Building Energy Efficiency

Lecture – 3 (Fundamentals)
Energy Scenario in the world
Energy Scenario in India
Energy Scenario in India
Commercial Buildings Growth Forecast
• 17.74% Of global population • Currently , 659 million m2 (USAID ECO-III Internal
• 4.5% compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) in estimate using MOSPI , CEA and Benchmarked
primary energy demand (1997- 2007) Energy Use data.
• Capital investment needed on supply side – approx. • In 2030, 1900 million m2 (estimated)
$1 trillion • 66% building stock is yet to be constructed..
• Installed capacity in India – approx. 329.23 GW
• Projected capacity in 2030 – 800,000 MW
• 600 MW capacity addition each week for next 20
years
• Peak power deficit of 16.6%
• Energy deficit of 1%
• India is poised to experience growth in the AC load
that no other country in the history would have
encountered.
Building Life cycle cost
Energy Conservation and Efficiency
• The terms energy conservation and energy efficiency have two distinct meanings. There are many ways people can use
less energy (conservation) and many ways people can use energy more wisely ( efficiency).
• ENERGY CONSERVATION is any behavior that results in the use of less energy. Turning the lights off when leaving the
room and recycling aluminum cans both ways of conserving energy.
• ENERGY EFFICICNCY is the use of technology that requires less energy to perform the same function. Using a LED light
bulb that requires less energy rather than using an incandescent bulb to produce the same amount of light is an example
of energy efficiency.
• Driving less is an example of energy conservation. Driving the same amount with a higher mileage vehicle is an example
of energy efficiency.
Energy Demand Reduction
Specific Heat
Thermal Conductivity –K value
Materials K value
• It is the amount of heat passing through a slab of uniform material of unit Brick work 1.21
thickness when unit difference of temperature is established between its
Concrete 1.44
faces.
• Its unit is W/(m k) Stone (granite) 2.92
• The thermal conductivity of a material can be related to its insulation
Glass wool 0.034
properties. The lower the conductivity , the netter insulator it is.
Air 0.026
Water 0.58
Conductance

• Conductance is the rate of heat flow through a unit area of the body having a
temperature difference between its two surfaces.
• It is measured in W/ (m2 K)
Thermal Resistance – R value
• Thermal Resistivity – resistivity is the property applicable to a unit Materials R value
thickness of a material of uniform density to resist the transfer of heat i.e. Brick work 0.83
the reciprocal of conductivity . Better insulators have a high resistivity.
• Its unit is (m k) /W. Concrete 0.69
• Thermal Resistance – the reciprocal of conductance , it is the property Stone (granite) 0.34
applicable to a unit area of a material of uniform density to resist the
transfer of heat . It is quantified as a product of resistivity (k-value) with the Glass wool 29.40
thickness. Air 38.45
• Its unit is (m2 k )/W.
Water 1.72
Thermal Transmittance – U value
• It is the amount of heat passing through a unit area of the given material or
all the materials in a system at a given temperature difference between the
air or other fluid on either side of the material in steady state conditions.
• Its unit is W/ (m2/ K).
• A material or a system of materials having a low U- value means that the
amount of heat transferred is low, which means the stress to regulate both
electrical and thermal loads is low.

• Thermal Conductance ( heat Transfer Co- efficient ) : U

value
• U=1/R

• Measures heat transfer through the envelope due to a temperature

difference between the indoors and outdoors ( unit = W/ m2.K)
• U factor of composite wall / roof assembly as 1/ R
• Rate of the heat flow , therefore , lower numbers are better.

Effect of Thickness on Resistance and conductance of Glass Fiber Insulation Board

 Albedo
• Albedo is the surface property of a material which is indicative of the absorptive or reflective
qualities of the surface of a material.
• The albedo of a material is also an indicator of the amount of heat transferred by the material in
the sub surface and the surface material's maximum surface temperature as an outcome of the
amount of solar radiation incident on it.
• It is expressed as a percentage of the amount of solar radiation reflected from the surface of
the material to the total amount of solar radiation incident on it.
• It is also represented on a scale of 0-1 .
• “0” low albedo indicating a highly absorptive surface( blackbody)
• “1” – high albedo indicating a highly reflective surface ( white body)

High SRI External Finishes

• External finishes having a high SRI – Solar reflectance Index are being used as a design
measure for enhancing thermal comfort inside a building.
• As more amount of heat energy from the sun is reflected, the load on the internal cooling
system is considerably reduced.
• Finishes as paints and tiles can be used either individually or concurrently.
Insulation
• Thickness – as per manufacturer (25-150 mm as minimum)
• Density as per manufacturer
• Thermal conductivity (k) – at 10 deg C for density 12 kg/m3 – 0.038 W/m.K
• At 100 deg C , for density 12 kg/m3 – 0.065 W /m.K
• Thermal Resistance ®at 10 deg C for density 12 kg/m3 – 0.66 m2k / W
• At 100 deg C , for density 12 kg/m3 – 0.38 m2K/W
• Made from glass wool and sand
• It has zero ODP and Minimum VOC.
• Light weight as compared to clay bricks and are easily workable.

Solar Heat Gain Co- efficient

• Ratio of solar heat gain that passes through fenestration
to the total incident solar radiation that falls on the
fenestration.
• Indicates how well fenestration insulates heat caused by
direct solar rays.
• Lower SHGC means lesser heat transfers into the
building through the window.
• Depends on properties of glazing material and window
operation ( Fixed or operable)
Visual Light Transmittance
• Fraction of visible light transmitted through the glazing
• Affects daylight and visibility
• Varies between 0 & 1
• VLT is concerned with the visible portion of the solar spectrum as opposed to SHGC, Which takes into
account the entire solar radiation.
• Typical , lower the SHGC, lower the VLT
• Higher insulating property glass will reduce daylight.
• Higher the VLT , more light is transmitted
• Balance is needed between daylight requirements and heat gain through windows.
 India Whole Building Data

Whole Building energy use metrics

Whole Building Units Standard Better Best

metric
Annual Energy kWh/m2 250 150 60
Use
Peak energy W/m2 90 40 20
use
Annual energy kWh/a/person 2250 1350 585
use/occupant
Basic Strategies
 Building Envelope
• The Building envelope refers to the exterior façade , comprised of opaque components
and fenestration systems .Components include walls, roofs, slabs on grade ( touch with
ground, Basement walls and opaque doors.
• Fenestration systems include windows, skylights , ventilators , doors that are more than
glazed . The envelope protects building’s interior and occupants from the weather
conditions shields them from other factors e.g. Noise , air pollution.

Building Envelope Design Considerations

• Climate & Microclimate
• Temperature , humidity , solar radiation, windspeed/direction , landform , vegetation,
water bodies , open spaces etc.
• Building Orientation & Form
• Orientation of the building , surface to volume ratio and exposed surface area.
Insolation
Building Orientation
Simulation
1. Efficient Building Envelope
(a) North – south orientation for longer occupied spaces..
(b) Adjacent shading through trees.
Insolation Analysis
Avg. Daily radiation
Building Insulation
• One of the ways to improve energy efficiency , especially in airconditioned buildings.
• Has high R value
• Increases thermal comfort in cooling and heating mode.
• Helps in reducing heating and cooling costs.
Materials
Materials
Window to Wall Ratio
 High Performance glass

• SHGC
• SHGC refers to ratio of solar heat passes through the glazing to the total incident solar
radiation ,the lower the SHGC , the lesser the direct incident heat gains from the glazing
surfaces.
Total Heat gain=
300 watts
Window Shading
 Cool Roofs
• Cool Roofs are roofs covered with a reflective coating with a high
emissivity property that is very effective in reflecting the sun’s energy
away from the roof surface.
• Known to stay 10 deg C to 16 deg C Cooler than a normal roof under a
hot summer sun.
• Reduced Urban Heat island effect.

• Ideal Exterior surface in hot climates.

• Reflectance near 1 and absorptance near 0 to minimize solar gain.
• Emissivity near 1 to radiate absorbed heat back to the sky.

Significance of cool roofs

• Effect of solar reflective roofs
• Case study: Satyam Technology Center , Hyderabad.
• By IIT Hyderabad with Lawrence Berkeley national Lab, California.
• Measured daily electricity savings= 30 kWh
• Estimated annual electricity savings= 9000 kWh
• Annual savings per sq. meter = 13 kWh/m2
• Monetary savings at Rs.5 /kWh =Rs.65 /m2/year
• Incremental cost of cool roof = Rs.700/m2
• Total discounted savings over the expected life of the roof =
Rs.430,000
• 100 sq.m of a white roof , replacing a dark roof , offset the emission of
10 tons of co2.
Blinds and Shades
Blinds and Shades
Sky lights

U – factor and SHGC requirements according to

Installation of skylight (Flush mounted / curb mounted)
Skylight roof ratio ( SSR)
ECBC Building envelope requirements :Overview.
Efficient HVAC System and Control

Design for optimized Temp Set point

High Efficiency Chillers (Refer ECBC -2007 ? ASHRAE 90.1-2010)
Efficient HVAC System and Control

Variable frequency drive for AHU’S and Chiller Pumps

Efficient HVAC System and Control

Variable Air volume Boxes in air diffusers

Efficient HVAC System and Control

Heat Recovery Wheel

Efficient HVAC System and Control

Piping and duct installation

Efficient HVAC System and Control

Proper system Balancing

Efficient HVAC System and Control

Air side Economizer

Efficient HVAC System and Control

Water side Economizer

Efficient HVAC System and Control

Personalized Thermal Control

Source: Shiv Nadar University

Lighting
 Lighting systems and Controls
• Lighting is a major energy consumer in commercial buildings.
• Lighting accounts for 15% of total energy consumption in India.
• Commercial Buildings 20%-40%
• In most commercial Buildings, lighting is one of the largest sources of internal heat gain.
• Heat generated from electric lighting contributes significantly to the energy needed for cooling of buildings.
• Each kilowatt- hour (kWh) reduction in lighting energy approximately saves 0.4 kWh in cooling energy.
• Lighting is one of the fastest developing energy-efficient technologies.

• Improve the space (color of the room surfaces and furnishings)

• Optimize light quality
• Reduction of glare and veiling reflections
• Proper luminance Ratios
• Mix of direct and indirect sources
• Appropriate color temperature
• Appropriate color rendering.
 Day lighting

• Daylighting Design Approaches.

• Building form – U shaped, stepped back
• Skylights, atria
• Elements – light shelves , reflectors , louvers , blinds

• Simple Daylighting Techniques

• This schematic shows a mix of top-lighting and side-lighting , light shelves, high reflectance ceilings and
wall diffusion to provide fairly uniform deep-plan daylighting without the glare of direct sunlight.
 Day lighting

Glazing Selection.
Tinted
Reflective
Low-e
Spectrally selective

Total Solar and Visible light transmissions for selected glazing units
• Glazing units with high visible light transmission and low solar heat co-efficient (SHGC, the fraction of the
incident solar energy transmitted through a window, are best for daylighting in buildings dominated by
cooling loads.
 Day lighting

Redirecting daylight ( and light transport systems)

 Energy Efficient Lighting

Optimized Lux level

 Energy Efficient Lighting

Efficacy of light fixtures

- Lumen per watt
Energy Efficient Lighting

Incandescent
 Energy Efficient Lighting
Use of lighting controls
-On and off controls
o Manual switches
o Elapsed – time switches
o Clock switches
o EMS( Energy Management systems) Controls
o Photocell Controls
o Occupancy controls
o Switched power strips

Dimming Controls
o Power reducers
o Steeped dimming controls
o Continuous dimming controls
 Energy Efficient Lighting

Automatic lighting control

Three types of control Dimmers are devices used to lower the brightness of a light. By
• Dimmer changing the voltage waveform applied to the lamp , it is possible
• Motion/occupancy, photo sensor to lower the intensity of the light output.
• Timer control
 Energy Efficient Lighting

Automatic lighting control Motion / occupancy , Photo sensor

Three types of control Motion Detection is the process of detecting a change in the
• Dimmer position of an object relative to its surroundings or a change in
• Motion/occupancy, photo sensor the surroundings relative to an object.
• Timer control
 Energy Efficient Lighting

Automatic lighting control

Three types of control Time control
• Dimmer A timer is a specialized type of clock for measuring time
• Motion/occupancy, photo sensor intervals. Efficient for outdoor lighting.
• Timer control
Energy Efficient Equipment & Appliances

Efficient Transformers

High efficient Pumps

High efficient motors

BEE Star rated

appliances (min. 3 stars)

Power factor more than

0.95 lag

Power distribution losses

less than 1%
Ways to achieve Energy conservation

Day lighting control ( harness day

light through windows and skylights
to minimize the use of artificial
lighting during daytime)
Ways to achieve Energy conservation

(b) Use of low embodied energy materials in building

Ways to achieve Energy conservation

(c) Prefer natural ventilation where possible

Ways to achieve Energy conservation

2. Through HVAC
Avoid over sizing of equipments

Link the thermostat with

occupancy sensors

Use your AC in energy saving

mode ( set point > 25Deg)

Use ceiling fan with higher set point

of AC

Seal building envelop to reduce the

loss

Clean your AC at regular interval of

time

Strategically position your AC

Ways to achieve Energy conservation
2. Through Lighting and electrical units

Turn off lights when not in use

Spot light your work spaces

Remove dust from lights at regular interval

Hang laundry to dry in the sun

Unplug electronics when they are not in use.

Use computer at power saving modes

Power down your cable or DVR box when not in use

Reduce the frequency and time of refrigerator door

opening.
Ways to achieve Energy conservation

How would you know about your building energy consumption?

1. Existing Building
2. New Building

Existing Buildings
(a) Energy bills
(b) Energy monitoring
Ways to achieve Energy conservation

New Buildings
(a) Energy Modeling using simulating tools i.e. equest , Energy
plus, Design builder, Ecotect etc
Ways to achieve Energy conservation
New Buildings
(a) Energy Modeling using simulating tools i.e. equest , Energy
plus, Design builder, Ecotect etc