Valenzuela

Municipality:
1. Pateros

Cordillera Administrative Region

(CAR)
1. Abra – Bangued
2. Apayao – Kabugao
3. Benguet – La Trinidad
4. Ifugao – Lagawe
5. Kalinga – Tabuk
6. Mountain Province – Bontoc
7. Baguio City (HUC)

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 17

 MODULE 2 – PHILIPPINE GEOGRAPHY AND CULTURE

Region 1 – Ilocos Region

1. Ilocos Norte – Laoag City

2. Ilocos Sur – Vigan
3. La Union – San Fernando City
4. Pangasinan – Lingayen
5. Dagupan (independent city)

Region 2 – Cagayan Valley Region

1. Batanes – Basco
2. Cagayan – Tuguegarao
3. Isabela – Ilagan
4. Nueva Vizcaya – Bayombong
5. Quirino – Cabarroguis

Region 3 – Central Luzon Region

1. Aurora – Baler
2. Bataan – Balanga City
3. Bulacan – Malolos City
4. Nueva Ecija – Palayan City
5. Pampanga – San Fernando City
6. Tarlac – Tarlac City
7. Zambales – Iba

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 18

 MODULE 2 – PHILIPPINE GEOGRAPHY AND CULTURE

Region 4A – Southern Tagalog Region (CALABARZON)

1. Batangas – Batangas City

2. Cavite – Imus City
3. Laguna – Santa Cruz
4. Quezon – Lucena City (HUC)
5. Rizal – Antipolo Cty

Region 4B – Southwestern Tagalog Region

(MIMAROPA)

1. Marinduque - Boac
2. Oriental Mindoro – Calapan City
3. Occidental Mindoro - Mamburao
4. Palawan – Puerto Princesa (HUC)
5. Romblon - Romblon

Region 5 – Bicol Region

1. Albay
2. Camarines Norte
3. Camarines Sur
4. Catanduanes
5. Masbate
6. Sorsogon

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 19

 MODULE 2 – PHILIPPINE GEOGRAPHY AND CULTURE

Region 6 – Western Visayas Region

1. Aklan
2. Antique
3. Capiz
4. Guimaras
5. Iloilo
6. Negros Occidental

Region 7 – Central Visayas Region

1. Bohol – Tagbilaran
2. Cebu – Cebu City
3. Negros Oriental - Dumaguete
4. Siquijor – Siquijor

Region 8 – Eastern Visayas Region

1. Biliran – Naval
2. Eastern Samar – Borongan
3. Northern Samar – Catarman
4. Leyte – Tacloban (HUC)
5. Southern Leyte – Maasin
6. Ormoc – (independent city)

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 20

 MODULE 2 – PHILIPPINE GEOGRAPHY AND CULTURE

Region 9 – Zamboanga Peninsula (Western Mindanao Region)

1. Zamboanga del Norte – Dipolog

2. Zamboanga del Sur – Pagadian
3. Zamboanga Sibugay – Ipil

Region 10 – Northern Mindanao Region

1. Bukidnon – Malaybalay
2. Camiguin – Mambajao
3. Misamis Occidental - Oroquieta
4. Misamis Oriental – Cagayan de Oro
5. Lanao del Norte - Tubod

Region 11 – Davao Region (Southern Mindanao Region)

1. Davao de Oro - Nabunturan

2. Davao del Norte – Tagum City
3. Davao del Sur - Digos
4. Davao Oriental - Mati
5. Davao Occidental – Malita
6. Davao City (HUC)

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 21

 MODULE 2 – PHILIPPINE GEOGRAPHY AND CULTURE

Region 12 – SOCCSKSARGEN

1. South Cotabato – Koronadal

2. Cotabato - Kidapawan
3. Sultan Kudarat - Isulan
4. Sarangani - Alabel
5. General Santos (HUC)

Region 13 – Caraga Administrative Region

1. Agusan del Norte – Cabadbaran

2. Agusan del Sur – Prosperidad
3. Dinagat Islands – San Jose
4. Surigao del Norte – Surigao City
5. Surigao del Sur – Tandag City

Bangsamoro Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao

(BARMM)

1. Basilan – Lamitan
2. Lanao del Sur – Marawi
3. Maguindanao del Norte – Datu Odin Sinsuat
4. Maguindanao del Sur – Buluan
5. Sulu – Jolo
6. Tawi-Tawi - Bongao

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 22

 MODULE 2 – PHILIPPINE GEOGRAPHY AND CULTURE

TOURIST MAP READING

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 23

 MODULE 2 – PHILIPPINE GEOGRAPHY AND CULTURE

LUZON COLLECTIVE CULTURE

Culture of Luzon

Luzon is the largest and most populous island in the Philippines, and it is home to a diverse range of
cultures, languages, and traditions. The culture of Luzon is a reflection of its rich history, influenced by
indigenous peoples, colonization, trade, and modernization. Here are some key aspects of Luzon's
culture:

• Indigenous Cultures: Before the arrival of Spanish colonizers, Luzon was inhabited by various
indigenous groups with their own distinct cultures and languages. These groups include the Igorot in
the Cordillera region, the Tagalog people in the central part of the island, the Kapampangan in
Pampanga, and many more. Each group has its own set of traditions, beliefs, and practices that
contribute to the cultural tapestry of Luzon.

• Spanish Influence: The Philippines, including Luzon, was colonized by the Spanish for over three
centuries. This colonization left a significant impact on the culture, introducing elements such as
Catholicism, which is deeply ingrained in Luzon's society. Many towns and cities have Spanish
colonial-era churches and architecture that still stand as a testament to this period.

• Religion and Festivals: Catholicism is the predominant religion in Luzon, largely due to the Spanish
influence. Religious festivals, known as "fiestas," are an integral part of Luzon's culture. These
festivals often combine Catholic traditions with indigenous practices, resulting in vibrant
celebrations that involve processions, street parades, feasting, and various cultural performances.

• Cuisine: Luzon's cuisine is diverse and reflects a blend of indigenous, Spanish, and other foreign
influences. Some popular dishes include adobo (a savory stew), sinigang (a sour soup), lechon (roast
pig), and various types of rice cakes and desserts.

• Languages and Dialects: Luzon is home to a multitude of languages and dialects due to the presence
of various indigenous groups. Tagalog is the most widely spoken language and serves as the basis for
the national language, Filipino. However, numerous other languages, such as Ilocano, Kapampangan,
Pangasinan, and Bicolano, are also spoken in different regions of Luzon.

• Arts and Crafts: Traditional arts and crafts are an important part of Luzon's culture. The Cordillera
region is known for its intricate handwoven textiles, while the Ifugao people are renowned for their
rice terraces, a UNESCO World Heritage site. In urban areas, you'll find a mix of modern and
traditional art forms, including visual arts, literature, music, and dance.

• Modernization and Globalization: As with many parts of the world, modernization and globalization
have brought changes to Luzon's culture. Urban centers like Metro Manila are hubs of commerce,
technology, and entertainment, leading to a fusion of local and international influences. However,
efforts are also made to preserve and promote traditional cultural practices and heritage.

• Economic Activities: The economy of Luzon is diverse and includes agriculture, manufacturing,
services, and tourism. Agriculture plays a significant role, with rice, corn, and various fruits and
vegetables being cultivated across different regions.

Overall, Luzon's culture is a dynamic mix of indigenous traditions, historical influences, and
contemporary developments, resulting in a unique and diverse cultural landscape that continues to
evolve over time.

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 24

 MODULE 2 – PHILIPPINE GEOGRAPHY AND CULTURE

People In Luzon

The people of Luzon, the largest and most populous island in the Philippines, come from a variety of
ethnic, linguistic, and cultural backgrounds. Here are some of the major ethnic groups and
characteristics of the people of Luzon:

• Tagalog: The Tagalog people are the largest ethnic group on Luzon and are predominantly
concentrated in the central part of the island, including the National Capital Region (Metro Manila).
Tagalog is not only an ethnic group but also the basis for the national language, Filipino. Tagalog
culture has been deeply influenced by Spanish colonization and Catholicism.

• Ilocano: The Ilocanos primarily inhabit the northern regions of Luzon, particularly the Ilocos Region.
They are known for their strong work ethic and resilience, as well as their contributions to Philippine
literature and arts. The Ilocano language is widely spoken in the area.

• Bicolano: The Bicolanos reside in the Bicol Region in the southeastern part of Luzon. They have a
distinct language and are known for their rich folklore, particularly stories about the mythical
creature Mayon, the perfect cone-shaped volcano. Bicol cuisine is also notable for its use of chili
peppers.

• Pangasinense: The Pangasinan people live in the Pangasinan province and surrounding areas. They
are known for their agricultural skills, producing rice, fish, and other crops. The Pangasinan language
is widely spoken among this group.

• Kapampangan: The Kapampangans inhabit the province of Pampanga and surrounding areas. They
are known for their culinary expertise, with Pampanga being considered the "Culinary Capital of the
Philippines." The Kapampangan language is distinct and has contributed to Philippine literature and
theater.

• Cordillerans: The Cordillera region in northern Luzon is home to several indigenous groups
collectively known as Cordillerans or Igorot. These groups, including the Ifugao, Kalinga, Bontoc, and
more, are known for their unique cultures, handwoven textiles, rice terraces, and traditional
practices.

• Mangyan: The Mangyan people are indigenous to the Mindoro island, which is part of the
Mimaropa region of Luzon. They have distinctive cultures and languages, and their way of life is
closely connected to nature and agriculture.

• Chinese-Filipinos: Luzon, particularly in urban areas like Metro Manila, has a significant Chinese-
Filipino community. They have played an important role in trade, commerce, and business
throughout Philippine history.

• Cultural Diversity: Luzon's population is incredibly diverse due to historical factors such as
colonization and migration. This diversity contributes to a rich blend of languages, traditions, and
cultural practices.

• Urban Population: Metropolitan areas like Metro Manila have a highly urbanized population that
experiences the modernization, globalization, and challenges of urban life.

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 25

 MODULE 2 – PHILIPPINE GEOGRAPHY AND CULTURE

Food and Delicacies in Luzon

Luzon, being the largest and most populous island in the Philippines, boasts a wide variety of delicious
dishes and delicacies that showcase the diversity of its culture and culinary traditions. Here are some
popular foods and delicacies from different regions of Luzon:

• Adobo: A quintessential Filipino dish, adobo is made by marinating meat (often chicken or pork) in a
mixture of vinegar, soy sauce, garlic, bay leaves, and peppercorns, and then simmering it until
tender. It's enjoyed all over Luzon and has various regional variations.

• Sinigang: A sour soup that comes in various flavors and ingredients, sinigang typically includes meat
or seafood cooked in a tamarind-based broth along with various vegetables. The sourness of the
soup is balanced by the richness of the ingredients.

• Kare-Kare: A Filipino stew made with oxtail and/or tripe cooked in peanut sauce. It's often served
with a mix of vegetables and sometimes bagoong (fermented shrimp paste) on the side.

• Bicol Express: Hailing from the Bicol Region, this dish features spicy pork or shrimp cooked in
coconut milk and chili peppers. The combination of creamy coconut and fiery chili creates a unique
flavor.

• Pancit: Referring to Filipino noodle dishes, pancit comes in various forms across Luzon. Pancit
Canton and Pancit Malabon are popular versions, featuring stir-fried noodles with a variety of
toppings.

• Laing: Another dish from Bicol, laing is made from taro leaves cooked in coconut milk and chili
peppers. It's a flavorful and spicy dish often served as a side or appetizer.

• Puto: These steamed rice cakes are a staple in Luzon and throughout the Philippines. They come in
different shapes, sizes, and flavors and are often enjoyed as a snack or dessert.

• Bibingka: A traditional Filipino rice cake made from rice flour and coconut milk, bibingka is typically
cooked on a clay pot lined with banana leaves. It's a popular treat during the Christmas season.

• Tinola: A clear soup made with chicken, ginger, green papaya or chayote, and chili leaves. It's a
comforting and nutritious dish often enjoyed with rice.

• Longganisa: A type of Filipino sausage that comes in various flavors and styles depending on the
region. Each variant has its unique combination of seasonings and ingredients.

• Puto Bumbong: A Christmas delicacy, puto bumbong is a purple-colored rice cake steamed in
bamboo tubes and served with grated coconut, sugar, and butter.

• Bagnet: A crispy pork dish that originated in Ilocos, bagnet is a deep-fried pork belly with a crackling
skin. It's often served with a dipping sauce or enjoyed with rice.

• Pinakbet: A vegetable stew made with a variety of indigenous vegetables like eggplant, okra, bitter
melon, and squash, often cooked with shrimp paste for flavor.

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 26

 MODULE 2 – PHILIPPINE GEOGRAPHY AND CULTURE

Superstitious Beliefs

Superstitious beliefs are an integral part of the cultural fabric of Luzon, as they are in many other
regions around the world. These beliefs often stem from cultural traditions, folklore, and historical
practices. Here are some superstitious beliefs commonly observed in Luzon:

• Friday the 13th: Similar to Western superstitions, Friday the 13th is considered an unlucky day in
Luzon. People may avoid significant activities or making important decisions on this day.

• Knocking on Wood: To ward off bad luck or negative outcomes, people might knock on wood after
saying something positive or optimistic.

• Whistling at Night: Whistling at night is believed to attract supernatural entities or spirits. It's often
avoided to prevent disturbing these entities.

• Sweeping at Night: Sweeping the floor at night is considered bad luck, as it's believed to sweep
away good fortune or invite negative energy.

• Breaking a Mirror: Breaking a mirror is thought to bring seven years of bad luck, a belief shared with
many cultures around the world.

• Black Cat Crossing: Similar to Western superstitions, crossing paths with a black cat is considered
bad luck in Luzon.

• Opening an Umbrella Indoors: Opening an umbrella indoors is believed to bring bad luck or
misfortune.

• Offerings to Spirits: In various regions of Luzon, it's common to offer food or other items to spirits,
especially during certain occasions or before embarking on journeys.

• Balete Trees: The balete tree is often associated with supernatural beings. It's believed to be
inhabited by spirits or entities and is sometimes avoided or treated with respect.

• Spiritual Healers and Amulets: Many people in Luzon believe in the power of spiritual healers,
amulets, or talismans to protect against negative energies or malevolent entities.

• Rain During a Wedding: Rain on a wedding day is generally considered good luck, symbolizing
blessings for the newlyweds.

• Dreams: Dreams are often interpreted as signs, and people may consult dream dictionaries or elders
to understand their meanings.

• Tabo (Dipper) Beliefs: The tabo is a common bathroom tool, and some believe that placing it upside
down or dropping it can invite bad luck.

• First Footstep: The first footstep upon entering a new house or place is believed to be important, as
it sets the tone for the household's luck and fortune.

• Ghost Month: During the lunar seventh month, known as the Ghost Month, it's believed that spirits
roam more freely. Some people avoid making big decisions or moving during this time.

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 27

 MODULE 2 – PHILIPPINE GEOGRAPHY AND CULTURE

Local Customs and Traditions in Luzon

Luzon, being the largest and most diverse island in the Philippines, is home to a wide array of traditions
that are rooted in its rich cultural heritage. These traditions often reflect the influence of indigenous
practices, colonial history, and modern developments. Here are some notable traditions from Luzon:

• Festivals and Fiestas: Luzon is known for its vibrant and colorful festivals that celebrate local culture,
religious events, and historical moments. The Ati-Atihan Festival in Kalibo, Panagbenga Festival in
Baguio, and Pahiyas Festival in Lucban are just a few examples of the many festivals celebrated
across the island.

• Easter and Holy Week Observances: The Holy Week leading up to Easter is a significant time for
religious observances and traditions in Luzon. Some communities hold dramatic reenactments of the
Passion of Christ, processions, and other rituals.

• Simbang Gabi: A cherished Christmas tradition, Simbang Gabi involves a series of nine pre-dawn
masses leading up to Christmas Day. It's a time for devotion, prayer, and community bonding.

• Panunuluyan: A reenactment of Mary and Joseph's search for shelter, Panunuluyan is a Christmas
Eve tradition in which people visit various houses, singing carols and asking for lodging, until they
reach the designated "stable."

• Pagmamano: A gesture of respect, younger individuals in Luzon often take the hand of an elder and
place it on their forehead as a sign of greeting or seeking a blessing.

• Rice Terraces of the Cordilleras: The Ifugao people of the Cordillera region are known for their
ancient and awe-inspiring rice terraces. These terraces are not only practical for agriculture but also
hold cultural and spiritual significance.

• Kakanin Festivals: Kakanin refers to traditional Filipino rice cakes, and various regions in Luzon hold
kakanin festivals that showcase the variety and richness of these sweets.

• Barrio Fiesta: A barrio fiesta is a community celebration that often includes parades, games,
traditional dances, and a feast. It's a time for people to come together, enjoy food, and participate in
various activities.

• Harana: A serenade traditionally done by men to express their affection for a woman, harana
involves singing love songs under the moonlight.

• Bolinao Mangrove Festival: This festival in Bolinao, Pangasinan, raises awareness about the
importance of mangroves in the ecosystem. It includes tree planting, clean-up activities, and cultural
performances.

• Balikbayan Box Tradition: The balikbayan box is a box of goods sent by overseas Filipino workers to
their families back home. It's a symbol of connection and support for loved ones.

• Pamahiin: Cultural superstitions and beliefs are often woven into daily life, affecting decisions,
practices, and even the design and construction of homes and buildings.

• Bayanihan: An ancient tradition of communal cooperation, bayanihan involves neighbors helping

each other in moving a house or accomplishing a task that benefits the whole community.

• Loom Weaving: Various indigenous groups in Luzon, like the Cordillerans and Mangyans, have
intricate weaving traditions using traditional looms to create textiles and clothing.

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 28

 MODULE 2 – PHILIPPINE GEOGRAPHY AND CULTURE

VISAYAS COLLECTIVE CULTURE

Culture in the Visayas Area

The Visayas is one of the three major geographical divisions of the Philippines, along with Luzon and
Mindanao. It is located in the central part of the country and is composed of several islands, each with
its own unique culture and traditions. The Visayan culture is rich and diverse, influenced by a
combination of indigenous, Spanish, Chinese, and other Asian cultures due to its historical connections
and interactions.

Here are some key aspects of Visayan culture:

• Language: The Visayan region is home to several languages, collectively known as Visayan languages
or Bisayan languages. Cebuano, Hiligaynon (Ilonggo), and Waray are among the most widely spoken
Visayan languages. Cebuano, in particular, is one of the most widely spoken languages in the
Philippines and serves as the lingua franca in the region.

• Religion and Festivals: The majority of Visayans are Roman Catholic due to the influence of Spanish
colonization. Many towns and cities in the Visayas are known for their elaborate fiestas and festivals,
often held in honor of patron saints. Sinulog in Cebu, Ati-Atihan in Kalibo, and Dinagyang in Iloilo are
some of the most famous festivals in the region.

• Traditional Music and Dance: Visayan culture is known for its lively and colorful traditional music
and dances. These performances often tell stories of everyday life, historical events, and cultural
beliefs. Some traditional dances include the Tinikling (a bamboo dance) and the Kuratsa (a courtship
dance).

• Cuisine: Visayan cuisine is diverse and reflects the region's abundant seafood, tropical fruits, and
agricultural products. Popular dishes include kinilaw (raw fish salad), lechon (roast pig), and various
seafood stews. In many Visayan celebrations, food plays a central role.

• Arts and Crafts: Visayan arts and crafts showcase the region's creativity and craftsmanship. These
include woven products such as baskets and mats, as well as pottery and woodcrafts. Talented
artisans produce intricate designs that often depict local flora, fauna, and scenes from daily life.

• Seafaring and Fishing: Given the Visayas' maritime location, seafaring and fishing have been integral
to the culture and economy of the region. Traditional boats like the "bangka" are still used for fishing
and transportation, preserving a connection to the sea.

• Traditional Clothing: The Visayas has its own traditional clothing styles. While modern Western-style
clothing is commonly worn, you can still find people wearing traditional attire during special
occasions. These clothing pieces often reflect the influence of Spanish and indigenous styles.

• Language and Literature: Visayans have a rich tradition of oral literature, including folktales, myths,
and legends. Many of these stories have been passed down through generations and continue to be
shared. In addition to oral traditions, Visayans also contribute to Philippine literature in written
forms.

• Cultural Heritage Sites: The Visayas is home to several historical and cultural heritage sites, including
old churches, ancestral houses, and archaeological sites. These sites offer glimpses into the region's
history and architectural heritage.

• Resilience and Spirit: Visayans are known for their resilience, often demonstrated in their ability to
recover from natural disasters and other challenges. The spirit of bayanihan, or communal
cooperation, is strong in Visayan communities.

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 29

 MODULE 2 – PHILIPPINE GEOGRAPHY AND CULTURE

People in Visayas

The Visayas region in the Philippines is home to several ethnic groups, each with its own distinct
language, culture, and traditions. Here are some of the prominent ethnic groups in the Visayas, along
with their respective languages:

• Cebuanos: Cebuanos are the largest ethnic group in the Visayas and are known for their significant
influence in the region. They primarily reside in the province of Cebu and surrounding areas. The
Cebuano language (also known as Bisaya or Visayan) is widely spoken and understood throughout
the Visayas and Mindanao.

• Ilonggos: The Ilonggos are from the province of Iloilo and surrounding areas. They speak Hiligaynon
(also known as Ilonggo), which is another major language spoken in the Visayas. Ilonggos are known
for their cultural pride, rich history, and vibrant festivals like the Dinagyang.

• Warays: The Warays primarily inhabit the Eastern Visayas region, including Samar and Leyte. The
Waray language is spoken by this group. They have a distinct culture and history, and their way of life
is influenced by their proximity to the sea.

• Boholanos: Boholanos are from the province of Bohol. They speak Boholano, which is a Central
Visayan language closely related to Cebuano. Bohol is known for its unique attractions like the
Chocolate Hills and tarsiers.

• Cuyunons: The Cuyunons are from the Cuyo Islands in Palawan, which is sometimes considered part
of the Visayas region. They speak the Cuyonon language, which is related to the Bisayan languages
but has distinct characteristics.

• Karay-a: Karay-a speakers reside in Antique province and parts of Iloilo. The Karay-a language is part
of the Visayan language family. They have their own cultural practices and traditions.

• Aklanons: Aklanons are from the province of Aklan and speak Aklanon, a Visayan language. The Ati-
Atihan festival in Kalibo, Aklan, is one of the most well-known festivals in the Philippines.

• Masbateños: Masbateños are from the province of Masbate and speak the Masbateño language.
The province is known for its rural and coastal lifestyle.

• Capiznons: Capiznons are from Capiz province and speak Capiznon, a Visayan language. Capiz is
known for its seafood and cultural heritage.

• Romblomanons: Romblomanons are from Romblon province and speak Romblomanon, a Visayan
language. The province is known for its beautiful beaches and marble industry.

• Siquijodnons: Siquijodnons are from Siquijor province and speak Siquijodnon, a Visayan language.
Siquijor is often associated with mysticism and natural beauty.

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 30

 MODULE 2 – PHILIPPINE GEOGRAPHY AND CULTURE

Visayas

The Visayas region of the Philippines boasts a rich culinary heritage that reflects its diverse cultures and
resources. Here are some popular foods and delicacies from the Visayas area:

• Lechon Cebu: Cebu is famous for its succulent roasted pig, known as "Lechon Cebu." It's a
centerpiece at many celebrations and events. The meat is tender and flavorful, with crispy skin.

• Batchoy: A noodle soup that originated in Iloilo, Batchoy consists of pork organs, crushed pork
cracklings, and fresh egg noodles in a savory broth. It's a comforting dish often enjoyed with a mix of
textures and flavors.

• Inasal: Hailing from Bacolod, Chicken Inasal is a grilled chicken dish marinated in a mixture of spices,
coconut vinegar, and annatto oil. It's served with rice, dipping sauces, and often enjoyed with garlic
rice.

• Binagol: A delicacy from Leyte, Binagol is made from grated root crops (typically sweet potato)
mixed with coconut milk, sugar, and other ingredients. The mixture is then wrapped in banana
leaves and steamed.

• Baye-Baye: A sweet treat from Bohol, Baye-Baye is made from ground glutinous rice mixed with
coconut milk and sugar. It's often molded into various shapes and sizes.

• Tinolang Tangigue: A popular fish soup dish in the Visayas, Tinolang Tangigue is made with
mackerel, ginger, tomatoes, and leafy vegetables cooked in a clear broth.

• La Paz Batchoy: This noodle soup originated in La Paz, Iloilo, and features egg noodles, pork innards,
and sometimes shrimp or chicken in a flavorful broth. It's garnished with crushed chicharrón (pork
cracklings) and scallions.

• Kakanin: Various types of kakanin (traditional Filipino rice cakes) are enjoyed in the Visayas, often
made from glutinous rice and coconut milk. Examples include bibingka, puto, and biko.

• Guinamos: Also known as "taba ng talangka," Guinamos is a shrimp paste condiment commonly
used in Visayan dishes to add depth of flavor.

• Humba: A slow-cooked pork dish that has similarities to adobo, Humba is made with pork belly
braised in soy sauce, vinegar, sugar, and various spices. It's known for its sweet-savory flavor.

• Kansi: Originating from Negros Occidental, Kansi is a hearty soup made from beef shank and bone
marrow, simmered in a sour broth made from batwan (a souring agent) and served with banana
blossoms.

• Danggit: A popular dried fish delicacy in the Visayas, danggit is typically fried and enjoyed as a
flavorful and crispy snack or accompaniment to meals.

• Budbud Kabog: From Leyte, Budbud Kabog is a sticky rice cake made from kabog (millet) and
wrapped in banana leaves. It's often served with ripe mangoes or sugar.

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 31

 MODULE 2 – PHILIPPINE GEOGRAPHY AND CULTURE

Superstitious Beliefs in Visayas

Superstitious beliefs are a common cultural aspect in many regions, including the Visayas in the
Philippines. Here are some examples of superstitious beliefs that are often held by people in the
Visayas:

• Tiktik and Aswang: The belief in supernatural creatures like "tiktik" (a bird-like creature) and
"aswang" (a shapeshifting monster) is prevalent in the Visayas. These creatures are often associated
with dark and eerie occurrences.

• Whistling at Night: Whistling at night is believed to attract wandering spirits or supernatural entities,
which could lead to unwanted encounters or disturbances.

• Black Cat Crossing: Similar to many cultures around the world, a black cat crossing your path is
considered unlucky in the Visayas and is believed to bring bad luck.

• Friday the 13th: Much like in Western cultures, Friday the 13th is often considered an unlucky day in
the Visayas and is associated with negative events.

• Sweeping at Night: Sweeping the floor at night is believed to sweep away the blessings or good luck
of the household. It's considered better to sweep during the day.

• Broken Mirror: Breaking a mirror is thought to bring seven years of bad luck. To counter this, some
people may perform certain rituals to dispel the bad luck.

• Pregnancy Superstitions: Pregnant women often follow various superstitious practices to ensure a
safe and healthy pregnancy. For example, they might avoid attending funerals or participating in
certain activities.

• Knocking on Wood: To ward off bad luck or prevent something negative from happening, people
might knock on wood three times after expressing a hope or a wish.

• Number Eight: The number eight is often considered lucky in the Visayas and is associated with
prosperity and good fortune.

• Eclipses: Solar and lunar eclipses are often viewed with caution and superstition in many cultures,
including the Visayas. Some people believe that these celestial events can bring negative energy.

• Chopsticks and Rice: Sticking chopsticks upright in a bowl of rice is seen as disrespectful and is
believed to resemble incense sticks used in funerals.

• New Year's Superstitions: People in the Visayas, like in other parts of the Philippines, often follow
various customs on New Year's Eve to invite good luck for the coming year. These might include
wearing polka dots (to symbolize coins), making noise to drive away bad spirits, and preparing a
variety of round fruits.

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 32

 MODULE 2 – PHILIPPINE GEOGRAPHY AND CULTURE

Local Customs and Traditions in Visayas

Local customs and traditions in the Visayas region of the Philippines are deeply rooted in the cultural
heritage of its various ethnic groups. While there are numerous customs and traditions across the
different islands and provinces, here are some notable ones:

• Festivals and Fiestas: The Visayas region is known for its vibrant festivals and fiestas that celebrate
local patron saints or historical events. These events feature colorful parades, traditional dances,
music, and religious processions. Examples include the Sinulog Festival in Cebu, the Dinagyang
Festival in Iloilo, and the Pintados Festival in Leyte.

• Bayanihan Spirit: The spirit of "bayanihan," or communal cooperation, is strong in the Visayas. This
practice involves neighbors and community members coming together to help with tasks like moving
houses, planting rice, or rebuilding after disasters.

• Visayan Music and Dance: The Visayas region has a rich tradition of music and dance. Traditional
songs and dances often depict stories from local history, daily life, and courtship rituals. The Visayan
guitar is also an iconic musical instrument associated with the region.

• Handwoven Textiles and Crafts: Various Visayan provinces are known for their intricate handwoven
textiles and crafts. These include products like piña (pineapple) fabric, hablon (handwoven cloth),
and various baskets and mats.

• Pamalayi: This is a traditional practice where the groom's family visits the bride's family to ask for
her hand in marriage. It's an occasion for both families to formally meet and discuss wedding plans.

• Hinugyaw Festival: This festival in Kalibo, Aklan, showcases the heritage and culture of the Aklanons.
It celebrates the Aklanon's resilience and creativity in the face of challenges.

• Himamaylan City Binalbagan Festival: This festival in Negros Occidental highlights the unique
heritage of the Himamaylan and Binalbagan municipalities. It includes street dancing, trade fairs, and
cultural presentations.

• Cultural Dances: Different regions in the Visayas have their own traditional dances, often performed
during special occasions and festivals. These dances tell stories or depict daily life activities.

• Pagtaltal sa Bantayan: This is a reenactment of the Passion of Christ during Holy Week in Bantayan
Island, Cebu. The community comes together to depict scenes from the crucifixion and resurrection
of Jesus.

• Traditional Clothing: During festivals and special occasions, people often wear traditional clothing
that reflects their cultural identity. These clothes can include embroidered dresses for women and
barong Tagalog for men.

• Harana and Balitaw: Harana is a serenade tradition where a man sings romantic songs outside a
woman's window. Balitaw is a form of poetic debate through song, often involving flirtatious
wordplay.

• Pahinungod: This is a practice where community members volunteer their time and resources to
help in various local projects, from building houses to cleaning up public areas.

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 33

 MODULE 2 – PHILIPPINE GEOGRAPHY AND CULTURE

MINDANAO COLLECTIVE CULTURE

Culture in Mindanao

Mindanao is the second-largest and southernmost major island in the Philippines. It is known for its
rich and diverse cultural heritage, shaped by a variety of ethnic groups, languages, and traditions. The
culture of Mindanao is a blend of indigenous, Islamic, and Christian influences, resulting in a unique
tapestry of customs, beliefs, and practices.

• Ethnic Diversity: Mindanao is home to numerous ethnic groups, each with its own distinct culture.
Some of the major indigenous groups include the T'boli, Manobo, B'laan, Maguindanao, Maranao,
and Tausug. These groups have their own languages, traditional clothing, music, and dances that
showcase their cultural identity.

• Islam: A significant portion of the population in Mindanao practices Islam, particularly in areas like
the ARMM (Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao). The Islamic influence is evident in the
architecture of mosques, religious practices, and social norms. The Maranao and Maguindanao
groups are known for their elaborate architecture and colorful traditional clothing.

• Indigenous Practices: Many indigenous groups in Mindanao have a strong connection to their
ancestral lands and practice traditional agricultural methods, arts, and crafts. The T'boli, for
example, are known for their intricate beadwork, brass casting, and intricate weaving.

• Music and Dance: Music and dance play a significant role in Mindanao culture. The kulintang
ensemble, consisting of gongs, drums, and other percussion instruments, is a vital part of Maranao
and Maguindanao culture. Traditional dances like the Singkil, a Maranao dance performed with fans,
and the Pangalay, a Tausug dance characterized by graceful hand and foot movements, showcase the
region's vibrant performing arts.

• Festivals: Mindanao hosts a variety of colorful festivals that celebrate its cultural heritage. One of
the most well-known is the Kadayawan Festival in Davao City, which showcases the indigenous
cultures of the region through dance, music, and art.

• Cuisine: Mindanao's cuisine is influenced by its diverse cultural makeup. Seafood is abundant due to
the island's coastal areas. Dishes such as "tinola," a chicken stew with ginger and green papaya, and
"piyaparan," a Tausug dish made with chicken, coconut milk, and spices, reflect the island's culinary
diversity.

• Traditional Beliefs: Some indigenous groups in Mindanao maintain traditional beliefs and practices
related to nature, spirits, and ancestral worship. These beliefs often intertwine with Islam or
Christianity, creating a syncretic approach to spirituality.

• Conflict and Identity: It's important to note that Mindanao has also been historically affected by
conflict, particularly due to ethnic and religious differences. Some areas have experienced tensions
between different cultural and religious groups. Efforts have been made to address these issues and
promote peace and understanding among the diverse communities.

The culture of Mindanao is a dynamic and evolving tapestry that continues to be shaped by historical,
social, and economic factors. It's a reflection of the region's rich history and the resilience of its people
in the face of challenges and changes.

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 34

 MODULE 2 – PHILIPPINE GEOGRAPHY AND CULTURE

People in Mindanao

Mindanao is home to a diverse population that includes various ethnic groups, religious communities,
and cultural backgrounds. The people of Mindanao can be broadly categorized into indigenous groups,
Muslims, Christians, and people of mixed heritage. Here's a breakdown of some of the prominent
groups:

1. Indigenous Groups: Mindanao is inhabited by numerous indigenous communities, each with its
own distinct culture and traditions. Some of the major indigenous groups include:
• T'boli: Known for their intricate beadwork, brass craftsmanship, and traditional music and
dances.
• Manobo: One of the largest indigenous groups in Mindanao, with various subgroups and
languages. They are primarily engaged in agriculture and have unique cultural practices.
• B'laan: Known for their weaving skills, vibrant beadwork, and strong connection to their
ancestral lands.
• Bagobo: Renowned for their traditional attire, including the "lumad" headgear, and intricate
weaving.
• Higaonon: Found mainly in northern Mindanao, known for their farming practices and close ties
to nature.

2. Muslim Communities: A significant portion of Mindanao's population follows Islam, particularly in

areas like the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM). The major Muslim groups include:
• Maguindanao: Known for their traditional music, dance, and vibrant clothing, including the
"malong."
• Maranao: Renowned for their exquisite architecture, especially the "torogan" houses, and the
artistic "Singkil" dance.
• Tausug: Known for their maritime traditions, colorful clothing, and the "Pangalay" dance.
• Yakan: Expert weavers known for their intricate "sawal" textiles.

3. Christian Communities: Christianity, predominantly Roman Catholicism, is practiced by a significant

portion of the population. Various Christian groups, churches, and denominations are present
throughout the island.

4. Mixed Heritage: Over the years, there has been intermarriage and cultural exchange among
different ethnic and religious groups, leading to a population with diverse heritage and identities.

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 35

 MODULE 2 – PHILIPPINE GEOGRAPHY AND CULTURE

Food and Delicacies in Mindanao

Mindanao's culinary scene is as diverse as its cultural landscape. The island's food and delicacies are
influenced by a variety of ethnic groups, resulting in a wide array of flavors, ingredients, and cooking
techniques. Here are some notable dishes and delicacies from Mindanao:

• Pastil: A popular dish in Maguindanao and other Muslim communities, pastil consists of rice,
typically topped with shredded chicken or beef, and wrapped in banana leaves. It's often served as a
quick, on-the-go meal.

• Sinina: A Tausug dish made from fish, usually yellowfin tuna, that is marinated in spices, wrapped in
banana leaves, and then grilled or broiled. The marination process gives the fish a flavorful and
aromatic taste.

• Tiula Itum: Also known as "Black Soup," this Tausug dish features beef or chicken cooked with burnt
coconut meat, creating a dark color and a rich, smoky flavor.

• Piyaparan: A Tausug chicken stew cooked with coconut milk, spices, and grated coconut. The dish is
known for its rich and creamy sauce.

• Grilled Seafood: Given Mindanao's coastal location, grilled seafood like fish, prawns, and squid are
commonly enjoyed. They are often seasoned with local spices and grilled over open flames.

• Durian: Known as the "king of fruits," durian is a unique and polarizing fruit with a strong aroma and
custard-like texture. It's loved by some and disliked by others due to its pungent smell.

• Satti: A popular dish in Zamboanga City, satti is a type of skewered and grilled meat (often chicken or
beef) served with a spicy peanut sauce and rice.

• Tiyula Sug: A Maranao dish featuring braised beef or chicken cooked with ginger, turmeric, and
other spices. The resulting sauce is flavorful and slightly spicy.

• Tinagtag: A traditional T'boli delicacy made from glutinous rice mixed with coconut milk, wrapped in
banana leaves, and then roasted over a fire. It has a sweet and smoky taste.

• Budbud Kabog: A delicacy from Bukidnon made from millet, coconut milk, and sugar. It's wrapped in
banana leaves and steamed, resulting in a sticky and sweet treat.

• Jaa: A traditional Manobo dessert made from rice flour and sugar, formed into balls and then cooked
in coconut milk until they become chewy.

• Kulintang Rice Cake: Named after the traditional kulintang musical instrument, this rice cake from
Maguindanao is colorful and sweet, often served during special occasions.

• Curacha: A type of crab found in Zamboanga that's often cooked in a spicy sauce. It's a popular dish
in the area and is known for its tender and flavorful meat.

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 36

 MODULE 2 – PHILIPPINE GEOGRAPHY AND CULTURE

Superstitious Beliefs in Mindanao

Superstitious beliefs are an integral part of many cultures, including those in Mindanao. These beliefs
often stem from a blend of indigenous, religious, and cultural influences. Here are some superstitious
beliefs commonly found in Mindanao:

• Spiritual Beings and Ancestral Spirits: Many indigenous communities in Mindanao have strong
beliefs in spirits that inhabit the natural world. These spirits are often believed to influence daily life,
and people may perform rituals to appease them. Ancestral spirits are also revered, and their
guidance is sought in various aspects of life.

• Taboos and Forbidden Actions: Various actions and behaviors are considered taboo due to their
association with bad luck or negative consequences. For example, whistling at night is believed to
attract spirits or bring bad luck, and sweeping the floor at night can "sweep away" good luck.

• Dreams and Omens: Dreams are often considered significant in superstitious beliefs. People may
interpret dreams as omens that foretell events or guide decisions. Some dreams are believed to
predict the arrival of visitors or the occurrence of significant life events.

• Lunar Phases and Agricultural Activities: The lunar calendar is used in some superstitious practices
related to agricultural activities. Planting and harvesting are often aligned with certain lunar phases
believed to affect crop growth.

• Birth and Pregnancy Superstitions: Expectant mothers may follow certain practices to ensure a safe
and healthy pregnancy. These practices might include avoiding specific foods, wearing protective
amulets, or observing rituals to ensure a smooth childbirth.

• Amulets and Charms: Amulets, talismans, and charms are believed to offer protection from evil
spirits, accidents, or illnesses. These items may include religious symbols, precious stones, or specific
objects blessed by spiritual leaders.

• Visiting Sacred Places: Some places in Mindanao are considered sacred due to their connection to
spirits or important historical events. People may visit these places to seek blessings, guidance, or
healing.

• Bathing After Attending Funerals: It's believed that attending funerals brings negative energy, and
taking a bath afterward helps cleanse oneself of this energy and prevent bad luck.

• Offerings and Rituals: Rituals, prayers, and offerings are performed to appease spirits or seek their
blessings. These rituals are often observed during special occasions, such as weddings, house
blessings, and harvest festivals.

• Friday the 13th and Other Dates: Like in many cultures, Friday the 13th is often considered an
unlucky day in Mindanao. Similarly, certain dates may be avoided for important events due to their
perceived negative energy.

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 37

 MODULE 2 – PHILIPPINE GEOGRAPHY AND CULTURE

Local Customs and Traditions in Mindanao

Local customs and traditions in Mindanao are deeply rooted in the diverse cultures, ethnic groups, and
religious practices that coexist on the island. These customs and traditions reflect the rich history and
unique identities of the various communities in Mindanao. Here are some notable local customs and
traditions:

• Kanduli: A traditional Maranao gathering or feast, often held to celebrate significant life events such
as weddings, births, and graduations. It involves sharing food and expressing gratitude to guests and
attendees.

• Pagana: A Tausug tradition where guests, especially during weddings, are served with various dishes
that represent the best of the host's offerings. It's a way of showcasing the host's generosity and
hospitality.

• Pangalay: A traditional dance of the Tausug people characterized by intricate hand and foot
movements. It's often performed during celebrations, showcasing the grace and elegance of the
dancers.

• Pamalugu: A Subanen tradition in which an offering is made to spirits or deities to seek blessings or
protection. It involves the use of betel leaves, rice, and other symbolic items.

• Panubad Tubad: A Higaonon tradition in which people gather around a stream or river to wash away
physical and spiritual impurities. It's often performed during important events or to mark the start of
a new phase.

• Kadayawan Festival: An annual festival in Davao City that celebrates the bountiful harvest and the
diverse cultural heritage of Mindanao. It includes colorful parades, traditional dances, and
showcases of indigenous crafts.

• Yakan Weaving: The Yakan people are known for their intricate weaving skills, creating vibrant and
detailed textiles used for clothing, accessories, and home decor. Weaving is an integral part of their
culture and is often passed down through generations.

• Larung Sesaji: A T'boli tradition involving the offering of betel nut and betel leaf to spirits or deities.
It's performed to seek protection, blessings, or guidance.

• Torogan House: The Maranao people have a unique architectural tradition represented by the
torogan, a distinctive house adorned with intricate wood carvings and vibrant colors. These houses
hold cultural significance and often house important events.

• T'nalak Weaving: The T'boli people are renowned for their t'nalak fabric, woven from abaca fibers
and intricately patterned using traditional methods. T'nalak weaving is not only a craft but also a
cultural expression.

• Maguindanao Wooden Drums: The Maguindanao people are skilled in crafting kulintang
instruments, including the agung and the gandingan. These drums are integral to their traditional
music.

• Tawi-Tawi's Bonggao Wedding: The Tausug and Sama people in Tawi-Tawi have unique wedding
ceremonies involving a series of traditional rituals and festivities that last for several days.

• Sarimanok Dance: The Sarimanok, a mythical bird in Maranao culture, is often depicted in dances
that celebrate unity, peace, and cultural pride.

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 38

 MODULE 2 – PHILIPPINE GEOGRAPHY AND CULTURE

Activity 2.1 – Find the Coordinates

Name: _____________________________
Course/Year/Section: _____________________________
Date: _____________________________

Instruction: Find the coordinates of the following places.

1. ____________________ Naval
2. ____________________ Cabarroguis
3. ____________________ Mamburao
4. ____________________ Tandag
5. ____________________ Ipil
6. ____________________ Iba
7. ____________________ Romblon
8. ____________________ Koronadal
9. ____________________ Pili
10. ____________________ Jordan

Activity 2.2 - Interview

Interview someone from the family (mother, father, aunt, uncle, grandmother, or grandfather) about a
family tradition you practice for generations. Write an essay about it and present it in class.

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 39

 Republic of the Philippines
CEBU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
ARGAO CAMPUS
Ed Kintanar Street, Lamacan, Argao Cebu Philippines
Website: http://www.argao.ctu.edu.ph E-mail: [email protected]
Phone No.: (032) 485-8290/485-5109 loc 1700Fax. N0.: (032)4858-290

Bachelor of Science in Tourism Management

MODULE III –
LUZON
TOURISM,
GEOGRAPHY,
AND CULTURE
(PART 1)

COMPILED BY: VIVILLOU ANGELICA G. BATULAN, MBA

 MODULE 3 – LUZON TOURISM, GEOGRAPHY, AND CULTURE (PART 1)

INTENDED LEARNING
OUTCOMES
At the end of this unit, the student should be able to develop, maintain and update
knowledge of Luzon’s tourism, geography, and culture. (CLO-1; CLO-2; CLO-3; CLO-4)

Specifically, students should be able to do the following performance indicators:

1. present each region’s geographic profile;

2. present the brief history of each region;
3. present current tourist attractions in each region;
4. present popular cuisines and beverages in each region;
5. present local customs and traditions of each region; and
6. present a SWOT analysis for each region.

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 41

 MODULE 3 – LUZON TOURISM, GEOGRAPHY, AND CULTURE (PART 1)

LUZON TOURISM, GEOGRAPHY, AND CULTURE (PART 1)

Luzon Geographic Profile

Luzon is the largest and most populous island in the Philippines. It is located in the northern part of the
country and is known for its diverse landscapes, bustling cities, and rich cultural heritage. Here's a
geographic profile of Luzon:

• Location and Size: Luzon is situated in the western Pacific Ocean, bordered by the South China Sea
to the west and the Philippine Sea to the east. It is the largest island in the Philippines, covering an
area of about 109,965 square kilometers (42,457 square miles).

• Geography and Landscapes: The island is characterized by a varied landscape that includes
mountains, plateaus, valleys, coastal plains, and volcanic features. The Cordillera Central mountain
range runs through the northern part of Luzon, while the Sierra Madre mountain range follows the
eastern coastline. The central region consists of lowland areas and fertile plains, including the
Central Luzon Plain, which is known as the country's "Rice Granary."

• Volcanoes: Luzon is home to several active volcanoes due to its location within the Pacific Ring of
Fire. The most famous of these is Mount Mayon in the province of Albay, known for its nearly
perfect cone shape. Another notable volcano is Mount Pinatubo, which erupted dramatically in 1991
and had global climatic effects.

• Cities: Luzon is home to several major cities, including the capital of the Philippines, Manila. Other
important cities include Quezon City, Caloocan, and Davao City. Metro Manila, the National Capital
Region, is the most densely populated area in the Philippines and serves as the country's political,
economic, and cultural center.

• Economy: The island of Luzon plays a crucial role in the Philippines' economy. It houses various
industries, including manufacturing, services, and agriculture. Metro Manila is a hub for business,
commerce, and finance. The Central Luzon region is known for its agricultural productivity,
particularly in rice, corn, and sugarcane.

• Culture and Heritage: Luzon is rich in cultural diversity due to its history of indigenous populations
and foreign influences. It is home to various ethnic groups, each with its own language and
traditions. The island has a mix of indigenous, Spanish colonial, and American colonial influences,
resulting in a unique cultural blend.

• Tourism: Luzon offers a wide range of tourist attractions, from historical sites and natural wonders to
modern entertainment centers. Some popular tourist destinations include the walled city of
Intramuros in Manila, the Banaue Rice Terraces, the white sand beaches of Batangas and Zambales,
and the picturesque landscapes of Baguio City.

• Transportation: Luzon has a well-developed transportation network, including roadways, railways,

and airports. Major highways and expressways connect different parts of the island, and the North
Luzon Expressway (NLEX) and South Luzon Expressway (SLEX) provide efficient travel between Metro
Manila and surrounding areas.

Overall, Luzon's geographic diversity, economic significance, and cultural richness contribute to its
importance as the heart of the Philippines' political, economic, and cultural life.

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 42

 MODULE 3 – LUZON TOURISM, GEOGRAPHY, AND CULTURE (PART 1)

NCR – National Capital Region

The National Capital Region (NCR), commonly referred to as Metro Manila, is the capital region of the
Philippines. It is the center of economic, political, cultural, and social activities in the country. Metro
Manila is composed of several cities and municipalities, each of which has its own local government,
but collectively they form the NCR.

The NCR is located on the western part of Luzon, the largest island in the Philippines. It is bordered by
the provinces of Bulacan to the north, Rizal to the east, and Cavite to the south.

The region is relatively flat with some elevated areas. The Pasig River runs through the eastern portion
of Metro Manila. While much of the natural landscape has been urbanized, efforts have been made to
preserve parks and green spaces within the city.

Transportation:

The NCR has a network of roads, highways, and expressways connecting its cities and municipalities.
Public transportation includes buses, jeepneys, taxis, tricycles, and the Manila Light Rail Transit System
(LRT) and Manila Metro Rail Transit System (MRT).

Popular Tourist Attractions

1. Intramuros: This historic walled city in Manila is a must-visit for its Spanish colonial architecture,
churches, and forts. Visitors can explore sites like Fort Santiago, Manila Cathedral, San Agustin
Church, and Plaza Roma.
2. Rizal Park (Luneta): A historical park dedicated to the country's national hero, Dr. Jose Rizal. It
features the Rizal Monument, gardens, and a large open space where events are often held.
3. National Museum Complex: The complex comprises the National Museum of Fine Arts,
National Museum of Anthropology, and National Museum of Natural History. It houses a wide
range of historical artifacts, artworks, and exhibits.
4. Ayala Museum: Located in Makati, this museum showcases Philippine history and culture
through interactive exhibits, artifacts, and art pieces.
5. Bonifacio Global City (BGC): A modern business district in Taguig known for its upscale shopping
malls, restaurants, and vibrant street art.
6. Manila Ocean Park: An oceanarium and marine-themed park where visitors can see various
aquatic animals, enjoy interactive exhibits, and watch animal shows.
7. Art in Island: A 3D interactive art museum in Quezon City where visitors can become part of the
artwork and take creative photos.
8. Divisoria: A bustling commercial area known for its bargain shopping, where you can find a wide
range of products from clothing to accessories.
9. Greenbelt and Glorietta: Upscale shopping and entertainment complexes in Makati with a
variety of shops, restaurants, and cinemas.
10. Resorts World Manila: An integrated resort complex in Pasay that includes a casino, hotels,
theaters, and entertainment options.
11. The Mind Museum: A science museum in Bonifacio Global City that offers interactive exhibits
and displays related to various scientific concepts.
12. Star City: An amusement park in Pasay featuring rides, games, and attractions for families and
thrill-seekers.
13. Ayala Triangle Gardens: A green oasis in the midst of Makati's business district, offering a
relaxing space with gardens, sculptures, and dining options.
14. Binondo: Manila's Chinatown is a historic area known for its vibrant streets, traditional Chinese
architecture, and diverse culinary scene.
15. Escolta Street: Known for its heritage buildings and historic architecture, Escolta offers a
glimpse into Manila's past.

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 43

 MODULE 3 – LUZON TOURISM, GEOGRAPHY, AND CULTURE (PART 1)

REGION 1 – ILOCOS REGION

Region 1 Geographic Profile

Region 1, also known as the Ilocos Region, is located in the northwestern part of Luzon, the largest
island in the Philippines. It is composed of four provinces: Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, La Union, and
Pangasinan.

Region 1 is situated along the western coastline of Luzon, facing the South China Sea. The region
features a mix of coastal areas, plains, hills, and mountains. The western coastline faces the South
China Sea, while the eastern side is bordered by the Cordillera Central mountain range.

Transportation:

The region is accessible by road and has well-maintained highways and national roads. The North Luzon
Expressway (NLEX) connects the region to Metro Manila.

Provinces:
1. Ilocos Norte: Known for its scenic coastal landscapes, sand dunes, and historical sites such as
Paoay Church.
2. Ilocos Sur: Home to the historic city of Vigan, known for its well-preserved Spanish colonial
architecture and cobblestone streets.
3. La Union: A popular beach destination known for its surfing spots, beautiful beaches, and
relaxed atmosphere.
4. Pangasinan: Known for its diverse attractions, including the Hundred Islands National Park,
Bolinao beaches, and the provincial capital, Lingayen.

Popular Tourist Attractions in Region 1

• Vigan City, Ilocos Sur: Vigan is known for its well-preserved Spanish colonial architecture and
cobblestone streets. Calle Crisologo is a famous street lined with ancestral houses, offering a
glimpse into the region's history. The city offers horse-drawn carriage (kalesa) tours, taking
visitors on a journey back in time.
• Paoay, Ilocos Norte: Paoay is home to the iconic Paoay Church (St. Augustine Church), a
UNESCO World Heritage Site known for its Baroque architecture and massive buttresses.
Visitors can also explore the Malacañang of the North, a historical mansion overlooking Paoay
Lake.
• Pagudpud, Ilocos Norte: Pagudpud is famous for its pristine beaches, including Saud Beach and
Blue Lagoon, which offer clear waters and white sand. The Patapat Viaduct offers panoramic
views of the coastline and the mountains.
• La Union Province: La Union is a popular surfing destination with beaches like Urbiztondo Beach
known for its waves and vibrant surf culture. Tangadan Falls is a scenic waterfall located near
San Gabriel, attracting trekkers and nature enthusiasts.
• Hundred Islands National Park, Pangasinan: This national park features over 100 islands and
islets, each with unique rock formations, clear waters, and opportunities for swimming,
snorkeling, and island hopping.
• Bolinao, Pangasinan: Bolinao is known for its beaches, including Patar Beach, and the Cape
Bolinao Lighthouse, which offers panoramic views of the sea and the surrounding area. Bolinao
also has the Enchanted Cave, a natural cave with cool and refreshing water.
• Bantay Church and Bell Tower, Ilocos Sur: Bantay Church is known for its historical significance,
while the adjacent Bantay Bell Tower offers panoramic views of the town and surrounding
countryside.
• Kapurpurawan Rock Formation, Ilocos Norte: This stunning white rock formation has been
sculpted by natural forces, creating a picturesque landscape by the sea.
• Bangui Wind Farm, Ilocos Norte: The wind farm features a row of towering wind turbines set
against the backdrop of the South China Sea, creating a unique and scenic sight.
• Ancestral Houses and Museums: Throughout the region, you can find ancestral houses that
offer insights into the region's history and culture, such as the Crisologo Museum in Vigan.

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 44

 MODULE 3 – LUZON TOURISM, GEOGRAPHY, AND CULTURE (PART 1)

REGION 2 – CAGAYAN VALLEY REGION

Region 2 Geographic Profile
Region 2, also known as Cagayan Valley, is located in the northeastern part of Luzon, the largest island
in the Philippines. It is composed of five provinces: Batanes, Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya, and
Quirino.
Cagayan Valley is situated in the northeastern part of Luzon, facing the Pacific Ocean to the east and
the Cordillera Central mountain range to the west. The region is characterized by a diverse landscape,
including coastal areas, plains, valleys, mountains, and forests. The Sierra Madre mountain range runs
along the eastern border of the region, while the Cordillera Central is located to the west.
Transportation:
The region is accessible by land transport through well-maintained highways and roads. The Cagayan
North International Airport in Lal-lo, Cagayan, serves as the main gateway for air travel.
Provinces:
1. Batanes: The northernmost province, known for its stunning landscapes, rolling hills, and
traditional stone houses.
2. Cagayan: The largest province in the region, with a mix of coastal areas, agricultural plains, and
mountainous terrain.
3. Isabela: The largest province in terms of land area, known for its vast agricultural lands, forests,
and natural attractions.
4. Nueva Vizcaya: Known for its mountains, forests, and ecotourism sites.
5. Quirino: Known for its natural attractions, including waterfalls, caves, and hot springs.

Popular Tourist Attractions in Region 2

• Callao Cave and Callao Underground River, Cagayan: Callao Cave is famous for its unique
limestone formations and a chapel inside one of its chambers. Visitors can take a boat ride along
the underground river that runs through the cave.
• Palaui Island, Cagayan: Palaui Island is a natural paradise with pristine beaches, crystal-clear
waters, and diverse marine life. Cape Engaño Lighthouse offers panoramic views of the island
and the surrounding sea.
• Anguib Beach, Cagayan: Anguib Beach is known for its powdery white sand and calm turquoise
waters, making it a perfect beach getaway.
• Cape Engaño and Crocodile Island, Cagayan: Cape Engaño offers historical ruins, stunning views,
and a lighthouse. Crocodile Island is a small islet known for its natural beauty and coral
formations, making it a great spot for snorkeling.
• Magat Dam and Reservoir, Isabela: The Magat Dam creates a vast reservoir that offers
opportunities for boating, fishing, and other water-based activities.
• Tuguegarao City, Cagayan: Tuguegarao is the regional capital and is known for attractions like the
St. Peter and Paul Cathedral and Buntun Bridge.
• Duba Cave, Cagayan: Duba Cave is famous for its unique natural pool, stunning rock formations,
and clear blue water.
• Basilica Minore of Our Lady of Piat, Cagayan: The basilica is a pilgrimage site and is known for its
image of Our Lady of Piat, which is highly venerated by Catholics.
• Dupax del Sur Waterfalls, Nueva Vizcaya: This waterfall is located within the lush forest of Nueva
Vizcaya, offering a serene natural setting.
• Balai Nueva Vizcaya, Nueva Vizcaya: Balai Nueva Vizcaya showcases the culture and heritage of
the province through exhibits and interactive displays.

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 45

 MODULE 3 – LUZON TOURISM, GEOGRAPHY, AND CULTURE (PART 1)

CAR - CORDILLERA ADMINISTRATIVE REGION

CAR Region Geographic Profile
The Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR) is a landlocked region located in the northern part of Luzon,
the largest island in the Philippines. It is composed of six provinces: Abra, Apayao, Benguet, Ifugao,
Kalinga, and Mountain Province, as well as the highly urbanized city of Baguio.
The Cordillera Administrative Region is situated in the mountainous area of northern Luzon, bordered
by the Ilocos Region to the west and Cagayan Valley to the east. The region is characterized by its
mountainous terrain, which includes the Cordillera Central mountain range. The Cordillera Central is
known for its rice terraces, considered engineering marvels.
Transportation:
The region is accessible by land transport, including scenic mountain roads. Baguio City can also be
reached by bus and private vehicles.
Provinces and City:
1. Abra: Known for its natural beauty, historical sites, and cultural heritage.
2. Apayao: Offers ecotourism spots, waterfalls, and cultural immersion.
3. Benguet: Known for its vegetable terraces, cool climate, and the city of Baguio.
4. Ifugao: Famous for the Banaue Rice Terraces, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
5. Kalinga: Known for its rich cultural heritage, tattoo artistry, and mountain landscapes.
6. Mountain Province: Offers cultural attractions, caves, and traditional villages.
7. Baguio City: A popular highland city known for its cool climate, parks, and markets.

Popular Tourist Attractions in Cordillera Administrative Region

1. Banaue Rice Terraces, Ifugao: A UNESCO World Heritage Site, known for its intricate rice
terraces carved into the mountainsides by indigenous communities.
2. Sagada, Mountain Province: Famous for its hanging coffins, caves, stunning landscapes, and
outdoor activities.
3. Mount Pulag, Benguet: The third-highest peak in the Philippines, offering breathtaking views
and a unique mossy forest ecosystem.
4. Baguio City, Benguet: A popular hill station known for its cool climate, flower festival
(Panagbenga), and scenic parks.
5. Kalinga Cultural Village, Kalinga: Offers insights into the traditional way of life, including tattoo
artistry, of the Kalinga people.
6. Tam-awan Village, Baguio City: A reconstructed Cordilleran village showcasing traditional huts,
art, and culture.
7. Apo Whang-Od's Village, Kalinga: Known as the last traditional tattoo artist, Whang-Od's village
is a cultural attraction for tattoo enthusiasts.
8. Maligcong Rice Terraces, Mountain Province: A hidden gem with beautiful rice terraces and a
peaceful ambiance.
9. Sumaging Cave, Sagada: Known for its impressive rock formations, underground rivers, and
guided spelunking tours.
10. Tinglayan Village, Kalinga: Offers a chance to experience the rich culture and traditions of the
Kalinga people.
11. Mt. Kalawitan, Abra: Offers hiking opportunities and panoramic views of the surrounding
landscapes.
12. Burnham Park, Baguio City: A popular urban park with boating, biking, and a skating rink.

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 46

 MODULE 3 – LUZON TOURISM, GEOGRAPHY, AND CULTURE (PART 1)

Activity 3.1 – Identify the cities and municipality of NCR on the map.

Name: _____________________________
Course/Year/Section: _____________________________
Date: _____________________________

Instruction: Identify the provinces on the map

1. _________________________ 9. _________________________
2. _________________________ 10. _________________________
3. _________________________ 11. _________________________
4. _________________________ 12. _________________________
5. _________________________ 13. _________________________
6. _________________________ 14. _________________________
7. _________________________ 15. _________________________
8. _________________________

8
5
13 10
15 3

2
12
9
14
11
4

7
6

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 47

 MODULE 3 – LUZON TOURISM, GEOGRAPHY, AND CULTURE (PART 1)

Activity 3.2 – Identify the cities and municipality of NCR on the map.

Name: _____________________________
Course/Year/Section: _____________________________
Date: _____________________________

Identify the Capital of the following provinces:

1. Abra - ________________________
2. Mountain Province - ________________________
3. Ilocos Norte - ________________________
4. Pangasinan - ________________________
5. Batanes - ________________________
6. Quirino - ________________________
7. Benguet - ________________________
8. La Union - ________________________
9. Isabela - ________________________
10. Kalinga - ________________________

Identify in which province does the following palces belongs to:

1. Lagawe - ________________________
2. Kabugao - ________________________
3. Baguio City - ________________________
4. Dagupan City - ________________________
5. Tuguegarao - ________________________
6. Bayombong - ________________________
7. Vigan - ________________________
8. Tabuk - ________________________
9. Cabarroguis - ________________________
10. Bontoc - ________________________

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 48

 Republic of the Philippines
CEBU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
ARGAO CAMPUS
Ed Kintanar Street, Lamacan, Argao Cebu Philippines
Website: http://www.argao.ctu.edu.ph E-mail: [email protected]
Phone No.: (032) 485-8290/485-5109 loc 1700Fax. N0.: (032)4858-290

Bachelor of Science in Tourism Management

MODULE IV –
LUZON
TOURISM,
GEOGRAPHY,
AND CULTURE
(PART 2)

COMPILED BY: VIVILLOU ANGELICA G. BATULAN, MBA

 MODULE 4 – LUZON TOURISM, GEOGRAPHY, AND CULTURE (PART 2)

INTENDED LEARNING
OUTCOMES
At the end of this unit, the student should be able to develop, maintain and update
knowledge of Luzon’s tourism, geography, and culture. (CLO-1; CLO-2; CLO-3; CLO-4)

Specifically, students should be able to do the following performance indicators:

1. present each region’s geographic profile;

2. present the brief history of each region;
3. present current tourist attractions in each region;
4. present popular cuisines and beverages in each region;
5. present local customs and traditions of each region; and
6. present a SWOT analysis for each region.

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 50

 MODULE 4 – LUZON TOURISM, GEOGRAPHY, AND CULTURE (PART 2)

LUZON TOURISM, GEOGRAPHY, AND CULTURE (PART 2)

Luzon Geographic Profile

Luzon is the largest and most populous island in the Philippines. It is located in the northern part of the
country and is known for its diverse landscapes, bustling cities, and rich cultural heritage. Here's a
geographic profile of Luzon:

• Location and Size: Luzon is situated in the western Pacific Ocean, bordered by the South China Sea
to the west and the Philippine Sea to the east. It is the largest island in the Philippines, covering an
area of about 109,965 square kilometers (42,457 square miles).

• Geography and Landscapes: The island is characterized by a varied landscape that includes
mountains, plateaus, valleys, coastal plains, and volcanic features. The Cordillera Central mountain
range runs through the northern part of Luzon, while the Sierra Madre mountain range follows the
eastern coastline. The central region consists of lowland areas and fertile plains, including the
Central Luzon Plain, which is known as the country's "Rice Granary."

• Volcanoes: Luzon is home to several active volcanoes due to its location within the Pacific Ring of
Fire. The most famous of these is Mount Mayon in the province of Albay, known for its nearly
perfect cone shape. Another notable volcano is Mount Pinatubo, which erupted dramatically in 1991
and had global climatic effects.

• Cities: Luzon is home to several major cities, including the capital of the Philippines, Manila. Other
important cities include Quezon City, Caloocan, and Davao City. Metro Manila, the National Capital
Region, is the most densely populated area in the Philippines and serves as the country's political,
economic, and cultural center.

• Economy: The island of Luzon plays a crucial role in the Philippines' economy. It houses various
industries, including manufacturing, services, and agriculture. Metro Manila is a hub for business,
commerce, and finance. The Central Luzon region is known for its agricultural productivity,
particularly in rice, corn, and sugarcane.

• Culture and Heritage: Luzon is rich in cultural diversity due to its history of indigenous populations
and foreign influences. It is home to various ethnic groups, each with its own language and
traditions. The island has a mix of indigenous, Spanish colonial, and American colonial influences,
resulting in a unique cultural blend.

• Tourism: Luzon offers a wide range of tourist attractions, from historical sites and natural wonders to
modern entertainment centers. Some popular tourist destinations include the walled city of
Intramuros in Manila, the Banaue Rice Terraces, the white sand beaches of Batangas and Zambales,
and the picturesque landscapes of Baguio City.

• Transportation: Luzon has a well-developed transportation network, including roadways, railways,

and airports. Major highways and expressways connect different parts of the island, and the North
Luzon Expressway (NLEX) and South Luzon Expressway (SLEX) provide efficient travel between Metro
Manila and surrounding areas.

Overall, Luzon's geographic diversity, economic significance, and cultural richness contribute to its
importance as the heart of the Philippines' political, economic, and cultural life.

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 51

 MODULE 4 – LUZON TOURISM, GEOGRAPHY, AND CULTURE (PART 2)

REGION 3 – CENTRAL LUZON

Region 3 Geographic Profile

Region 3, also known as Central Luzon, is located in the central part of Luzon, the largest island in the
Philippines. It is composed of seven provinces: Aurora, Bataan, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Tarlac,
and Zambales.
Central Luzon is situated in the central part of Luzon, bordered by the Cordillera Central mountain
range to the west and the Sierra Madre mountain range to the east. The region has diverse landscapes,
including plains, hills, mountains, and coastlines. The Zambales mountain range runs through the
western part of the region, while the Sierra Madre mountain range is in the east.
Transportation
The region is well-connected by road networks, including major highways and expressways. Clark
International Airport serves as a major gateway for international and domestic flights.
Provinces:
1. Aurora: A province known for its natural beauty, including waterfalls, beaches, and the stunning
Baler Bay.
2. Bataan: Known for its historical sites, including the Mount Samat National Shrine and Dambana ng
Kagitingan.
3. Bulacan: Offers a mix of urban and rural landscapes, known for its cultural heritage sites and
festivals.
4. Nueva Ecija: An agricultural province known as the "Rice Granary of the Philippines," with vast rice
fields.
5. Pampanga: Known for its culinary heritage, cultural festivals, and historical sites.
6. Tarlac: A province with a mix of agricultural and industrial areas, known for its historical landmarks
and natural attractions.
7. Zambales: Known for its beaches, coves, and islands, offering opportunities for water sports and
relaxation.
Popular Tourist Attractions in Region 3
• Mount Pinatubo, Zambales: Trekking to the crater of Mount Pinatubo offers stunning views of the
crater lake and unique landscapes formed by past volcanic activity.
• Puning Hot Springs, Pampanga Known for its hot springs, mud baths, and relaxation facilities set
against the backdrop of the Pinatubo mountain range.
• Nayong Pilipino, Pampanga: A cultural and historical park that features replicas of iconic Philippine
landmarks, traditional houses, and exhibits.
• Sandbox at Alviera, Pampanga: An adventure park offering various outdoor activities like ziplining,
wall climbing, and ATV rides.
• Subic Bay, Zambales: Subic Bay offers a range of attractions, including beaches, water sports, an
ocean adventure park, and the Zoobic Safari.
• Mount Arayat National Park, Pampanga: A popular hiking destination known for its lush forests,
diverse flora and fauna, and panoramic views from the summit.
• Dinosaurs Island, Pampanga: An educational and entertaining theme park featuring life-size
animatronic dinosaurs and interactive exhibits.
• Baler, Aurora: Known for its surfing spots, scenic beaches, and the historical Baler Church.
• San Guillermo Church, Bacolor, Pampanga: Also known as the "Sunken Church," this historical church
partially buried by lahar offers a unique glimpse into the effects of the Mount Pinatubo eruption.
• Pradera Verde, Lubao, Pampanga: A recreational complex offering golf, wakeboarding, and other
outdoor activities.
• Clark Freeport Zone, Pampanga: Offers a range of attractions including duty-free shopping, a
historical museum, and adventure activities like ziplining and hot air balloon rides.
• Paskuhan Village, San Fernando, Pampanga: A Christmas-themed park featuring light displays, giant
lanterns, and festive decorations.
• Nayong Pilipino sa Clark, Pampanga: A cultural theme park showcasing miniature replicas of famous
landmarks from around the Philippines.

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 52

 MODULE 4 – LUZON TOURISM, GEOGRAPHY, AND CULTURE (PART 2)

REGION 4A – CALABARZON

Region 4A Geographic Profile

Region 4, also known as Calabarzon, is located in the southern part of Luzon, the largest island in the
Philippines. It is composed of five provinces: Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Rizal, and Quezon.
Calabarzon is situated in the southern part of Luzon, bordered by Metro Manila and Central Luzon to
the north, the South China Sea to the west, and the Bicol Region to the south. The region features
diverse landscapes including coastal areas, plains, hills, and mountains. The Tagaytay Ridge offers views
of Taal Volcano and Taal Lake.
Transportation:
The region is accessible by road and has well-developed highways and expressways. The Ninoy Aquino
International Airport in Metro Manila serves as a major gateway for air travel.
Provinces:
1. Cavite: Known for its historical sites, urban developments, and proximity to Metro Manila.
2. Laguna: Known for its hot springs, resorts, and attractions like Pagsanjan Falls.
3. Batangas: Offers a mix of beaches, diving sites, heritage towns, and the Taal Volcano.
4. Rizal: Known for its historical significance and natural attractions, including the mountains of the
Sierra Madre range.
5. Quezon: Offers a diverse range of attractions, including beaches, mountains, and festivals.

Popular Tourist Attractions in Region 4

• Tagaytay City: Known for its cool climate, Taal Volcano views, and the famous Taal Lake.
• Taal Volcano and Taal Lake, Batangas: Taal Volcano is known for its unique crater lake, which can be
explored through trekking or boat rides. Tagaytay Ridge offers panoramic views of the volcano and
the surrounding lake.
• Pagsanjan Falls, Laguna: A famous waterfall destination known for its scenic beauty and the exciting
boat ride through the rapids to reach the falls.
• Anilao, Batangas: A popular diving and snorkeling destination known for its rich marine biodiversity
and vibrant coral reefs.
• Villa Escudero, Quezon: An eco-tourism resort that offers a cultural showcase, traditional Filipino
activities, and a chance to dine by a waterfall.
• Enchanted Kingdom, Laguna: A theme park with a variety of rides, attractions, and entertainment
options suitable for families and thrill-seekers.
• Corregidor Island, Cavite: A historical island known for its role in World War II, with ruins, gun
emplacements, and a museum.
• Hidden Valley Springs, Laguna: A natural hot spring resort with pools, waterfalls, and lush gardens
for relaxation and rejuvenation.
• Taal Heritage Town, Batangas: Known for its well-preserved Spanish-era houses, the Taal Basilica,
and historical sites.
• Mount Makiling, Laguna: A popular hiking destination known for its diverse flora and fauna, and the
Maria Makiling Trail.
• Liliw, Laguna: Known for its footwear and shoe industry, Liliw offers shopping opportunities and
heritage sites.
• San Juan, Batangas: A surfing destination with beaches like Sabang and Laiya known for their waves
and coastal scenery.
• Nasugbu, Batangas: Known for its beaches, golf courses, and the popular Pico de Loro mountain.
• Caliraya Lake, Laguna: Offers water sports, boating, and outdoor activities against the backdrop of
the Sierra Madre mountains.

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 53

 MODULE 4 – LUZON TOURISM, GEOGRAPHY, AND CULTURE (PART 2)

REGION 4B – MIMAROPA

Region 4B Geographic Profile

Region 4B, also known as Mimaropa, is located in the western part of the Philippines, comprising the
island provinces of Mindoro, Marinduque, Romblon, and Palawan.

Mimaropa is situated in the western part of the Philippines, stretching across the Luzon and Visayas
regions. It includes the large island of Palawan and several smaller islands. The region features diverse
landscapes, including coastlines, mountains, and islands. Palawan is known for its beautiful beaches,
limestone cliffs, and underground river.

Transportation:

The region is accessible by sea and air transport, with airports and ports in various provinces. The
Puerto Princesa International Airport in Palawan serves as a major gateway.

Provinces:
1. Palawan: Known for its stunning landscapes, islands, and diverse marine life.
2. Mindoro: Offers natural attractions, cultural sites, and beaches.
3. Marinduque: Known for its annual Moriones Festival and scenic beauty.
4. Romblon: Offers marble industry, natural attractions, and beaches.

Popular Tourist Attractions in Region 4B

• El Nido, Palawan: Famous for its breathtaking limestone formations, hidden lagoons, clear
waters, and stunning beaches.
• Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park, Palawan: Home to the Puerto Princesa
Underground River, a UNESCO World Heritage Site known for its unique limestone formations.
• Coron, Palawan: Offers underwater wrecks for diving enthusiasts, hot springs, and beautiful
lakes.
• Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park, Palawan: UNESCO World Heritage Site known for its exceptional
marine biodiversity and coral reefs.
• Port Barton, Palawan: A quieter and more laid-back destination with beautiful beaches and
island hopping opportunities.
• Mount Tapyas, Coron, Palawan: Offers panoramic views of Coron town and the surrounding
islands after a challenging hike.
• Calauit Safari Park, Palawan:A wildlife sanctuary where you can see African animals roaming
freely in a Palawan setting.
• Apo Reef Natural Park, Occidental Mindoro: Known for its diverse marine life, Apo Reef is the
second-largest contiguous coral reef system in the world.
• Tamaraw Waterfalls, Mindoro: Offers a refreshing swim and lush natural surroundings.
• Moriones Festival, Marinduque: An annual Lenten festival featuring colorful reenactments of the
Passion of Christ.
• Romblon Marble Quarries, Romblon: Known for its marble industry and the picturesque
landscapes of marble mountains.
• Tablas Island, Romblon: Offers beaches, waterfalls, caves, and a relaxed island atmosphere.

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 54

 MODULE 4 – LUZON TOURISM, GEOGRAPHY, AND CULTURE (PART 2)

REGION 5 – BICOL REGION

Region 5 Geographic Profile

Region 5, also known as Bicol Region, is located in the southeastern part of Luzon, the largest island in
the Philippines. It is composed of six provinces: Albay, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Catanduanes,
Masbate, and Sorsogon.
Bicol Region is situated in the southeastern part of Luzon, bordered by the Philippine Sea to the east
and the Visayas region to the south. The region is characterized by diverse landscapes including
coastlines, plains, hills, and mountains. Mayon Volcano is an iconic symmetrical cone-shaped volcano in
Albay.
Transportation:
The region is accessible by land, sea, and air transport. The Legazpi Airport in Albay and the Naga
Airport in Camarines Sur serve as gateways for air travel.
Provinces:
1. Albay: Known for its iconic Mayon Volcano, natural attractions, and historical sites.
2. Camarines Norte: Offers beaches, waterfalls, and the Calaguas Islands.
3. Camarines Sur: Known for its water-based attractions, including Caramoan Islands and CamSur
Watersports Complex.
4. Catanduanes: An island province known for its natural beauty, beaches, and surfing spots.
5. Masbate: Known for its cattle industry, Ticao Island, and the annual Rodeo Festival.
6. Sorsogon: Offers whale shark interactions, beaches, and the Bulusan Volcano National Park.

Popular Tourist Attractions in Region 5

• Mayon Volcano, Albay: Mayon Volcano is an iconic cone-shaped volcano known for its beauty
and symmetry. Visitors can enjoy viewpoints and trekking around its base.
• Caramoan Islands, Camarines Sur: These islands offer pristine beaches, limestone cliffs, and clear
waters. It's a popular destination for island hopping, swimming, and snorkeling.
• Donsol, Sorsogon: Known for whale shark interactions, visitors have the opportunity to swim
alongside these gentle giants.
• CamSur Watersports Complex, Camarines Sur: A world-class water sports facility known for
wakeboarding and other water-based activities.
• Mt. Isarog National Park, Camarines Sur: Offers trekking trails, waterfalls, and diverse flora and
fauna in a lush forest environment.
• Bulusan Volcano Natural Park, Sorsogon: Home to Mount Bulusan, this park offers hiking trails,
lush landscapes, and the serene Lake Bulusan.
• Quitinday Green Hills and Underground River, Albay: Known for its rolling hills, limestone
formations, and an underground river.
• Calaguas Islands, Camarines Norte: Known for their powdery white sand beaches and crystal-
clear waters, the Calaguas Islands are a paradise for beach lovers.
• Misibis Bay, Albay: A luxury resort offering beautiful beaches, water sports, and other
recreational activities.
• Penafrancia Festival, Naga City: A religious and cultural event in honor of Our Lady of
Penafrancia, the patroness of Bicol.
• Catanduanes Island, Catanduanes: Known for its stunning landscapes, pristine beaches, and
opportunities for surfing.
• Rapu-Rapu Island, Albay: Offers beaches, underwater attractions for snorkeling and diving, and
scenic views.
• Masbate Rodeo Festival, Masbate: An annual event celebrating the province's cowboy culture
with rodeo events, street dances, and cultural showcases.
• Vera Falls, Malinao, Albay: A hidden gem featuring a beautiful waterfall surrounded by lush
greenery.

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 55

 MODULE 4 – LUZON TOURISM, GEOGRAPHY, AND CULTURE (PART 2)

Activity 4.1
Name: _____________________________
Course/Year/Section: _____________________________
Date: _____________________________

Identify the Capital of the following provinces:

1. Aurora - _____________________________

2. Bulacan - _____________________________

3. Pampanga - _____________________________

4. Zambales - _____________________________

5. Batangas - _____________________________

6. Laguna - _____________________________

7. Mariduque - _____________________________

8. Occidental Mindoro - _____________________________

9. Albay - _____________________________

10. Masbate - _____________________________

Identify in which province does the following places belongs to:

1. Balanga - _____________________________

2. Palayan - _____________________________

3. Imus - _____________________________

4. Lucena - _____________________________

5. Calapan - _____________________________

6. Daet - _____________________________

7. Virac - _____________________________

8. Antipolo City - _____________________________

9. Puerto Princesa - _____________________________

10. Pili - _____________________________

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 56

 MODULE 4 – LUZON TOURISM, GEOGRAPHY, AND CULTURE (PART 2)

6
3 8

9
4
5
1
7
10

Activity 4.2
Name: _____________________________
2 Course/Year/Section: _____________________________
Date: _____________________________

Instruction: Identify the provinces on the map

1. _____________________________
2. _____________________________
3. _____________________________
4. _____________________________
5. _____________________________
6. _____________________________
7. _____________________________
8. _____________________________
9. _____________________________
10. _____________________________

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 57

 Republic of the Philippines
CEBU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
ARGAO CAMPUS
Ed Kintanar Street, Lamacan, Argao Cebu Philippines
Website: http://www.argao.ctu.edu.ph E-mail: [email protected]
Phone No.: (032) 485-8290/485-5109 loc 1700Fax. N0.: (032)4858-290

Bachelor of Science in Tourism Management

MODULE V –
VISAYAS
TOURISM,
GEOGRAPHY,
AND CULTURE
(PART 1)

COMPILED BY: VIVILLOU ANGELICA G. BATULAN, MBA

 MODULE 5 – VISAYAS TOURISM, GEOGRAPHY, AND CULTURE (PART 1)

INTENDED LEARNING
OUTCOMES
At the end of this unit, the student should be able to develop, maintain and update
knowledge of Luzon’s tourism, geography, and culture. (CLO-1; CLO-2; CLO-3; CLO-4)

Specifically, students should be able to do the following performance indicators:

1. present each region’s geographic profile;

2. present the brief history of each region;
3. present current tourist attractions in each region;
4. present popular cuisines and beverages in each region;
5. present local customs and traditions of each region; and
6. present a SWOT analysis for each region.

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 59

 MODULE 5 – VISAYAS TOURISM, GEOGRAPHY, AND CULTURE (PART 1)

VISAYAS TOURISM, GEOGRAPHY, AND CULTURE (PART 1)

Visayas Geographic Profile

Visayas is one of the three main island groups in the Philippines, situated in the central part of the
country. It is known for its beautiful beaches, vibrant festivals, and unique cultural heritage. Here's a
geographic profile of the Visayas region:
1. Location and Size: The Visayas islands are located between the major islands of Luzon to the
north and Mindanao to the south. The region consists of numerous islands and islets, with a
total land area of approximately 71,500 square kilometers (27,600 square miles).
2. Island Composition: The Visayas is composed of several major islands, including Panay, Negros,
Cebu, Bohol, Leyte, and Samar, along with numerous smaller islands. These islands are
surrounded by the Visayan Sea to the north and the Sulu Sea to the south.
3. Geography and Landscapes: The landscape of the Visayas varies from lush tropical forests to
rolling hills, fertile plains, and stunning coastlines. The region is characterized by its picturesque
beaches, clear waters, and coral reefs, making it a popular destination for beachgoers and
divers.
4. Cities: The Visayas is home to several important cities, including Cebu City, Iloilo City, Bacolod
City, and Tacloban City. Cebu City, in particular, serves as a significant economic and cultural hub
in the region.
5. Cultural Diversity: The Visayas is known for its rich cultural heritage and diverse ethnic groups.
Each island has its own distinct traditions, languages, and festivals. Festivals such as the Ati-
Atihan in Kalibo, Panagbenga in Baguio, and Sinulog in Cebu are celebrated with grand parades
and vibrant performances.
6. Economy: The Visayas region has a diverse economy that includes agriculture, fishing,
manufacturing, and services. It is an important agricultural area, producing crops like sugarcane,
rice, and corn. The region also plays a role in the country's shipping and trade industries due to
its strategic location.
7. Tourism: The Visayas is a popular tourist destination, attracting visitors with its natural beauty,
historic sites, and cultural attractions. Some of the region's well-known tourist spots include the
Chocolate Hills in Bohol, the pristine beaches of Boracay, and historical landmarks such as
Magellan's Cross in Cebu.
8. Transportation: The Visayas region has an extensive network of inter-island ferries and boats
that connect its various islands. Air travel is also common, with several airports serving both
domestic and international flights.
9. Natural Disasters: The Visayas, like the rest of the Philippines, is prone to natural disasters such
as typhoons, earthquakes, and volcanic activity. The region has experienced devastating events
in the past, leading to efforts to strengthen disaster preparedness and resilience.

Overall, the Visayas region's geographic diversity, cultural richness, and tourist attractions contribute to
its significance within the Philippines and the broader Southeast Asian region.

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 60

 MODULE 5 – VISAYAS TOURISM, GEOGRAPHY, AND CULTURE (PART 1)

BOHOL
Bohol Geographic Profile

Bohol is an island province located in the Central Visayas region of the Philippines. Known for its natural
beauty, historical sites, and unique attractions, Bohol is a popular tourist destination.

Bohol is situated in the central part of the Philippines, within the Central Visayas region. It is located
east of Cebu and southwest of Leyte. The province features a mix of landscapes, including coastlines,
hills, mountains, and the famous Chocolate Hills. The Chocolate Hills are a unique geological formation
of more than 1,000 perfectly cone-shaped hills.

Transportation:

The province is accessible by air and sea transport. The Tagbilaran Airport serves as the main gateway
to Bohol.

Cities and Towns:

1. Tagbilaran City: The provincial capital and gateway to the island, known for historical sites and
shopping.
2. Panglao: Known for its stunning beaches and as a popular diving destination.

Popular Tourist Attractions in Bohol

• Chocolate Hills: Iconic cone-shaped hills that turn brown during the dry season, creating a
stunning and surreal landscape.
• Tarsier Conservation Area: Home to the world's smallest primate, the tarsier. Visitors can
observe these adorable creatures in their natural habitat.
• Loboc River Cruise: Offers a relaxing cruise along the Loboc River, complete with buffet lunch or
dinner and live music.
• Panglao Island: Known for its beautiful beaches, crystal-clear waters, and vibrant marine life,
making it a popular destination for diving and snorkeling.
• Alona Beach: A renowned beach in Panglao with powdery white sand, numerous water
activities, and a lively nightlife scene.
• Baclayon Church: One of the oldest stone churches in the Philippines, boasting Spanish colonial
architecture and historical significance.
• Blood Compact Shrine: Commemorates the blood compact between Spanish explorer Miguel
López de Legazpi and Datu Sikatuna.
• Bohol Bee Farm: A sustainable organic farm that offers tours, fresh farm-to-table meals, and
homemade organic products.
• Hinagdanan Cave: A unique cave with a natural pool, known for its impressive stalactite
formations.
• Anda Beaches: Lesser-known but equally stunning beaches in Anda, Bohol, with white sand and
turquoise waters.
• Man-made Forest: A stretch of mahogany trees along the road in Bilar, creating a scenic and cool
environment.
• Danao Adventure Park: Offers thrilling outdoor activities such as ziplining, river tubing, and
rappelling.
• Butterfly Conservatory: A sanctuary showcasing various species of butterflies and promoting
conservation efforts.
• Mag-Aso Falls: A two-tiered waterfall surrounded by lush vegetation, with a natural pool for
swimming.
• The Rajah Sikatuna National Park: A protected area that offers trekking and birdwatching
opportunities.

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 61

 MODULE 5 – VISAYAS TOURISM, GEOGRAPHY, AND CULTURE (PART 1)

CEBU
Cebu Geographic Profile

Cebu is a province located in the Central Visayas region of the Philippines. It is composed of the main
island of Cebu and more than 150 smaller islands and islets.

Cebu is situated in the central part of the Philippines, within the Central Visayas region. It is surrounded
by the Visayan Sea to the north, the Camotes Sea to the east, and the Tanon Strait to the west. The
province features a mix of coastal areas, mountains, and hilly terrain. The central part of the island is
characterized by the Central Cebu Mountain Range.

Transportation:

The province is accessible by air through the Mactan-Cebu International Airport. It is well-connected by
sea transport, with ports and harbors serving passenger and cargo ships.

Cities:
1. Cebu City: The capital city of Cebu and a major urban center known for its historical sites and
economic activities.
2. Lapu-Lapu City: Named after a native chieftain, it is located on Mactan Island and is a hub for
trade and tourism.

Popular Tourist Attractions in Cebu

• Magellan's Cross and Basilica Minore del Santo Niño, Cebu City: Magellan's Cross is a historical
landmark, and the Basilica Minore del Santo Niño houses the revered image of the Santo Niño, a
significant religious icon.
• Fort San Pedro, Cebu City: A historic Spanish-era fort and museum, showcasing Cebu's colonial
past.
• Tops Lookout, Cebu City: Offers panoramic views of Cebu City, the surrounding islands, and the
sea.
• Kawasan Falls, Badian: A popular waterfall destination with turquoise blue waters and natural
pools, perfect for canyoneering and swimming.
• Osmeña Peak, Dalaguete: The highest point in Cebu, offering stunning views of the surrounding
mountains and islands.
• Moalboal, Cebu: Known for its marine biodiversity and diving spots, particularly the sardine run.
• Malapascua Island, Daanbantayan: Famous for its beautiful beaches, clear waters, and the
opportunity to see thresher sharks.
• Bantayan Island, Bantayan: Offers white sand beaches, crystal-clear waters, and a laid-back
island vibe.
• Pescador Island, Moalboal: A popular diving site known for its coral formations, marine life, and
sardine run.
• Taoist Temple, Cebu City: A Taoist temple with vibrant architecture and beautiful panoramic
views of the city.
• Lapu-Lapu Shrine, Lapu-Lapu City: A monument dedicated to Lapu-Lapu, a native chieftain who
defeated Ferdinand Magellan in the Battle of Mactan.
• Sumilon Island, Oslob: Known for its sandbar, crystal-clear waters, and marine sanctuary.
• Cebu Safari and Adventure Park, Carmen:Offers a zoo with a variety of animals, including some
exotic species.

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 62

 MODULE 5 – VISAYAS TOURISM, GEOGRAPHY, AND CULTURE (PART 1)

NEGROS ORIENTAL
Negros Oriental Geographic Profile

Negros Oriental is a province located in the Central Visayas region of the Philippines. Known for its
natural beauty, diverse landscapes, and cultural attractions, Negros Oriental is a destination that offers
a mix of outdoor adventures, historical sites, and vibrant festivals.

Negros Oriental is situated in the southeastern part of the island of Negros, within the Central Visayas
region. It is bordered by the Sulu Sea to the east and the Tañon Strait to the west. The province
features a mix of landscapes, including coastlines, mountains, and hills. Mount Talinis, also known as
Cuernos de Negros, is a prominent mountain in the area.

Transportation:

The province is accessible by air through the Dumaguete-Sibulan Airport. Sea transport is also available
through the Dumaguete City Port.

Cities and Towns:

1. Dumaguete City: The capital and gateway to the province, known for its university town vibe,
historic sites, and cultural events.
2. Siquijor Island: Although not part of Negros Oriental, it's a nearby island known for its mystic
charm, white sand beaches, and healing traditions.

Popular Tourist Attractions in Negros Oriental

• Dumaguete City: Known for its laid-back atmosphere, Rizal Boulevard, and Silliman University.
• Apo Island: A renowned marine sanctuary for diving and snorkeling, with vibrant coral reefs and
diverse marine life.
• Casaroro Falls: A picturesque waterfall tucked in the mountains, accessible through a scenic trek.
• Twin Lakes of Balinsasayao and Danao: Two crater lakes surrounded by lush forests, offering
opportunities for hiking, kayaking, and birdwatching.
• Silliman University Anthropology Museum: Showcases the cultural heritage and artifacts of the
Philippines, including indigenous art and crafts.
• Manjuyod Sandbar: Known as the "Maldives of the Philippines," it's a white sandbar that
appears during low tide.
• Lake Balanan: A serene lake surrounded by forested hills, offering boating and picnicking
opportunities.
• Pulangbato Falls: Named after its reddish rock formations, this waterfall area is known for its
natural hot springs.
• Bais City Dolphin Watching and Manjuyod Sandbar Tour: Offers the chance to spot dolphins in
their natural habitat and visit the sandbar.
• Dumaguete Public Market: A bustling market where you can find local produce, crafts, and a
variety of street food.
• St. Catherine of Alexandria Cathedral: A historic church in Dumaguete City with intricate
architecture and a tranquil ambiance.
• Mount Talinis (Cuernos de Negros): Offers challenging hikes and panoramic views of Negros
Oriental's landscapes.
• Malatapay Market: A weekly market where locals gather to sell goods, including fresh produce,
seafood, and livestock.
• Forest Camp: A natural springs and pool resort that offers relaxation and outdoor activities.

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 63

 MODULE 5 – VISAYAS TOURISM, GEOGRAPHY, AND CULTURE (PART 1)

SIQUIJOR

Siquijor Geographic Profile

Siquijor is a province located in the Central Visayas region of the Philippines. Known for its mystic
charm, pristine beaches, and natural beauty, Siquijor is a destination that offers a unique blend of
culture, history, and relaxation.

Siquijor is situated in the central part of the Philippines, within the Central Visayas region. It is located
southwest of Bohol, northwest of Mindanao, and northeast of Negros Oriental. The province features a
mix of landscapes, including coastlines, hills, mountains, and forested areas.

Transportation:

Siquijor can be accessed by sea transport through various ports in the province. There is no airport on
the island; the nearest major airport is in Dumaguete City.

Towns and Municipalities:

Siquijor is composed of six municipalities: Siquijor, Larena, Enrique Villanueva, Lazi, Maria, and San
Juan.

Popular Tourist Attractions in Siquijor

• Cambugahay Falls: A series of multi-tiered waterfalls with stunning turquoise pools perfect for
swimming and relaxing.
• Salagdoong Beach: Offers clear blue waters, white sandy shores, and opportunities for cliff diving
and snorkeling.
• Lazi Convent and Church: Home to a centuries-old convent made of coral stone and a Baroque-
style church with intricate details.
• San Isidro Labrador Church and Convent: Another historic church and convent showcasing
Spanish colonial architecture.
• Paliton Beach: A peaceful and beautiful beach with powdery white sand and clear waters.
• Kagusuan Beach: Known for its unique pebble shoreline and scenic views.
• Capilay Spring Park: A serene park with a natural spring, century-old acacia trees, and a relaxing
ambiance.
• Mount Bandilaan Nature Park: Offers hiking trails, viewpoints, and a butterfly sanctuary.
• Guiwanon Spring Park: A mangrove forest and eco-park where you can learn about mangrove
conservation.
• Century-old Balete Tree and Fish Spa: A massive balete tree with a fish spa underneath, where
visitors can have a natural foot massage.
• Siquijor Bell Tower: A historic bell tower located near the church in Siquijor town.
• Hapitanan and Old Enchanted Balete Tree: Features a large balete tree believed to be enchanted,
and visitors can also have fish foot massages here.
• Tubod Beach: Offers clear waters, white sand, and a laid-back atmosphere.
• Cantabon Cave: A spelunking adventure through a limestone cave with stunning formations and
chambers.
• Mystic Traditions and Healing Practices: Visitors can explore local mystic practices, including
traditional healers and folk beliefs.

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 64

 MODULE 5 – VISAYAS TOURISM, GEOGRAPHY, AND CULTURE (PART 1)

Activity 5.1

Name : _____________________________
Course/Year/Section : _____________________________
Date : _____________________________

1. _____________________________ A historic Spanish-era fort and museum, showcasing Cebu's

colonial past.

2. _____________________________ Famous for its beautiful beaches, clear waters, and the
opportunity to see thresher sharks.

3. _____________________________ Iconic cone-shaped hills that turn brown during the dry
season, creating a stunning and surreal landscape.

4. _____________________________ the world's smallest primate

5. _____________________________ Two crater lakes surrounded by lush forests, offering

opportunities for hiking, kayaking, and birdwatching.

6. _____________________________ A nature park that offers hiking trails, viewpoints, and a

butterfly sanctuary.

7. _____________________________ Known as the "Maldives of the Philippines," it's a white

sandbar that appears during low tide.

8. _____________________________ A popular diving site known for its coral formations, marine
life, and sardine run.

9. _____________________________ Commemorates the blood compact between Spanish explorer

Miguel López de Legazpi and Datu Sikatuna.

10. _____________________________ A popular waterfalls destination in Cebu with turquoise blue

waters and natural pools, perfect for canyoneering and swimming.

Activity 5.2

Instruction:

Research the Strengths and Weaknesses of Region 7 and present it in class.

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 65

 Republic of the Philippines
CEBU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
ARGAO CAMPUS
Ed Kintanar Street, Lamacan, Argao Cebu Philippines
Website: http://www.argao.ctu.edu.ph E-mail: [email protected]
Phone No.: (032) 485-8290/485-5109 loc 1700Fax. N0.: (032)4858-290

Bachelor of Science in Tourism Management

MODULE VI –
VISAYAS
TOURISM,
GEOGRAPHY,
AND CULTURE
(PART 2)

COMPILED BY: VIVILLOU ANGELICA G. BATULAN, MBA

 MODULE 6 – VISAYAS TOURISM, GEOGRAPHY, AND CULTURE (PART 2)

INTENDED LEARNING
OUTCOMES
At the end of this unit, the student should be able to develop, maintain and update
knowledge of Luzon’s tourism, geography, and culture. (CLO-1; CLO-2; CLO-3; CLO-4)

Specifically, students should be able to do the following performance indicators:

1. present each region’s geographic profile;

2. present the brief history of each region;
3. present current tourist attractions in each region;
4. present popular cuisines and beverages in each region;
5. present local customs and traditions of each region; and
6. present a SWOT analysis for each region.

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 67

 MODULE 6 – VISAYAS TOURISM, GEOGRAPHY, AND CULTURE (PART 2)

VISAYAS TOURISM, GEOGRAPHY, AND CULTURE (PART 2)

Visayas Geographic Profile

Visayas is one of the three main island groups in the Philippines, situated in the central part of the
country. It is known for its beautiful beaches, vibrant festivals, and unique cultural heritage. Here's a
geographic profile of the Visayas region:
1. Location and Size: The Visayas islands are located between the major islands of Luzon to the
north and Mindanao to the south. The region consists of numerous islands and islets, with a
total land area of approximately 71,500 square kilometers (27,600 square miles).
2. Island Composition: The Visayas is composed of several major islands, including Panay, Negros,
Cebu, Bohol, Leyte, and Samar, along with numerous smaller islands. These islands are
surrounded by the Visayan Sea to the north and the Sulu Sea to the south.
3. Geography and Landscapes: The landscape of the Visayas varies from lush tropical forests to
rolling hills, fertile plains, and stunning coastlines. The region is characterized by its picturesque
beaches, clear waters, and coral reefs, making it a popular destination for beachgoers and
divers.
4. Cities: The Visayas is home to several important cities, including Cebu City, Iloilo City, Bacolod
City, and Tacloban City. Cebu City, in particular, serves as a significant economic and cultural hub
in the region.
5. Cultural Diversity: The Visayas is known for its rich cultural heritage and diverse ethnic groups.
Each island has its own distinct traditions, languages, and festivals. Festivals such as the Ati-
Atihan in Kalibo, Panagbenga in Baguio, and Sinulog in Cebu are celebrated with grand parades
and vibrant performances.
6. Economy: The Visayas region has a diverse economy that includes agriculture, fishing,
manufacturing, and services. It is an important agricultural area, producing crops like sugarcane,
rice, and corn. The region also plays a role in the country's shipping and trade industries due to
its strategic location.
7. Tourism: The Visayas is a popular tourist destination, attracting visitors with its natural beauty,
historic sites, and cultural attractions. Some of the region's well-known tourist spots include the
Chocolate Hills in Bohol, the pristine beaches of Boracay, and historical landmarks such as
Magellan's Cross in Cebu.
8. Transportation: The Visayas region has an extensive network of inter-island ferries and boats
that connect its various islands. Air travel is also common, with several airports serving both
domestic and international flights.
9. Natural Disasters: The Visayas, like the rest of the Philippines, is prone to natural disasters such
as typhoons, earthquakes, and volcanic activity. The region has experienced devastating events
in the past, leading to efforts to strengthen disaster preparedness and resilience.

Overall, the Visayas region's geographic diversity, cultural richness, and tourist attractions contribute to
its significance within the Philippines and the broader Southeast Asian region.

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 68

 MODULE 6 – VISAYAS TOURISM, GEOGRAPHY, AND CULTURE (PART 2)

REGION 6 – WESTERN VISAYAS REGION

Region 6 Geographic Profile

Region 6, also known as Western Visayas, is located in the central part of the Philippines, encompassing
the western portion of the Visayas island group. It is composed of six provinces: Aklan, Antique, Capiz,
Guimaras, Iloilo, and Negros Occidental.
Western Visayas is situated in the central part of the Visayas, with Panay Island as its major landmass. It
is surrounded by the Sulu Sea to the northwest and the Visayan Sea to the northeast. The region
features a mix of coastal areas, plains, hills, and mountains. Mount Kanlaon, an active volcano, is
located on Negros Island.

Transportation:
The region is accessible by land, sea, and air transport. The Iloilo International Airport and Bacolod-
Silay Airport serve as gateways for air travel.

Provinces:
1. Aklan: Known for the famous Boracay Island, a popular beach destination.
2. Antique: Offers natural attractions, historical sites, and cultural heritage.
3. Capiz: Known for its seafood and cultural festivals.
4. Guimaras: An island province known for its sweet mangoes and scenic landscapes.
5. Iloilo: Known for its rich history, heritage sites, and festivals.
6. Negros Occidental: Offers diverse attractions, including historical sites and natural landscapes.

Popular Tourist Attractions in Region 6

• Boracay Island, Aklan: Famous for its powdery white sand beaches, clear blue waters, and
vibrant nightlife.
• Miag-ao Church, Iloilo: A UNESCO World Heritage Site known for its Baroque architecture and
intricate facade.
• Guimaras Island, Guimaras: Known for its sweet mangoes, pristine beaches, and scenic
landscapes.
• Islas de Gigantes (Gigantes Islands), Iloilo: Offers beautiful beaches, stunning rock formations,
and opportunities for island hopping.
• Lakawon Island, Negros Occidental: Known for its white sand beach, crystal-clear waters, and
the iconic TawHai Floating Bar.
• Bacolod City, Negros Occidental: Known for its MassKara Festival, historical sites, and vibrant
food scene.
• Malumpati Cold Spring, Antique: A natural spring with cool and refreshing waters set against
lush green surroundings.
• Tibiao Fish Spa, Antique: Experience a unique spa treatment where fish nibble on your feet in a
natural setting.
• Puka Shell Beach, Aklan: A less crowded beach on Boracay Island known for its puka shell-laden
shore.
• San Joaquin Cemetery, Iloilo: Known for its unique Spanish colonial architecture and its history
as a Spanish-era cemetery.
• Mambukal Mountain Resort, Negros Occidental: Offers hot springs, hiking trails, waterfalls, and
a relaxing atmosphere.
• Nelly's Garden, Capiz: A historical house known for its well-preserved architecture and antiques.
• Iloilo River Esplanade, Iloilo: A scenic riverside park perfect for strolling, jogging, and enjoying
the view.

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 69

 MODULE 6 – VISAYAS TOURISM, GEOGRAPHY, AND CULTURE (PART 2)

REGION 8 – EASTERN VISAYAS REGION

Region 8 Geographic Profile

Region 8, also known as Eastern Visayas, is located in the eastern part of the Philippines and consists of
six provinces: Biliran, Eastern Samar, Leyte, Northern Samar, Samar, and Southern Leyte.
Eastern Visayas is situated in the eastern part of the Visayas island group, with the Philippine Sea to the
east and the Visayan Sea to the west. The region features a diverse range of landscapes, including
coastlines, plains, mountains, and islands. The San Juanico Bridge connects Samar and Leyte and is one
of the longest bridges in the Philippines.

Transportation:
The region is accessible by land, sea, and air transport. The Daniel Z. Romualdez Airport in Tacloban
serves as a gateway for air travel.

Provinces:
1. Biliran: A small island province known for its natural beauty, waterfalls, and hot springs.
2. Eastern Samar: Offers diverse natural attractions and cultural heritage.
3. Leyte: Known for its historical significance and natural beauty, including the city of Tacloban.
4. Northern Samar: Known for its beaches, islands, and natural attractions.
5. Samar: Offers a mix of landscapes, including mountains, rivers, and beaches.
6. Southern Leyte: Known for its marine biodiversity, dive sites, and ecotourism.

Popular Tourist Attractions in Region 8

• Kalanggaman Island, Leyte: Known for its stunning sandbar, clear waters, and snorkeling
opportunities.
• San Juanico Bridge, Leyte and Samar: One of the longest bridges in the Philippines, offering
scenic views of the San Juanico Strait.
• Sohoton Natural Bridge and Caves, Samar: A network of caves and underground rivers with
unique rock formations, accessed through kayaking.
• Biliran Island, Biliran: Offers waterfalls, hot springs, and picturesque landscapes perfect for
nature enthusiasts.
• Tinago Falls, Biliran: A hidden gem with a towering waterfall and a natural pool for swimming.
• Sulangan White Beach, Eastern Samar: A serene and pristine beach with clear waters and a
relaxed atmosphere.
• Lake Danao, Leyte: A serene lake surrounded by lush forests, offering kayaking and other
outdoor activities.
• Calicoan Island, Eastern Samar: Known for its surfing spots, clear waters, and scenic landscapes.
• Sohoton Cove National Park, Samar: A protected area with caves, lagoons, and diverse marine
life.
• Tacloban City, Leyte: Offers historical sites, cultural attractions, and a glimpse into the city's
resilience.
• MacArthur Landing Memorial Park, Leyte: Commemorates the return of General Douglas
MacArthur and his forces to the Philippines during World War II.
• Biri Island Rock Formations, Northern Samar: A group of stunning rock formations shaped by
natural forces and ocean waves.
• Tongonan Hotsprings National Park, Leyte: Known for its geothermal activity, offering hot
springs, mud baths, and lush landscapes.
• Cuatro Islas, Leyte: A group of four islands with white sand beaches, crystal-clear waters, and
vibrant marine life.

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 70

 MODULE 6 – VISAYAS TOURISM, GEOGRAPHY, AND CULTURE (PART 2)

Activity 6.1
Name: _____________________________
Course/Year/Section: _____________________________
Date: _____________________________

Identify the Capital of the following provinces:

1. Aklan - _____________________________

2. Antique - _____________________________

3. Guimaras - _____________________________

4. Leyte - _____________________________

5. BIliran - _____________________________

Identify in which province does the following places belongs to:

1. Borongan - _____________________________

2. Catarman - _____________________________

3. Maasin - _____________________________

4. Bacolod - _____________________________

5. Roxas - _____________________________

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 71

 MODULE 6 – VISAYAS TOURISM, GEOGRAPHY, AND CULTURE (PART 2)

Activity 6.2
Name: _____________________________
Course/Year/Section: _____________________________
Date: _____________________________

Instruction: Identify the provinces on the map

1. _____________________________
2. _____________________________
3. _____________________________
4. _____________________________
5. _____________________________
6. _____________________________
7. _____________________________
8. _____________________________
9. _____________________________
10. _____________________________

9
5 2
6 8
10
4 1 7
3

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 72

 Republic of the Philippines
CEBU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
ARGAO CAMPUS
Ed Kintanar Street, Lamacan, Argao Cebu Philippines
Website: http://www.argao.ctu.edu.ph E-mail: [email protected]
Phone No.: (032) 485-8290/485-5109 loc 1700Fax. N0.: (032)4858-290

Bachelor of Science in Tourism Management

MODULE VII –
MINDANAO
TOURISM,
GEOGRAPHY,
AND CULTURE
(PART 1)

COMPILED BY: VIVILLOU ANGELICA G. BATULAN, MBA

 MODULE 7 – MINDANAO TOURISM, GEOGRAPHY, AND CULTURE (PART 1)

INTENDED LEARNING
OUTCOMES
At the end of this unit, the student should be able to develop, maintain and update
knowledge of Luzon’s tourism, geography, and culture. (CLO-1; CLO-2; CLO-3; CLO-4)

Specifically, students should be able to do the following performance indicators:

1. present each region’s geographic profile;

2. present the brief history of each region;
3. present current tourist attractions in each region;
4. present popular cuisines and beverages in each region;
5. present local customs and traditions of each region; and
6. present a SWOT analysis for each region.

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 74

 MODULE 7 – MINDANAO TOURISM, GEOGRAPHY, AND CULTURE (PART 1)

MINDANAO TOURISM, GEOGRAPHY, AND CULTURE

(PART 1)
Mindanao Geographic Profile

Mindanao is the second-largest and southernmost major island in the Philippines. It is known for its
diverse cultures, natural resources, and landscapes. Here's a geographic profile of Mindanao:
1. Location and Size: Mindanao is situated in the southern part of the Philippines and is bordered
by the Celebes Sea to the south, the Mindanao Sea to the west, and the Philippine Sea to the
east. It covers an area of approximately 104,530 square kilometers (40,360 square miles).
2. Geography and Landscapes: The island's terrain is varied and includes mountain ranges,
plateaus, valleys, and coastal plains. The Central Mindanao Highlands run through the center of
the island, with the highest peak being Mount Apo, the tallest mountain in the Philippines. The
eastern coast is characterized by rugged cliffs and deep fjord-like bays.
3. Ethnic Diversity: Mindanao is home to a wide range of ethnic groups and cultures, including the
Lumad indigenous peoples and various Muslim communities, collectively known as the Moro
people. The island's cultural diversity is reflected in its languages, traditions, and festivals.
4. Cities: Major cities in Mindanao include Davao City, Cagayan de Oro, General Santos, and
Zamboanga City. Davao City is the largest city on the island and serves as a key economic and
cultural center in Mindanao.
5. Economy: Mindanao is rich in natural resources, including minerals, agricultural products, and
marine resources. The island plays a significant role in the Philippines' agriculture sector,
producing crops such as rice, corn, bananas, and coconuts. Additionally, Mindanao has potential
for mining, fishing, and agribusiness.
6. Conflict and Peace Efforts: Mindanao has experienced periods of conflict, particularly in areas
with Muslim populations seeking autonomy or independence from the central government.
Efforts have been made to address these issues through peace negotiations and agreements,
such as the creation of the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM).
7. Tourism: Despite its natural beauty and cultural attractions, Mindanao's tourism industry has
faced challenges due to safety concerns related to past conflicts. However, there are still tourist
destinations that attract visitors, such as the Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park and the Enchanted
River in Surigao del Sur.
8. Transportation: Mindanao has a network of roads, highways, and airports that connect its
various regions and cities. Davao International Airport and Francisco Bangoy International
Airport are two of the major airports in Mindanao.
9. Natural Hazards: Similar to other parts of the Philippines, Mindanao is susceptible to natural
hazards like typhoons, earthquakes, and volcanic activity. The region has experienced both
devastating typhoons and geological events.

Overall, Mindanao's geographic diversity, cultural mix, and economic potential contribute to its
importance within the Philippines and its potential to play a larger role in the country's development.
Efforts to promote peace, economic growth, and sustainable development in the region continue to be
crucial for its progress.

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 75

 MODULE 7 – MINDANAO TOURISM, GEOGRAPHY, AND CULTURE (PART 1)

REGION 9 – ZAMBOANGA PENINSULA REGION

Region 9 Geographic Profile

Region 9, also known as Zamboanga Peninsula, is located in the western part of Mindanao, the second-
largest island in the Philippines. It is composed of three provinces: Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga
del Sur, and Zamboanga Sibugay.
Zamboanga Peninsula is situated in the western part of Mindanao, bordered by the Moro Gulf to the
north and the Sulu Sea to the south. The region features a mix of coastal areas, plains, hills, and
mountains. The region's coastline faces the Moro Gulf and the Sulu Sea.

Transportation:
The region is accessible by land, sea, and air transport. The Zamboanga International Airport serves as
a gateway for air travel.

Provinces:
1. Zamboanga del Norte: Known for its natural attractions, waterfalls, and eco-tourism sites.
2. Zamboanga del Sur: Offers diverse landscapes, from beaches to mountains, and the city of
Pagadian.
3. Zamboanga Sibugay: Known for its cultural diversity, festivals, and natural resources.

Popular Tourist Attractions in Region 9

• Dakak Beach, Zamboanga del Norte: Known for its white sand beaches, clear waters, and
opportunities for water sports and relaxation.
• Merloquet Falls, Zamboanga del Sur: A picturesque waterfall surrounded by lush greenery,
perfect for nature lovers and photographers.
• Dipolog City Boulevard, Zamboanga del Norte: Offers a scenic waterfront view, a place for
leisurely walks, and beautiful sunsets.
• Rizal Shrine, Dapitan City, Zamboanga del Norte: A historical site commemorating the life and
exile of Philippine national hero Jose Rizal.
• Dao Dao Islands, Zamboanga Sibugay: Known for their pristine beaches, clear waters, and
opportunities for island hopping.
• Siay Mangrove Forest, Zamboanga Sibugay: A protected mangrove forest with walkways that
allow visitors to explore its unique ecosystem.
• Paseo del Mar, Zamboanga City: A waterfront park offering a relaxing atmosphere, views of the
sea, and opportunities for strolling.
• Fort Pilar, Zamboanga City: A historic fort that played a role in the city's history, now turned into
a museum and religious shrine.
• St. Peter's Cathedral, Zamboanga City: A stunning Catholic cathedral known for its Spanish-
influenced architecture and historical significance.
• Dao-Dao Coral Reefs, Zamboanga Sibugay: A marine sanctuary known for its diverse marine life
and vibrant coral reefs, perfect for diving and snorkeling.
• Dapitan City Plaza, Zamboanga del Norte: A public square with a statue of Jose Rizal, a fountain,
and a serene atmosphere.
• Zamboanga City Hall: An architectural landmark in Zamboanga City, known for its elegant design
and historic significance.

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 76

 MODULE 7 – MINDANAO TOURISM, GEOGRAPHY, AND CULTURE (PART 1)

REGION 10 – NORTHERN MINDANAO REGION

Region 10 Geographic Profile

Region 10, also known as Northern Mindanao, is located in the northern part of Mindanao, the second-
largest island in the Philippines. It is composed of five provinces: Bukidnon, Camiguin, Lanao del Norte,
Misamis Occidental, and Misamis Oriental.
Northern Mindanao is situated in the northern part of Mindanao, bordered by the Bohol Sea to the
north and the Celebes Sea to the south. The region features a mix of coastal areas, plains, hills, and
mountains. Mount Kitanglad in Bukidnon is one of the highest peaks in the Philippines.

Transportation:
The region is accessible by land, sea, and air transport. The Laguindingan Airport in Misamis Oriental
serves as a gateway for air travel.

Provinces:
1. Bukidnon: Known for its cool climate, mountainous landscapes, and agricultural resources.
2. Camiguin: A small island province known for its volcanic attractions, beaches, and hot springs.
3. Lanao del Norte: Offers a mix of coastal areas and upland regions, including Iligan City.
4. Misamis Occidental: Known for its eco-tourism sites, mountains, and cultural heritage.
5. Misamis Oriental: Offers diverse attractions, including the city of Cagayan de Oro and beaches.

Popular Tourist Attractions in Region 10

• Dahilayan Adventure Park, Bukidnon: Known for its zipline rides, adventure activities, and the
cool climate of the highlands.
• Camiguin Island, Camiguin: Known as the "Island Born of Fire," Camiguin offers volcanic
attractions, hot springs, and beautiful beaches.
• Maria Cristina Falls, Iligan City, Lanao del Norte: A majestic waterfall known for its powerful
cascade and lush surroundings.
• White Island, Camiguin: A white sandbar with clear waters that offer a panoramic view of the
island and its volcanoes.
• Mapawa Nature Park, Cagayan de Oro City: Offers outdoor activities like trekking, river tubing,
and waterfall swimming.
• Del Monte Pineapple Plantation, Bukidnon: Visitors can tour the plantation, learn about
pineapple cultivation, and enjoy scenic views.
• Tinago Falls, Iligan City, Lanao del Norte: A hidden waterfall set in a lush ravine, accessible
through a trekking trail.
• Ostrich and Crocodile Farm, Misamis Oriental: Offers educational tours where visitors can see
ostriches, crocodiles, and other animals up close.
• Plaza Divisoria, Cagayan de Oro City: The city's central square known for its historical significance
and vibrant atmosphere.
• Macahambus Hill Cave, Bukidnon: Offers cave exploration, zip-lining, and a historical museum.
• Tuasan Falls, Camiguin: A refreshing waterfall that requires a short trek through lush forest.
• Xavier Museum, Cagayan de Oro City: Showcases artifacts, cultural displays, and artworks related
to Mindanao's heritage.
• Ma. Cristina Ancestral House, Iligan City, Lanao del Norte: A well-preserved ancestral home
showcasing local history and culture.
• Mount Hibok-Hibok, Camiguin: A challenging hike to the summit of an active stratovolcano for
panoramic views.

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 77

 MODULE 7 – MINDANAO TOURISM, GEOGRAPHY, AND CULTURE (PART 1)

REGION 11 – DAVAO REGION

Region 11 Geographic Profile

Region 11, also known as Davao Region, is located in the southeastern part of Mindanao, the second-
largest island in the Philippines. It is composed of four provinces: Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur,
Davao Oriental, and Davao Occidental, as well as the highly urbanized city of Davao City.
Davao Region is situated in the southeastern part of Mindanao, bordered by the Celebes Sea to the
east and the Davao Gulf to the west. The region features diverse landscapes, including coastlines,
plains, mountains, and forests. Mount Apo, the highest peak in the Philippines, is located in Davao del
Sur.

Transportation:
The region is accessible by land, sea, and air transport. The Davao International Airport serves as a
major gateway for air travel.

Provinces and City:

1. Davao del Norte: Offers natural attractions, agricultural sites, and eco-tourism spots.
2. Davao del Sur: Known for its diverse landscapes, including Mount Apo, the highest peak in the
Philippines.
3. Davao Oriental: Offers pristine beaches, ecotourism destinations, and natural wonders.
4. Davao Occidental: Known for its emerging tourism spots, beaches, and cultural heritage.
5. Davao City: The region's center of commerce, trade, and education, with urban attractions and
natural sites.

Popular Tourist Attractions in Region 11

• Mount Apo, Davao del Sur: The highest peak in the Philippines offers hiking, trekking, and
breathtaking views from its summit.
• Samal Island, Davao del Norte: Known for its beautiful beaches, waterfalls, and the Monfort Bat
Cave, home to a large colony of bats.
• People's Park, Davao City: A well-designed park featuring sculptures, gardens, and cultural
elements.
• Eden Nature Park, Davao City: Offers guided tours, gardens, zip-lining, and a relaxing atmosphere
amidst nature.
• Philippine Eagle Center, Davao City: A conservation center dedicated to the protection of the
endangered Philippine eagle.
• Mati City, Davao Oriental: Offers pristine beaches, surfing spots, and the Sleeping Dinosaur
viewpoint.
• Malagos Garden Resort, Davao City: Known for its bird park, butterfly sanctuary, and chocolate-
making experience.
• Crocodile Park, Davao City: Features a crocodile breeding area, wildlife exhibits, and animal
shows.
• D' Bone Collector Museum, Davao City: Showcases a diverse collection of bones and skeletons
from various animals.
• Mount Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary, Davao Oriental: A UNESCO World Heritage Site
known for its unique bonsai forest and rich biodiversity.
• Sul Orchid Farm, Davao City: Offers a wide variety of orchids and other flowering plants.
• Monfort Bat Cave, Samal Island: Home to millions of Geoffroy's rousette fruit bats, making it one
of the largest bat colonies in the world.
• San Pedro Cathedral, Davao City: A historic church known for its impressive architecture and
religious significance.
• Hagimit Falls, Samal Island: A refreshing waterfall with cascading tiers and a natural pool.

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 78

 MODULE 7 – MINDANAO TOURISM, GEOGRAPHY, AND CULTURE (PART 1)

Activity 7.1
Name: _____________________________
Course/Year/Section: _____________________________
Date: _____________________________

Identify the Capital of the following provinces:

1. Lanao del Norte - _____________________________

2. Misamis Oriental - _____________________________

3. Davao Oriental - _____________________________

4. Davao Occidental - _____________________________

5. Zamboanga Sibugay - _____________________________

Identify in which province does the following places belongs to:

1. Dipolog - _____________________________

2. Mambajao - _____________________________

3. Digos - _____________________________

4. Oroquieta - _____________________________

5. Pagadian - _____________________________

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 79

 MODULE 7 – MINDANAO TOURISM, GEOGRAPHY, AND CULTURE (PART 1)

Activity 7.2
Name: _____________________________
Course/Year/Section: _____________________________
Date: _____________________________

Instruction: Identify the provinces on the map

1. _____________________________
2. _____________________________
3. _____________________________
4. _____________________________
5. _____________________________
6. _____________________________
7. _____________________________
8. _____________________________
9. _____________________________
10. _____________________________

4
7
1
6 3
8 2
5 9

10

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 80

 Republic of the Philippines
CEBU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
ARGAO CAMPUS
Ed Kintanar Street, Lamacan, Argao Cebu Philippines
Website: http://www.argao.ctu.edu.ph E-mail: [email protected]
Phone No.: (032) 485-8290/485-5109 loc 1700Fax. N0.: (032)4858-290

Bachelor of Science in Tourism Management

MODULE VIII –
MINDANAO
TOURISM,
GEOGRAPHY,
AND CULTURE
(PART 2)

COMPILED BY: VIVILLOU ANGELICA G. BATULAN, MBA

 MODULE 8 – MINDANAO TOURISM, GEOGRAPHY, AND CULTURE (PART 2)

INTENDED LEARNING
OUTCOMES
At the end of this unit, the student should be able to develop, maintain and update
knowledge of Luzon’s tourism, geography, and culture. (CLO-1; CLO-2; CLO-3; CLO-4)

Specifically, students should be able to do the following performance indicators:

1. present each region’s geographic profile;

2. present the brief history of each region;
3. present current tourist attractions in each region;
4. present popular cuisines and beverages in each region;
5. present local customs and traditions of each region; and
6. present a SWOT analysis for each region.

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 82

 MODULE 8 – MINDANAO TOURISM, GEOGRAPHY, AND CULTURE (PART 2)

MINDANAO TOURISM, GEOGRAPHY, AND CULTURE

(PART 2)
Mindanao Geographic Profile

Mindanao is the second-largest and southernmost major island in the Philippines. It is known for its
diverse cultures, natural resources, and landscapes. Here's a geographic profile of Mindanao:
1. Location and Size: Mindanao is situated in the southern part of the Philippines and is bordered
by the Celebes Sea to the south, the Mindanao Sea to the west, and the Philippine Sea to the
east. It covers an area of approximately 104,530 square kilometers (40,360 square miles).
2. Geography and Landscapes: The island's terrain is varied and includes mountain ranges,
plateaus, valleys, and coastal plains. The Central Mindanao Highlands run through the center of
the island, with the highest peak being Mount Apo, the tallest mountain in the Philippines. The
eastern coast is characterized by rugged cliffs and deep fjord-like bays.
3. Ethnic Diversity: Mindanao is home to a wide range of ethnic groups and cultures, including the
Lumad indigenous peoples and various Muslim communities, collectively known as the Moro
people. The island's cultural diversity is reflected in its languages, traditions, and festivals.
4. Cities: Major cities in Mindanao include Davao City, Cagayan de Oro, General Santos, and
Zamboanga City. Davao City is the largest city on the island and serves as a key economic and
cultural center in Mindanao.
5. Economy: Mindanao is rich in natural resources, including minerals, agricultural products, and
marine resources. The island plays a significant role in the Philippines' agriculture sector,
producing crops such as rice, corn, bananas, and coconuts. Additionally, Mindanao has potential
for mining, fishing, and agribusiness.
6. Conflict and Peace Efforts: Mindanao has experienced periods of conflict, particularly in areas
with Muslim populations seeking autonomy or independence from the central government.
Efforts have been made to address these issues through peace negotiations and agreements,
such as the creation of the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM).
7. Tourism: Despite its natural beauty and cultural attractions, Mindanao's tourism industry has
faced challenges due to safety concerns related to past conflicts. However, there are still tourist
destinations that attract visitors, such as the Tubbataha Reefs Natural Park and the Enchanted
River in Surigao del Sur.
8. Transportation: Mindanao has a network of roads, highways, and airports that connect its
various regions and cities. Davao International Airport and Francisco Bangoy International
Airport are two of the major airports in Mindanao.
9. Natural Hazards: Similar to other parts of the Philippines, Mindanao is susceptible to natural
hazards like typhoons, earthquakes, and volcanic activity. The region has experienced both
devastating typhoons and geological events.

Overall, Mindanao's geographic diversity, cultural mix, and economic potential contribute to its
importance within the Philippines and its potential to play a larger role in the country's development.
Efforts to promote peace, economic growth, and sustainable development in the region continue to be
crucial for its progress.

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 83

 MODULE 8 – MINDANAO TOURISM, GEOGRAPHY, AND CULTURE (PART 2)

REGION 12 - SOCCSKSARGEN

Region 12 Geographic Profile

Region 12, also known as Soccsksargen, is located in the southern part of Mindanao, the second-largest
island in the Philippines. It is composed of four provinces: Cotabato, Sarangani, South Cotabato, and
Sultan Kudarat, as well as the highly urbanized city of General Santos.
Soccsksargen is situated in the southern part of Mindanao, bordered by the Moro Gulf to the north and
the Celebes Sea to the south. The region features diverse landscapes, including coastlines, plains,
mountains, and lakes. Lake Sebu in South Cotabato is known for its scenic beauty and indigenous T'boli
culture.

Transportation:
The region is accessible by land, sea, and air transport. The General Santos International Airport serves
as a gateway for air travel.

Provinces and City:

1. Cotabato: Offers a mix of landscapes, including mountains and fertile plains.
2. Sarangani: Known for its coastal areas, beaches, and eco-tourism spots.
3. South Cotabato: Offers natural attractions, lakes, and cultural sites.
4. Sultan Kudarat: Offers a blend of agricultural landscapes and cultural diversity.
5. General Santos City: A hub for trade, commerce, and tuna production, known as the "Tuna
Capital of the Philippines."

Popular Tourist Attractions in Region 12

• Lake Sebu, South Cotabato: Known for its serene lakes, T'boli culture, and opportunities for
boating and cultural immersion.
• Mt. Matutum, South Cotabato: Offers hiking trails, a diverse ecosystem, and panoramic views
from its summit.
• Seven Falls, South Cotabato: A series of waterfalls that can be explored through eco-tours and
zipline rides.
• T'boli Museum, South Cotabato: Showcases the cultural heritage of the T'boli indigenous people,
including their traditional crafts and way of life.
• Kalaja Karsts Ecopark, Sultan Kudarat: Offers limestone formations, caves, and opportunities for
trekking and caving.
• Asik-Asik Falls, Cotabato: A stunning curtain-like waterfall surrounded by lush vegetation.
• Gumasa Beach, Sarangani: Known for its white sand beach, clear waters, and the annual
Sarangani Bay Festival.
• General Santos City Fish Port Complex: Offers a glimpse into the region's fishing industry, known
as the "Tuna Capital of the Philippines."
• Sarangani Highlands Garden, Sarangani: Features beautiful gardens, panoramic views of the sea,
and a restaurant.
• Notre Dame of Marbel University (NDMU) Museum, South Cotabato: Showcases historical
artifacts, cultural displays, and indigenous artifacts.
• Allah Valley Landscape Development Alliance (AVLDA) Wildlife Sanctuary, Sultan Kudarat: A
conservation area that protects the region's diverse flora and fauna.
• Sultan Kudarat Provincial Capitol Building, Sultan Kudarat: Known for its impressive architecture
and panoramic views from its viewpoint.
• Koronadal City Hall and Park, South Cotabato: A well-designed park with a fountain and a statue
of Dr. Jose Rizal.

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 84

 MODULE 8 – MINDANAO TOURISM, GEOGRAPHY, AND CULTURE (PART 2)

REGION 13 – CARAGA REGION

Region 13 Geographic Profile

Region 13, also known as Caraga Region, is located in the northeastern part of Mindanao, the second-
largest island in the Philippines. It is composed of five provinces: Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur,
Dinagat Islands, Surigao del Norte, and Surigao del Sur.
Caraga Region is situated in the northeastern part of Mindanao, bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the
east and the Bohol Sea to the west. The region features diverse landscapes, including coastlines, plains,
mountains, and islands. The province of Dinagat Islands is known for its unique rock formations and
beaches.

Transportation:
The region is accessible by land, sea, and air transport. The Bancasi Airport in Butuan City serves as a
major gateway for air travel.

Provinces:
1. Agusan del Norte: Offers cultural heritage sites, rivers, and natural attractions.
2. Agusan del Sur: Known for its agricultural resources, rivers, and ecotourism spots.
3. Dinagat Islands: A small province known for its scenic beauty, beaches, and natural wonders.
4. Surigao del Norte: Offers pristine beaches, islands, and attractions like Siargao Island.
5. Surigao del Sur: Known for its coastal landscapes, waterfalls, and diverse marine life.

Popular Tourist Attractions in Region 13

• Siargao Island, Surigao del Norte: Known as the "Surfing Capital of the Philippines," Siargao
offers world-class surfing spots, pristine beaches, and stunning lagoons.
• Enchanted River, Surigao del Sur: Offers crystal-clear blue waters, known for its vibrant colors
and thriving underwater life.
• Tinuy-an Falls, Surigao del Sur: Known as the "Little Niagara of the Philippines," it features a
multi-tiered waterfall in a lush forest setting.
• Sohoton Cove National Park, Surigao del Norte: Offers limestone caves, lagoons, and
opportunities for swimming and exploring.
• Magpupungko Rock Pools, Siargao Island: Natural tide pools formed by rock formations,
perfect for swimming and relaxation.
• Hinatuan Enchanted River, Surigao del Sur: Another enchanting river with crystal-clear waters
and a unique underwater experience.
• Cloud 9, Siargao Island: A famous surfing spot known for its powerful and challenging waves.
• Laswitan Lagoon, Surigao del Sur: A series of saltwater lagoons and rock formations that
create natural "fountains" when hit by waves.
• Agusan Marsh Wildlife Sanctuary, Agusan del Sur: A protected area known for its diverse bird
species and wetland ecosystem.
• Britannia Islands, Surigao del Sur: A group of small islands and islets with white sand beaches
and clear waters.
• Mabua Pebble Beach, Surigao City: A unique beach with smooth pebbles instead of sand,
known for its stunning sunrise views.
• Mount Diwata, Compostela Valley: Offers hiking and panoramic views from its summit.

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 85

 MODULE 8 – MINDANAO TOURISM, GEOGRAPHY, AND CULTURE (PART 2)

BARMM – BANGSAMORO AUTONOMOUS REGION OF MUSLIM MINDANAO

BARMM Geographic Profile

The Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM) is an autonomous region located
in the southern part of the Philippines. It is composed of five provinces: Basilan, Lanao del Sur,
Maguindanao, Sulu, and Tawi-Tawi.
The Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM) is located in the southern part of
the Philippines, primarily on the island of Mindanao. The region features a mix of coastal areas,
mountains, and islands. The Sulu Archipelago is known for its numerous islands and marine resources.

Transportation:
The region is accessible by land, sea, and air transport, with airports in some provinces. The
development of transportation infrastructure is a priority for the region.

Provinces:
1. Basilan: Known for its diverse culture, historical sites, and natural attractions.
2. Lanao del Sur: Offers cultural heritage, Lake Lanao, and scenic landscapes.
3. Maguindanao: Known for its unique culture, historical sites, and natural resources.
4. Sulu: Offers historical and cultural sites, marine biodiversity, and the Tausug culture.
5. Tawi-Tawi: Known for its pristine beaches, islands, and cultural diversity.

Popular Tourist Attractions in BARMM

• Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Masjid, Cotabato City: Also known as the Grand Mosque, it is one of
the largest mosques in the Philippines and a significant landmark.
• Lake Lanao, Lanao del Sur: The second-largest lake in the Philippines, offering boating, fishing,
and panoramic views.
• Bud Bongao, Tawi-Tawi: A sacred mountain with hiking trails, lush forests, and panoramic views
from its summit.
• Sama Kampilan Village, Tawi-Tawi: Offers insights into the maritime heritage and traditional
practices of the Sama people.
• Bud Datu Peak, Maguindanao: A mountain known for its cultural significance and panoramic
views of the surrounding landscapes.
• Marawi Grand Mosque, Lanao del Sur: A modern mosque with impressive architecture, also
known as the Islamic Center.
• Malamawi Island, Basilan: Known for its white sand beaches, clear waters, and potential for
island hopping.
• Mt. Minandar, Sulu: Offers trekking opportunities and panoramic views of the islands and the
sea.
• Matutum Protected Landscape, Maguindanao: A protected area with diverse flora and fauna,
including Mount Matutum.
• Bud Dajo, Sulu: Offers trekking and panoramic views from its summit, known for its historical
significance.
• Balimbing Cave, Basilan: A cave known for its unique limestone formations and underground
river.
• Maguindanao Provincial Capitol Complex, Maguindanao: Offers a glimpse of the region's cultural
heritage and showcases local craftsmanship.

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 86

 MODULE 8 – MINDANAO TOURISM, GEOGRAPHY, AND CULTURE (PART 2)

Activity 8.1
Name: _____________________________
Course/Year/Section: _____________________________
Date: _____________________________

Identify the Capital of the following provinces:

1. Cotabato - _____________________________

2. Sarangani - _____________________________

3. Agusan del Sur - _____________________________

4. Surigao del Norte - _____________________________

5. Basilan - _____________________________

Identify in which province does the following places belongs to:

1. Koronadal - _____________________________

2. Isulan - _____________________________

3. Cabadbaran - _____________________________

4. San Jose - _____________________________

5. Joolo - _____________________________

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 87

 MODULE 8 – MINDANAO TOURISM, GEOGRAPHY, AND CULTURE (PART 2)

Activity 8.2
Name: _____________________________
Course/Year/Section: _____________________________
Date: _____________________________

Instruction: Identify the provinces on the map

1. _____________________________
2. _____________________________
3. _____________________________
4. _____________________________
5. _____________________________
6. _____________________________
7. _____________________________
8. _____________________________
9. _____________________________
10. _____________________________

10
7
5
4

1 9
2
3
6 8

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 88

 ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Vivillou Angelica G. Batulan is a BS Tourism (cum laude) graduate at Northeastern
Cebu Colleges and a Master of Business Administration major in Hotel and
Restaurant Management graduate at the University of Cebu-Main Campus and is
currently taking her doctoral degree in Business Administration at the same
university. She has a background in airline reservation and events management.
She is currently an instructor in the College of Hospitality Management and
Tourism at Cebu Technological University–Main Campus and is handling Tourism
core subjects.

MODULE IN THC111 – PHILIPPINE CULTURE AND TOURISM GEOGRAPHY 89