IGCSE Travel and Tourism Unit 1

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the temporary movement of people to destinations outside their
normal places of work and residence
What is tourism?
and the activities during their stay in those destinations
the mix of businesses and agencies who work together to serve
What is the Travel and Tourism industry?
the needs of people who travel
Transportation
Attractions
Accommodation providers
What are the sub-sectors of the T&T industry? Catering
Tourism Information and Guiding services
Tour operators
Travel Agents
Domestic vs International
How do we classify tourists? Leisure vs Business vs VFR
Overnight vs Day trippers
what is a VFR tourist? visiting friends and relatives
What is an international tourist? when people from overseas visit your country
What is a Domestic Tourist taking holidays and trips in your own country
1. meetings - bringing people together to exchange information
2. incentives - travel as a reward for employees
What are the forms of Business tourism? 3. conferences - multi day events of at least 100 delegates for the
purpose of exchanging information
4. exhibitions - bringing people together to view products
Quite a few hotels and resorts also have a large conference centre
Name the types of business facilities used to host conferences?
to host conferences eg: Sun City
1. Sports stadiums
2. Conference centres
Name the types of business facilities used to host exhibitions
3. Universities
4. Ballrooms
Outbound tourism travelling to a different country for a visit or holiday
Inbound tourism visitors from overseas coming into the country
Leisure travel Travelling to relax and enjoy yourself, outside of work hours.
Business travel Travel for work or professional purposes
Specialist travel Travel which offers the kind of experience the customer wants
What are tour operators? Companies that organise package holidays.
these companies put together UK holidays for people living in the
Domestic Tour Operators
UK, e.g. Shearings, Haven Holidays.
these companies put together holidays for UK residents wanting
Outbound Tour Operators
to go on holiday overseas, e.g. Thompson Holidays, Thomas Cook
these companies provide for overseas tourists who want to travel
Inbound Tour Operators
to the UK, e.g. Pathfinders, GTI Travel
1. Acts as an agent for a principle
2. To sell holidays and ancilliary products
3. To provide customers with information and booking facilities (an
What is the role of the travel agent? information broker)
4. To advise customers
5. Acts as an intermediary to provide info on holiday packages and
info on destinations
Make travel arrangements with airlines and large hotel chain ac-
What do Business Travel agents do?
commodation for business tourists
1. Multiples
What are the types of travel agents?
2. Miniples

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 IGCSE Travel and Tourism Unit 1
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when a travel agent is a national chain and has branches through-
What are multiples?
out the country and in other countries as well
An independent travel agent that is not part of a national chain and
What are miniples?
have one shop or a few in an area
PRINCIPAL to WHOLESALE TOUR OPERATOR to RETAIL
What is the place of Travel Agents in the Chain of Distribution?
TRAVEL AGENTS to CUSTOMER
What is a principal? The primary supplier in the T&T CHAIN OF DISTRIBUTION
Transport providers, accomodation providers, attractions, local
Give examples of principles?
tours
1. Acts as a "product builder" by combining and packaging diff
What does tour operator do? products (eg: hotel, flights, transfers, local tour)
2. creates package holidays
The process of combining a number of inter-related tourism prod-
What is meant by packaging ? uct and services that offer a customer a comprehensive experi-
ence
1. Designed to appeal to a specific target market
What makes a successful package?
2. Offers a unique, appealing experience at travellers
1. Identify customer needs and then meet those needs and ex-
pectations
2. Assemble tourism products from different providers according
to customer requirements
3. Provide a co-ordinated and seamless travel experience
4. Reduce prices by negotiating with tourism providers and buying
in bulk
5. Issue and deliver travel documentation (eg: tickets and vouch-
What is the role of Tour Operators?
ers)
6. Assess the quality of facilities and products
7. Reduce the perceived risk for customers
8. Provide appropriate information by using leaflets, maps,
brochures, videos etc.
9. Undertake pre and post market research
10. Promotion on packages in co-operataion with suppliers
11. Complaint handling
Some travel agencies now operate only on the internet to save
Online Travel Services
costs of running a shop.
1. Hotel - at least 10 rooms and a dining room (restaurant)
2. Motel - situated near a road
3. Guesthouse - at least 5 rooms and a dining room
4. Hostel - Simple accommodation for study/sport/holiday tourists
with dining/cooking facilities
What are the types of accommodation?
5. Holiday village or camp - enclosed area for tents/caravans
6. Holiday home - rent out a full house with cooking facilities
7. Visitors apartment
8. Bed and breakast - accommodation in a private house with
includes breakfast
What is serviced accomodation? when you get cleaning and room serviced included in price of room
sleeping accommodation is provided but you get
what is non-serviced accommodation?
meals/bars/shops available close by it is not included in price
en-suite bathrooms, wiFi, climate control, telephone, alarm clock,
name some of the features of rooms?
mini-bar, tea/coffee making facilities
What is the rating system used by hotels? stars
excellent service, exceptionally clean and tidy, housekeeping staff
What is included in 5-star accommodation?
24/7, luxurious décor, wide range of facilities
What is included in 3-star accommodation? fewer facilties, less luxurious décor, limited services
What is a catering outlet?
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 IGCSE Travel and Tourism Unit 1
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a food and beverage facility meeting the needs of customers at a
destination or resort
1. A facility that provides food for tourists
What is the role of a catering outlet? 2. Can be seen as an attraction itself: eg: some restaurants have
historical value, local menu and special atmospheres
1. Air transport: commercial or charter flights
2. Water transport eg: Cruise or ferry
3. Rail transport
What are the types of transport available at a destination?
4. Coach transport eg: Express coash services, private hire
coaches, tour and excursion coaches, transfer services
5. Car transport eg: car hire or camper van
1. Cheaper
2. You can take more luggage
What are the advantages of rail transport?
3. Convenient (usually go from city-centre to city-centre)
4. You don't have to check-in two hours before
1. Airline give you a limo to your hotel
what is the advantage of flying Business Class? 2. Separate Check-in desk
3. business class lounge
Local transport that covers large areas or specific regions In the
Regional transport (specific regions in a country) country. Tourists may use regional transport to get around their
destination and to visit other local attractions in the region.
Transport that can get someone from one part of the country to
National Transport another. National transport networks are often used for domestic
tourism and business tourism.
Transport networks that travel outside country borders to connect
Global / International transport
to international destinations.
1. Make tourist destinations accessible to their markets
Role of transport providers?
2. all tourism depends on access to transport
Price
what do tourists take into account when choosing method of Convenience
transport? Choice of departure points
time of services
1. draw visitors to a destination
what is the purpose of attractions? 2. Provide entertainment
3. provide opportunities for relaxation
1. Natural attractions
What are the types of attractions? 2. Built attractions
3. Heritage attractions
A natural feature of the environment that is interesting to tourists.
What is a natural attraction Some natural areas have been built to help protect the environ-
ment. EG: mountains, forests and lakes
A man-made attraction that has been built to attract tourists e.g.:
purpose-built attractions
shopping, theme parks, museums
Heritage attractions Attractions associated with history and/or culture.
Areas that are used to captivate and engage audiences and
What is an entertainment venue?
tourists
Give examples of entertainment venues Sports stadiums, theaters, museums
1.Carries a wide range of promotional leaflets, maps and guide
books relating to the local region
What do Tourist Information Centres (TIC) do?
2. help tourists with booking accommodation, transport or local
guided tours
1. Points of entry (airports, railway stations and ports)
Where are TIC's located?
2. Central locations in major tourist areas
What is an ancillary tourist service? extra products or services that a travel agent might sell to a tourist

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 IGCSE Travel and Tourism Unit 1
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Insurance, bureau de change, sell tickets for theaters and guided
Give examples of ancillary tourist services.
tours etc
what do National Tourist Boards or Organizations (NTO) do? increase tourists coming in to a country
1. conduct market research for the promotion of tourism in that
country
2. Design promotional campaigns for the tourism in the country
What is the role of the NTO?
3. Establish tourist representative offices in foreign countries
4. to plan for the development of tourist activities in less developed
areas of the country
1. job opportunities in the actual industry
2. Increases the cost of living in an area
3. Improves infrastructure in sometimes poor areas
What are the positive economic impacts of tourism 4. Local businesses benefit
5. Stimulates investment in other areas
6. Generates foreign exchange earnings
7. Multiplier effect
This happens when injections of new demand for goods and ser-
Multiplier effect vices into the local economy stimulate further rounds of spending
- in other words ' one person's spending is another's income'
1. Import leakages
2. Export leakages
3. All-inclusive resorts or cruise ships mean tourists never leave
the resort/ship and so don't spend money with local businesses
4. Tourist development costs local people (taxpayers) money
5. Govt could be spending money elsewhere on much needed
What are the negative economic effects of tourism? health or education
6. increase demand for basic services will lead to inflation which
affects local residents
7. tourism can increase price of houses/land and makes it difficult
for local people to live there so they have to move
8. Over-reliance on tourism carries risk for tourism dependent
countries e.g.: natural disasters or recessions
tourists demand standards of equipment/food that the host coun-
Import leakage try cannot supply and they have to import them (money leaves the
economy)
In LEDC's multinational companies are the only ones that possess
capital to invest in construction of tourism infrastructure and facili-
Export leakage
ties and so these overseas investors take their profits back to their
country of origin (money leaves the economy)
1. help protect vulnerable ecosystems, habitats and species
2. raise awareness of the benefits of conservation and protection
What are the positive environmental impacts of tourism?
3. restore biological diversity
4. can create sustainable use of natural resources
1. soil erosion
2. increased pollution (air, noise and water )
3. natural habitat loss
What are the negative environmental effects of tourism?
4. strain on limited water resources
5. pressure on endangered species
6. increased risk of forest fires
The maximum number of people that may visit a tourist destination
at the same time, without causing destruction of the physical, eco-
what is Tourism carrying capacity
nomic, socio-cultural environment and an unacceptable decrease
in the quality of visitors' satisfaction.
1. It can serve as a source of pride in cultural traditions
2. help avoid rural immigration
What are the positive Socio-cultural impacts of tourism? 3. tourism boosts the preservation of cultural and historical tradi-
tions
4. improves arts and crafts of a particular culture
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 IGCSE Travel and Tourism Unit 1
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1. Loss of authenticity and staged authenticity
2. erosion of traditional culture- the demonstration effect
3. culture clashes
4. commodification,
What are the negative socio-cultural impacts?
5. higher crime rates
6. increase in sex tourism
7. changing attitudes of locals towards tourists
8. Globalisation
A set of shared norms and values which establish a sense of
what is meant by Culture identity for those who share them. Typically applied at the level of
nation and/or race.
The behaviour that members of the host population copy from
Demonstration effect the tourists. This can be positive (e.g. not throwing rubbish every-
where) but negative as well.
Tourism can turn local cultures into products whereby religious
What is commodification? rituals, traditional ethnic rites and festivals are reduced to conform
to tourist needs and expectations
Tourists want to experience exotic destinations and new facilities,
What is globalisation? they also want well-known hotels and familiar food brands (Mc-
Donalds, KFC)
Adapting cultural activities or performing shows for tourists as if
Loss of authenticity
they were happening in real life
In some destinations, tourists often fail to respect local customs
Culture clash
and moral values (e.g. sunbathing topless in Ngwe Saung beach)
1. maximise positive effects and minimize negative effects
2. Manage visitor impacts in a sustainable way.
How do you manage the effects of tourism?
3. Manage the carrying capacity of a destination so as to avoid the
negative impacts
1. Economic - job creation, increase forex earnings, increasing
income which leads to economic growth
2. Political - enhances the image of the country, creates a national
what are the reasons govt want to develop tourism?
identity
3. Socio-cultural - develops a sense of pride and national identity
4. Environmental - conservation etc
1. they have an official tourism policy
how do govt develop tourism?
2. they set up a regional and national tourist board
1. consumer protection laws
2. fire safety laws in hotels
3. Health and food safety regulations
How do govt regulate the T&T industry?
4. Competency standards of bus and boat operations
5. Enviro protection regulations
6. Aviation regulations
The percentage of the population of a country that participates in
tourism both domestic as international
What is the Tourism participation rate 70%-85% in most western countries
15% - 50% in South Korea, Taiwan, Malaysia
2%-5% in very poor countries
Which area dominant tourism receiving region in the world? Europe
Which is the fastest growing region for tourism? East and South-East Asia
Development of tourism has grown 6.5% per year for the last 60
years in the world
Asia 13% per year
Patterns of demand for International Tourism
Middle East 10%
Americas 5% (declined by over 13% since 1950)
Europe 6% (declined by over 10% since 1950)

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 IGCSE Travel and Tourism Unit 1
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N. Europeans summer in S. Europe
Why does most international travel take place within the traveller's
Americans holiday in mexico and Caribbean
own region?
because of cost and time implications of travelling

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