MAT2010 Class 23

This document discusses the rank nullity theorem and applications of linear transformations. It begins with a recap of linear transformations and their matrix representations. It then defines the range and null space of a linear transformation. Several examples are provided to illustrate finding the range and null space. The rank nullity theorem is stated as the dimension of the range plus the dimension of the null space equals the dimension of the domain. Applications include using the theorem to find dimensions and solving systems of equations. Cryptography applications like the Hill cipher that use linear transformations are also discussed.

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MAT2010 Class 23

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MAT2005 Linear Algebra

Rank Nullity Theorem and Applications

Dr. Aswathy R K
Department of Mathematics
School of Advanced Sciences
Vellore Institute of Technology – Andhra Pradesh
Linear Transformation: Recap

T (u   v)  T (u )   T (v)

V: Domain W: Codomain

v T: V → W w T(V): Range

Rank Nullity Theorem and Applications

Matrix Representation of a Linear Transformation: Recap
Let V be an n-dimensional vector space and {v1, v2, v3, …, vn} be a basis of V. Also, let W be
an m-dimensional vector space over the same field and {w1, w2, w3, …, wm} be a basis for W.
Let T: V → W be a linear transformation. Then T(v1), T(v2), T(v3), …, T(vn) are elements of
W. Thus,
T(v1) = a11w1 + a21w2 + a31w3 + … +am1wm a11 a12 a13 ... a1n 
a a22 a23 ... a2 n 
T(v2) = a12w1 + a22w2 + a32w3 + … +am2wm  21
a31 a32 a33 ... a3n 
T(v3) = a13w1 + a23w2 + a33w3 + … +am3wm  
[T ]  . 
.
. . 
.  
. 
T(vn) = a1nw1 + a2nw2 + a3nw3 + … +amnwm a am 2 am 3 ... amn 
 m1
Row 1 Row 2 Row 3 Row m
Rank Nullity Theorem and Applications
Range and Null Space of a Linear Transformation

Rank Nullity Theorem and Applications

Examples

Find the range and null space of the following:

T :V → W such that T(v) = 0, for all v in V.

T: ℝ3 → ℝ2 such that T(x, y, z) = (x, y)

T: ℝ → ℝ such that T(x) = x.

Rank Nullity Theorem and Applications

Example

Rank Nullity Theorem and Applications

Example (Continued)

Rank Nullity Theorem and Applications

Example

Rank Nullity Theorem and Applications

Example (Continued)

Rank Nullity Theorem and Applications

Examples

T: ℝ2 → ℝ2 such that T(x, y) = (x + y, y)

Homework: Find the range

and null space of these two
T: ℝ3→ ℝ such that T(x, y, z) = 2x-3y+4z.
linear transformations

Rank Nullity Theorem and Applications

Range and Null Spaces as Sub Spaces: Rank and Nullity

 Notations: Rank( T ) = r and Nullity( T ) = η

 Rank(T) = Rank([T])

Rank Nullity Theorem and Applications

Examples

Rank Nullity Theorem and Applications

Rank Nullity Theorem

Rank Nullity Theorem and Applications

Application of Rank-Nullity Theorem