For onlinary numbers a and b we ean write the product of « and bas ab or ax b, There is only one interpretation for this product, so we can use power notation a? = axa, a?=axaxa, and soon as shorthand However, there are v0 different types of product involving two veetors. These are: > The sealar produet of 2 vectors, which results in 8 sealar answer and has the notation v « w (read “v dot Ww”). > The vector product of 2 vectors, which results in a vector answer and has the notation vx w (read “V ross Ww”). Consequently, for vector v, v? vector products it would refer to. fr (9) has no meaning and is not used, as it not clear which of the In this course we consider only the scalar product. SCALAR PRODUCT ‘The scalar product of two vectors is also known as the dot product or inner product. ity Vow = om + eguy + ru. ANGLE BETWEEN VECTORS ‘ “ w Consider the vectors v= fo} ang SL fies % wy We translate one of the vectors so that they both originate from the same point, This vector is vw + w= w and has length |w ~ v| Using the cosine rule, + wl? —2|¥|[w| cose 3) oP bod ue + (wi 01)? + (e202)? + (wavs)? riws + aw + vsws = |¥||w]cosd P+ wi? +m? ~2|¥) | w]cose vew=|¥/ |W) cost ‘The angle @ between two vectors v and w can be found using cos 0 =ALGEBRAIC PROPERTIES OF THE SCALAR PRODUCT ‘The scalar product has the following algebraic properties for both 2-D and 3-D vectors: . > o ae > (vtwe(xty)=vextveyt+wextwey These properties ae proven by (3) sn --(2) tig gona vests sch & = Be careful not to confuse the sealar produet, which is the product of two vectors to give a sealar answer, with scalar multiplication, which is the product of a scalar and a vector to give a parallel vector. They are quite different. GEOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF THE SCALAR PRODUCT > For non-zero vectors v and w: =0 © vand w are perpendicular or orthogonal > [vew/=[v||w] < vand w are non-zero pai > If @ is the angle between vectors v and w then: If@ is acute, cos@>0 andso vew>0 If is obtuse, cos@<0 andso vew<0. The angle between two vectors is always taken as the angle @ such that 0° <0 < 180°, rather than reflex angle a. ‘The first two of these results can be demonstrated as follows: If v is perpendicular to w then @= 90°. If vis parallel to w then @ = 0° or 180°. vew=|y|[w]cosd oo Yew = |v] |w]cos8 =|¥| [w] cos 90° =|¥]|w)eos0 or || |w|cos 180° =0 =2lvilw] [yew] =v] Iw] To formally prove these results we must also show that their converses are true. Pues ). find: 5 (=: a pea the angle between p and q. b pea=|pl|alcose cy +. cosg = P*a Ft Ipilal * Vor Ort Tr =2(-1) +3(0) + (-1)2 = ot =-240-2 ve 2, Oza a 2 O= 008EXERCISE 12) vee (a= ()pat() aqep © qe(er) d 3req © pea gael biel 0 2 , and ¢= { -1), find: 1 b bea « fa? € ae(bee) f aebtace : ). a bpen © temgletereen pant 4 Find the angle between m and mn iff (ime (i) oes Find 2 (i+ j-K)eQi+K) bb isi 6 Find peg if a [pl =2, || =5, @=60° © |pI=6 lq 7 Suppose |v] =3 and |w|=4. State the possible values of ve w ify and w are: i parallel Ii at 60° to each other. Suppose i Explain why a and b are not perpendicular. ii Find [al if] and b are parallel. © Suppose |e| =| |= v5. What can be deduced about e and d if, leed=5 li ced=—5 8 Inthe given figue: Y {State the coordinates of P. Find BP and AP. Find Abe AB using & 4 4 What property of semicircle as een atin ant veaee (2) 0 (8) ate (2) omnes Hence, prove that (a+b) *(¢-+d)=aect+aed+bectbe Fe) =aebtace Emr Fateh tt a= (5!) we 9= (2) weer Since aad a ppd «0 rae -(2)- ied (@)-@) eee (YQ) +5 <245t=010 Find ¢ given that these vectors are perpendicular: TT ese) s *=(.59) and r= (2*) 11 For each pair of vectors in question 10, find the value(s) of t for which the vectors are parallel. ‘Vectors are mutually 1 12 a Show that (: 5 perpendicular if each one is perpendicular to all the b Show that a : : others. are mutually perpendicular. ¢ Find ¢ if the following vectors are perpendicular: “Een GmcEy BETAS { We do not need to check Consider the points A(2, 1), B(6, 1), and C(5, -3). Use AB e AC and pees a scalar product to check if triangle ABC is right angled. If it is, eee state the right angle. ‘have more than one right (4): me (=): and x=(3). angle AB e BC = 4(~1) + (-2)(-2) =-44+4=0. AB LBC and so triangle ABC is right angled at B. 13 Use a scalar product to check if triangle ABC is right angled. If it is, state the right angle. a A(-2, 1), B(-2,5), and C(3, 1) b A(4,7), B(1,2), and C(-1,6) « AQ, -2), B(5,7), and C(-1, -1) d A(10, 1), BOS, 2), and C(7, 4) 14 Consider triangle ABC in which A is (5, 1, 2), Bis (6, —1, 0), and C is (3, 2, 0). Using scalar product only, show that the triangle is right angled. 15 A(2,4,2), B(-1, 2,3), C(-3, 3,6), and D(0, 5, 5) are vertices of a quadrilateral. 2 Prove that ABCD is a parallelogram. b Find | AB| and |BC |. What can be said about ABCD? ¢ Find ACe BD. Describe what property of ABCD you have shown.EZ RES Find the form of all vectors which are perpendicular to, (3) Are all of the vectors parallel? (G3) So, G) is one such vector. ‘The required vectors have the form i ( a} k x0 lll of these veetors are parallel. Find the form of all vectors which are perpendicular to: “1 3 “A - 3 Find any two vectors which are not parallel, but which are both perpendicular to ( (3) Find the angle ABC of triangle ABC for A(3, 0, 1), B(-3, 1, 2), and C(-2, 1, -1). “ Hint: To find the angle at B, use BA and BC. pce What angle is found if BA and CB are used? c Cres) Use vector methods to 2em 4 B determine the measure of i ‘The vectors used must ABC. T ‘both be away from B (or towards B). If this is not done you will be finding ‘the exterior angle at B. Placing the coordinate axes as illustrated, \ Ais (2,0,0), Bis (0,4, 3), and Cis (1, 4, 0). =19 The cube alongside has sides of length 2 em. Find, using vector methods, the measure of: P - - ps a ABS b RBP c¢ PBS i ae D 20 [KL], [LM]. and [LX] are 8, 5, and 3 units long z respectively. P is the midpoint of [KL]. Find, using vector methods, the measure of: a YNX b YNP Kk P L 21 Consider tetrahedron ABCD. DG.2.0) Find the coordinates of M. (2.2.2) b Find the measure of DMA. M A121) B(L3.1) 22 a Findtif 2i+tj+(t—2)k and ti +3) +k are perpendicular 1 2 s b Findr,s,andeif a=[{2], b= [2], and e={ ¢ } are mutually perpendicular, 3 r 1 23. Find the angle made by: val) a(t)