Science, Technology and Society

Revolutions:
Mr. Oracion (Prelims) 1. Freudian Revolution (Sigmund Freud)
2. Copernican Revolution (Nicolaus
Lesson 1: Intellectual revolution that Copernicus)
define the society 3. Darwinian Revolution (Charles Darwin)
4. Freudian Revolution (Sigmund Freud)
Scientific Revolution
• Freudian Revolution (Sigmund Freud) This
1. Science as an idea - It includes ideas, theories, theory has started to revolutionize Psychiatry with
and all available systematic explanations and Sigmund freud. This includes the “Freudian Theory
observations about the natural and physical world. of Personality” that involves the human
development contributes to his/her personality and
2. Science as an intellectual activity - It also his “psychoanalysis” that is the process for
encompasses a systematic and practical study of achieving proper functioning if a human does not
the natural and physical world. This process of complete his/her developmental stage.
study involves systematic observation and
experimentation. • The method of psychoanalysis is a scientific way
to study the human mind and neurotic illness. His
3. Science as a body of knowledge - It is a method was unorthodox focusing on human
subject or a discipline, a field of study, or a body of sexuality and evil nature of man.
knowledge that deals with the process of learning
about the natural and physical world. • Copernican Revolution (Nicolaus Copernicus)
This caused the paradigm shift of how the earth
4. Science as a personal and social activity - and sun were placed in the heavens/universe. It is
This explains that science is both knowledge and the idea that rejected Ptolemaic model (earth is the
activities done by human beings to develop better center of the solar system) and proved the
understanding of the world around them. It is a heliocentric model (Sun is the center of the solar
means to improve life and to survive in life. It is system having the earth revolving around it.) This
interwoven with people’s lives. idea and model of the universe was essentially
completed in 1510.
The idea of “science revolution” claimed to have
started in the early 16th century up to the 18th • Darwinian Revolution (Charles Darwin) is
century in Europe. Scientific Revolution was the famous for his theory of evolution. He changed our
period of enlightenment when the developments in concept of the world's creation and evolution. This
the fields of mathematics, physics, astronomy, has brought a great impact on how people
biology and chemistry transformed the views of approach Biology forever. This revolution provided
society about nature. It explained the mergence or a different than the "Theory of Creation". The
birth of modern science as a result of these Darwinian revolution started when Charles
developments from the disciplines mentioned. Darwin. published his book "The Origin of
Species" in 1589 that emphasizes that humans are
The development during the Intellectual Revolution
the result of an evolution. His book presented
showed how society was transformed by S & T.
evidence on how species evolved over time and
Intellectual
presented traits and adaptation that differentiate
species.
 Development of Civilizations through Science 4. Chinampa - It is a form as Aztec technology for
and Technology agricultural farming in which the land was divided
rectangular and surrounded by canal.
• “Inca Civilization” is also famous in
Mesoamerica. The Incas made advanced scientific 5. Aztec calendar - This enabled them to plan
ideas considering their limitations as an old their activities, rituals, and planting season.
civilization. The following were scientific ideas and
tools that they developed to help them in everyday 6. Invention of the canoe - A light narrow boat
life. used for traveling in water system.

Contributions; • “China” is of the ancient civilizations with

• Roads paved with stones. substantial contributions in many areas of life like.
• Stone buildings that surmounted earthquakes astronomy, science, mathematics, arts, philosophy,
and other disasters. and music, among others. Chinese civilizations
• Irrigation system and technique for storing water have greatly influenced many of its neighboring
for their crops to grow in all types of land. countries like Korea, Japan, Philippines, Thailand,
• Calendar with 12 months to mark their religious Cambodia, Myanmar, and other countries that
festivals and prepare them for planting season. belong to the old Silk Road.
• The first suspension bridge.
• Quipo, a system of knotted ropes to keep records Contributions;
that only experts can interpret. 1. Chinese are known for traditional medicines, a
• Inca textiles since cloth was one of the specially product of centuries of experiences and discovery
prized artistic achievements rise. of the chinese people. They discovered various
medical properties and uses of different plants and
• “Aztec civilization” - has made substantial animals to cure human illness. An example is the
contributions to science and technology and to the practice of acupuncture.
society as a whole.
2. In terms of technology, Chinese are known to
Contributions; develop many tools. Among the famous
1. Mandatory Education - The Aztec put value discoveries. and inventions of the Chinese
on education; that is why their children are to get civilization were compass, paper making,
education regardless of their social class, gender, gunpowder, and printing tools that became known
or age. It is an early form of universal or inclusive in the West only by the end of the Middle Ages.
education. They also invented other tools like iron plough,
wheelbarrow and propeller, among others. They
also developed a design of different models of
2. Chocolates - The Aztec in Mexico developed
bridges, invented the first seismological detector,
chocolate during their time. In the Mayan culture, and developed a dry dock facility.
they use it as currency. The Aztec valued the
cacao beans highly and made it as part of their
3. Chinese are also known in seismology. This
tribute to their gods.
made them more prepared in times of natural
calamities.
3. Antispasmodic medication - They used a
type of antispasmodic medication that could
prevent muscle spasms and relax muscles, which
could help during surgery.
• “Africa” is blessed with natural and mineral • Technology - is used by the people in building
resources. Science also emerged in this part of the houses, irrigations, and developing tools that they
planet before the Europeans colonized it. The can use in everyday life. They developed tools for
history of science and mathematics show that planting, hunting, cooking, and fishing; for fighting
similar to other ancient civilizations, the early their enemies during war or tribal conflicts; and
civilizations in Africa are knowledge procedures transportation.
too.
• The different archaeological artifacts discovered
Contributions: in different parts of the country also prove that the
1. Egypt was known to be the center of alchemy, Metal Age also had significant influence on the
lives of early Filipinos. The sophisticated designs
which is known as the medieval forerunner of
of gold silver jewelry, ceramics, and metal tools
chemistry. They tried to study human anatomy and
have helped in the development of different tools.
pharmacology, and applied important components
such as examination, diagnosis, treatment and
• Spanish Colonization – When the Spaniards
prognosis for the treatment of the diseases.
colonized the country, they brought with them their
own culture and practices. They established
2. Astronomy was also famous in African region,
schools and introduced the concepts of subjects
for instance, documents show that Africans used
and disciplines. It was the beginning of formal
three types of lunar, solar and stellar or
science and technology in the country, known now
combination of the three.
as school of science and technology.
3. Metallurgy was also known in the African
• The galleon trade has brought additional
regions during the ancient times. They invented
technology and development in the Philippines.
metal tools used in their homes, in agriculture, and
Although it is only beneficial for the Spaniards,
in building their magnificent architectures.
these trades allowed other ideas, crops, tools,
cultural practices, technology, and western
LESSON 2: Introduction
practices to reach the country.
The history of science and technology in the • The Galleon Trade was a government monopoly.
started way back before the country gained Only two Galleons were used: One sailed from
independence from the American colonizers. Acapulco to Manila with some 500,000 pesos
Before the coming of the Spanish colonizers, the worth of goods, spending 120 days at sea; the
early inhabitants of the archipelago had their own other sailed from Manila to Acapulco with some
culture, traditions, belief system and indigenous 250,000 pesos worth of goods spending 90 days at
knowledge system that keep them organized and sea.
sustained their lives and communities for many • Although the country is blessed with these
years. developments, the superstitious beliefs and the
Catholic doctrines and practices during the
• Science - in pre-Spanish Philippines, scientific Spanish era halted the growth of science in the
knowledge is observed in the way of planting their country.
crops to provide them food and taking care of the
animals to help their daily tasks and for food
The American’s Colonization
production. It is also used in observing and
• They have more influence in the development of
interpreting the movement of heavenly bodies to
science and technology than Spaniards. They
predict seasons and climates. They used science
established the public education system, improved
in preparing the soil for agricultural purposes.
the engineering works and the health conditions of
the people.
• They reorganized the learning of science and “Famous Filipinos in the Field of Science”
introduced it in public and private schools.
Researches were done to control malaria, cholera, The 10 identified outstanding Filipino scientists
and tuberculosis and other tropical diseases. have contributed and been famous abroad through
its contributions in different science disciplines,
• They allowed American scholars to introduce new agriculture, mathematics, physics, medicines,
knowledge and technology in the country. marine science, chemistry, engineering, and
biology.
• The protestant church missions in different places
in the country also brought hospitals and schools 1. Ramon Cabanos Barba - for his outstanding
to far-flung areas. research on tissue culture in Philippine mangoes.
• Transportation and communication systems were 2. Josefino Cacas Comiso - for his works on
improved, though not accessible throughout the observing the characteristics of Antarctica by using
country. satellite images.
• Mineral resources of the country were explored 3. Jose Bejar Cruz Jr. - known internationally in
and exploited. the field of electrical engineering; was elected as
officer of the famous Institute of Electrical and
Government Policies on Science and Electronic Engineering.
Technology
4. Lourdes Jansuy Cruz - notable for her
• The Philippine government introduced and research on sea snail venom.
implemented several programs, projects, and
policies to boost the area of science and 5. Fabian Millar Dayrit - for his research on
technology. The goal is to prepare the whole herbal medicine.
country and its people to meet the demands of a
echnologically driven world and capacitate the 6. Rafael Dineros Guerrero III - for his
people to live in a world driven by science. research on tilapia.

• The Department of Science and Technology 7. Enrique Mapua Ostrea Jr - Meconium drugs
(DOST) sought an expertise of the National testing for inventing the meconium drug testing.
Research Council of the Philippines (NCRP) to
consult various sectors in the society to study how Other Outstanding “Filipino Scientists” Who
the Philippines can prepare itself in meeting the are Recognized here and Abroad
ASEAN Goals.
1.Caesar A. Saloma - an internationally
(8) Areas and Field to embark various Research
renowned physicist.
and Projects
2. Edgardo Gomez - science scientist in marine
1. Use of alternative and safe energy
2. Harnessing mineral resources 3. William Padolina - chemistry and president of
3. Finding cure for various diseases and illnesses Acaedemy of Science and Technology (NAST)-
4. Climate change and global warming Philippines.
5. Increasing food production
6. Preservation of natural resources 4. Angel - marine science
7. Coping with natural disasters and calamities
8. Infrastructure development
 LESSON 3: Biodiversity and Healthy • Ecosystem contains biotic or living things and
Society abiotic or nonliving things.

• Biodiversity – is the variety of all living things • Biotic factors, include plants, animals and other
and their interactions Biodiversity changes over living organisms.
time as extinction occurs and new species evolve.
Scientists often speak of three levels of diversity: • Abiotic factors include rocks, temperature and
species, genetic, and ecosystem diversity. humidity.

All the kinds of life you'll find in area variety of • Ecosystem can be very large and / or small.
animals, plants, fungi, and even microorganisms
like bacteria that make up our natural world. Each • Biodiversity is essential for the processes that
of these species and organisms work together in support all life on Earth, including humans. Without
ecosystems, like an intricate web, to maintain a wide range of animals, plants and
balance and support life Biodiversity supports microorganisms, we cannot have the healthy
everything in nature that we need to survive: food, ecosystems that we rely on to provide us with the
clean water, medicine, and shelter. air we breathe and the food we eat. Therefore, we,
as human inhabitants of the ecosystem, must
preserve and conserve the biodiversity of all
Levels of Biodiversity & Genetic Diversity
creatures.
• Levels of Biodiversity
• In simple terms, it is true that people will always
➢ the genetic variation within a population
depend on biodiversity on the wholeness of our
➢ the variety of species in a community
being and in our everyday lives.
➢ the variety of communities in an ecosystem
• The extinction of many species in a relatively
• Genetic Biodiversity
short period of time is called a mass extinction.
➢ A term used to describe in the DNA
sequence in each of our genomes. • Earth has experienced several mass extinctions,
➢ Genetic variation is what makes us each probably caused by a global change in
climate.
(ECOSYSTEM DIVERSITY)
• The variety of different habitats, communities and • It takes millions of years for biodiversity to
ecological processes. A biological is defined by the rebound after a mass extinction.
species that occupy a particular area and the
interactions between those species. Current Extinctions
( Species Diversity ) • Scientists are warning that we are in the midst of
• The measure of biological diversity observed in a another mass extinction.
particular ecological community indicating a
number of species or species richness in an • The rate of extinctions is estimated to have
ecological area. increased by a multiple of 50 since 1800, with up
to 25 percent of all on Earth becoming extinct
(ECOSYSTEM) between 1800 and 2100. The current mass
extinction is different from those of the past
• A geographic area where plants, animals and because humans are the primary cause of the
other organisms as well as the weather and extinctions.
landscapes work/interact together to form a bubble
of life.
 of humans is often cited as the key reason for this
BIODIVERSITY AT RISK unsustainable exploitation of natural resources.

How Do Humans Cause Extinctions? 5. Global Climate Change

• In the past 2 centuries, human population growth • Both climate variability and climate change cause
has accelerated and so has the rate of extinctions. biodiversity loss. Species and populations may be
lost permanently if they are not provided with
The major causes of extinction today are the enough time to adapt to changing climatic
destruction of habitats the introduction of nonnative
species-pollution – the overharvesting of species. 6. Biodiversity and Human Health

➢ Habitat loss and destruction • Healthy communities rely on well- functioning

➢ Over-exploitation ecosystems. They provide clean air, fresh water,
➢ Alterations in ecosystem composition medicines and food security.
➢ Pollution and contamination
➢ Global climate change (5) reasons why biodiversity matters – to
human health, the economy and your
1. Habitat Destruction and Fragmentation
Wellbeing
• As human populations grow, we use more land to
build homes and harvest resources. 1. Biodiversity ensures health and food
security.
• In the process, we destroy and fragment the
habitats of other species. • Biodiversity underpins global nutrition and food
security. Millions of species work to provide us with
• It is estimated that habitat loss causes almost 75 a large array of fruits, vegetables and animal
percent of the extinctions now occurring. products essential to a healthy, balanced diet.

2. Alterations in Ecosystem Composition 2. Biodiversity helps fight disease

• Alterations and sudden changes, either within • Higher rates of biodiversity have been linked to
species groups or the environment, could begin to an increase in human health. First, plants are
change entire ecosystems Alterations in essential for medicines. For example, 25% of
ecosystems are a Milical factor contributing to drugs used in modern medicine are derived from
species and habitat loss. rainforest plants while 70% of cancer drugs are
natural or synthetic products inspired by nature.
3. Pollution and Contamination
• This means that every time a species goes
• Biological systems respond slowly to changes in extinct, we miss out on a potential new medicine.
their surrounding environment Pollution and Second, biodiversity due to protected natural areas
contamination cause irreversible damage to has been linked to lower instances of disease such
species and varieties. as Lyme disease and malaria. While the exact
origin of the virus causing COVID-19 is still
4. Over-Exploitation unknown. 60% of infectious diseases originate
from animals and 70% of emerging infectious
• Over-hunting, over- fishing, or over-collecting of diseases originate from wildlife. As human
species can quickly lead to its decline Changing activities encroach upon the natural world.
consumption patterns
Through deforestation and urbanisation, we reduce 5. Biodiversity Protects Us
the size and number of ecosystems. As a result,
animals live in closer quarters with one another • Biodiversity makes the earth habitable.
and with humans, creating ideal conditions for the Biodiverse ecosystems provide nature- based
spread of zoonotic diseases. solutions that buffer us from natural disasters such
as floods and storms. Filter our water and
3. Biodiversity Benefits Business regenerate our soils.

• According to the World Economic Forum’s recent • The clearance of over 35% of the world’s
Nature Risk Rising Report, more than half of the mangroves for human activities has put people and
world’s GDP ($44 trillion) is highly moderately their homes at risk from floods and sea-level rise. If
dependent on nature. Many businesses are, today’s mangroves were lost. 18 million more
therefore, at risk due to increasing nature loss. people would be flooded every year (an increase
of 39%) and annual damages to property would
• Global sales of pharmaceuticals based on increase by 16% ($82 billion).
materials of natural origin are worth an estimated
$75 billion a year, while natural wonders such as • Protecting and restoring natural ecosystems is
coral reefs are essential to food and tourism. vital to fighting climate change. Nature-based
solutions could provide 37% of the cost-effective
4. Biodiversity Provides Livelihoods CO2 mitigation needed by 2030 to maintain global
warming within 2°C.
• Humans derive approximately $125 trillion of
value from natural ecosystems each year. Globally,
three out of four jobs are dependent on water while
the agricultural sector employs over 60% of the
world’s working poor. In the Global South, forests
are the source of livelihoods for over 1.6 billion
people. In India, forest ecosystems contribute only
7% to India’s GDP yet 57% of rural Indian
communities’ livelihoods.