1.

INTRODUCTION

1.1 General

Development that satisfies current demands without jeopardising the ability of future generations
to meet their own needs is known as sustainable development. It is based on the principles of economic
growth, social equity, and environmental conservation. The green energy is a key aspect of sustainable
development. It refers to the energy that is derived from renewable sources, such as solar, wind, hydro,
and geothermal, which do not emit greenhouse gases and pollutants into the environment. Green energy
helps in reducing the carbon footprint and preserving the environment for future generations. It is a
clean and sustainable source of energy that can be harnessed without depleting natural resources.

A self-reliant lifestyle is also important for sustainable development. It refers to a lifestyle that is
based on self-sufficiency and sustainability. It involves reducing dependence on external sources of
energy and resources and living in harmony with nature. A self-reliant lifestyle can help in reducing the
environmental impact of human activities and promoting the sustainable development through the
disciplined use of resources. Environmental concern is a critical aspect of sustainable development. It
involves being aware of the environmental impact of human activities and taking steps to reduce them.
Environmental concern is essential for preserving the environment and ensuring the well-being of future
generations. It involves reducing carbon emissions, conserving natural resources, and promoting
sustainable development practices. It is worth to note that the self-sufficiency need not be only targeted
for a country or a continent, it can also be targeted to an individual level.

It is the responsibility of the humans to take care of the environment sustainability, by giving
back the same amount as they consume. Paying back to the environment means taking actions that help
to reduce the negative impact on the environment and contribute to its restoration and preservation. It
can be done by reducing the carbon footprint, planting trees, supporting sustainable practices, reducing
waste, supporting conservation efforts, and educating others. By taking these actions, it is possible to
preserve the environment for future generations and ensure a sustainable future for all.
1.2 Awareness for Environmental Sustainability

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 Over the years, there have been many important meetings held on environmental issues, bringing
together leaders across the world to discuss the challenges faced by the planet and to develop solutions.
Here are some of the most significant meetings:

1972 - United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm)

This was the first international conference on environmental issues,
organized by the United Nations. It led to the creation of the United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and focused on issues such as
pollution, deforestation, and climate change [1].

1992 - United Nations Conference on Environment and Development

(Rio de Janeiro)
Also known as the Earth Summit, this conference brought together
leaders from around the world to discuss sustainable development and
the environment. The meeting resulted in the adoption of the Rio
Declaration on Environment and Development, Agenda 21, and the
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change [2].

1997 - United Nations Climate Change Conference (Kyoto)

This conference led to the adoption of the Kyoto Protocol, an international
treaty that committed countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions [3].

2009 - United Nations Climate Change Conference (Copenhagen)

This conference was aimed at securing a new international climate
change agreement to replace the Kyoto Protocol. While the meeting did
not result in a binding agreement, it did pave the way for the Paris
Agreement [4]

2012 - United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development

(Rio de Janeiro)
This conference focused on sustainable development and resulted in the
adoption of "The Future We Want", a plan to promote sustainable
development and protect the environment [5].

2015 - United Nations Climate Change Conference (Paris)

This conference resulted in the Paris Agreement, which aimed to limit
global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial
levels, with a goal warming limit of 1.5 degrees Celsius [6].

These meetings have been important in bringing attention to environmental issues, promoting
international cooperation, and developing solutions to the challenges being faced by the planet. They

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have played a crucial role in shaping international environmental policies and agreements, and in
promoting sustainable development and environmental conservation.
Environmental sustainability is an important concept that refers to the responsible use and
management of natural resources to ensure that they are available for future generations. Increasing
awareness of environmental sustainability is crucial in helping individuals, businesses, and governments
to make informed decisions that promote environmental conservation and preservation. Here are some
ways in which awareness of environmental sustainability can be increased:
 Education: Educating people about environmental sustainability is crucial in increasing
awareness. This can be done through schools, colleges, and universities by incorporating
environmental sustainability into the curriculum. Additionally, community organizations and
environmental groups can hold workshops, seminars, and other events to educate people on the
importance of environmental sustainability.
 Media: The media plays an important role in raising awareness about environmental
sustainability. TV shows, documentaries, and news programs can help to inform the public about
environmental issues and the impact of human activities on the environment.
 Government policies: Governments can play a crucial role in increasing awareness of
environmental sustainability by implementing policies that promote environmental conservation
and sustainability. These policies can include incentives for businesses to adopt sustainable
practices, laws that regulate environmental pollution, and investments in renewable energy.
 Corporate responsibility: Companies can also help to increase awareness of environmental
sustainability by adopting sustainable practices, such as reducing waste and pollution, using
renewable energy, and promoting sustainable products and services.
 Individual actions: Finally, individuals can help to increase awareness of environmental
sustainability by making small changes in their daily lives. These changes can include reducing
energy consumption, using public transportation, reducing waste, and supporting
environmentally sustainable businesses and products.
1.3 Electricity

1.3.1 Evolution of electricity

The evolution of electricity is a long and complex process that began in the ancient world with the
discovery of static electricity and the development of electrostatic generators. However, it wasn’t until

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the 19th century that electricity became a practical source of power for lighting and other applications.
Here are some key milestones in the evolution of electricity:

Discovery of Static Electricity

The ancient Greeks were the first to discover static electricity around 600 BC,
when they observed that rubbing fur on amber produced a static charge.
Development of Electrostatic Generators
In the 17th century, researchers such as Otto von Guericke and Robert Boyle
developed machines that could generate static electricity by rubbing objects
together.
Invention of the Battery
In 1800, Alessandro Volta invented the battery, which allowed for a continuous
source of electric current.
Discovery of Electromagnetism
In 1820, Hans Christian Oersted discovered that electric currents create magnetic
fields, and Michael Faraday discovered that moving magnets could create electric
currents.
Invention of the Dynamo
In 1831, Michael Faraday invented the dynamo, which could convert mechanical
energy into electrical energy.
Development of the Power Grid
In the late 19th century, Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse developed
systems for generating and distributing electric power, which allowed for
widespread adoption of electricity in homes and businesses.
Advancements in Transmission Technology
In the 20th century, advancements in transmission technology such as
alternating current (AC) and high voltage transmission lines made it possible to
transmit electricity over long distances, enabling the construction of large-scale
power plants.
Adoption of Renewable Energy Sources
In recent decades, there has been increasing interest in renewable energy sources
such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric power, which are becoming increasingly
competitive with traditional fossil fuel sources.

1.3.2 Installed power capacity

The installed power capacity of India is 416 gigawatts (GW) as on 31 March 2023. On the other
hand, the installed power capacity of the world is approximately 7,800 GW, as of 2023. This includes
capacities from all sources of energy such as coal, natural gas, hydro, nuclear, wind, solar, and others
(Refer Fig.1.1).

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 It’s important to note that the installed capacity is the maximum amount of power that can be
produced at a given time, but it doesn’t necessarily mean that all the capacity is being used or that all the
power produced is being consumed. The actual power generation and consumption can vary based on
several factors such as demand, weather conditions, maintenance activities, and others.

8%

Fig.1.1 Composition of 10%

COAL
installed power capacity
2% GAS
in India 3%
HYDRO
BIO
56% NUCLEAR
14% WIND
Renewable and SOLAR

non-renewable sources 7%
of electricity both have
their advantages and
disadvantages, and it’s important to consider them in the context of India’s energy needs and goals. Here are
some comparisons and criticisms of renewable and non-renewable sources of electricity with respect to India:

Renewable sources:
Advantages:
 Renewable sources such as solar, wind, and hydropower have the potential to provide abundant and
clean energy that doesn’t produce greenhouse gas emissions or air pollution.
 India has abundant solar and wind resources, making it well-suited for these types of renewable energy.
 Investing in renewable energy can create new job opportunities, boost local economies, and help reduce
energy poverty.
Disadvantages:
 Renewable energy can be intermittent, meaning that the power output can vary based on weather
conditions, which can pose challenges for grid stability and reliability.
 The upfront capital costs for renewable energy projects can be high, although they have been declining
in recent years.
 In some cases, renewable energy projects can also have negative impacts on local ecosystems or
communities.
Non-renewable sources:

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Advantages:
 Non-renewable sources such as coal, natural gas, and oil currently provide a large portion of India’s
electricity needs, and they can provide reliable and consistent power.
 India has significant coal reserves, making it a cheap and abundant source of fuel for power generation.
Disadvantages:
 Non-renewable sources of electricity produce greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution, contributing
to climate change and public health issues.
 India is heavily dependent on imports for oil and natural gas, making it vulnerable to price volatility and
supply disruptions.
 Mining and extraction of non-renewable fuels can have significant environmental and social impacts,
including displacement of communities and damage to ecosystems.

1.4 Utilization and Accessibility of Electricity

India has made significant progress in improving the utilization and accessibility of electricity in recent
years. However, there are still significant challenges that need to be addressed.

1.4.1 Utilization of electricity in India:

India has a diverse mix of energy sources, including coal, natural gas, hydropower, nuclear, and renewable
energy. As of 2023, the total installed power capacity in India is approximately 416 GW, with coal accounting for
the majority of the power generation (Refer to Fig.1.1). The government of India has set a target to achieve 450
GW of renewable energy capacity by 2030, which would significantly increase the utilization of renewable
sources such as solar, wind, and hydropower.

1.4.2 Accessibility of electricity in India:

In the past, there were significant gaps in the accessibility of electricity in India, with many households
lacking access to reliable and affordable power. However, significant progress has been made in recent years. In
2021, the government of India claimed that 100% of Indian villages have been electrified, although some
households in remote or rural areas may still lack in reliable power. The government has also launched several
initiatives to provide access to electricity for all, including the Saubhagya scheme [7], which aims to provide
electricity connections to all households in the country.

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 Despite these efforts, there are still significant challenges to improving the accessibility of electricity in
India. Some of the key issues include:

 Unequal distribution: While the percentage of electrified villages is high, some regions of the country
still have significantly lower rates of electrification than others. For example, states in Northeast India
have significantly lower electrification rates compared to other parts of the country.
 Reliability: Even in areas where electricity is available, power outages are very common, which can
impact the productivity of businesses and the daily lives of households.
 Affordability: While the cost of electricity has decreased in recent years, it can still be expensive for
many households, particularly those living in poverty.
 Transmission facility: Due to the sessional changes in the energy production, it is quite common that
while a region is facing power deficit, the other regions used to have excess. Due the non-availability of
sufficient grid capacity, the demand in the deficit region could not be addressed.

Overall, improving the utilization and accessibility of electricity in India is an ongoing challenge that
requires significant investment and innovation. However, with continued efforts and a commitment to
sustainable and equitable development, India has the potential to achieve a more reliable, affordable,
and sustainable energy system that benefits all its citizens.

There are significant differences in electrical usage between rural and urban areas in India. While both
rural and urban areas have seen significant improvements in access to electricity in recent years, there are still
significant disparities in usage patterns and access to reliable and affordable power.

1.4.3 Rural electrical usage in India:

Rural areas of India have historically had lower levels of electrification compared to urban areas, but
significant progress has been made in recent years. However, the level of usage and consumption of electricity
in rural areas is still significantly lower than in urban areas. Some of the key reasons for this include:

 Lower levels of economic development: Rural areas typically have lower levels of economic
development and industrial activity, which means that there is less demand for electricity for
commercial and industrial purposes.
 Lower levels of income: Many rural households have lower levels of income, which means that they may
not be able to afford the same level of electricity consumption as urban households.

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  Lack of infrastructure: Rural areas may lack the infrastructure needed to support high levels of electricity
consumption, such as reliable grid connections, transmission lines, and distribution networks.

1.4.4 Urban electrical usage in India:

Urban areas of India have higher levels of electrification compared to rural areas, and households and
businesses in these areas tend to consume more electricity. Some of the key reasons for this include:

 Higher levels of economic development: Urban areas tend to have higher levels of economic
development and industrial activity, which means that there is greater demand for electricity for
commercial and industrial purposes.
 Higher levels of income: Urban households tend to have higher levels of income compared to rural
households, which means that they may be able to afford higher levels of electricity consumption.
 Better infrastructure: Urban areas tend to have better infrastructure, including reliable grid connections,
transmission lines, and distribution networks, which can support higher levels of electricity
consumption.

301-500 >500 0-30

4% 1% 0-30
13% 101-300

31-50
10% 28%
101-300
33% 16% 51-100
30%
31-50
32%

51-100
33%

(a) Urban (b) Rural

Fig. 1.2 Electricity Consumption in Units

Overall, while the gap between rural and urban electrical usage in India is narrowing, there are still significant
disparities in usage patterns and access to reliable and affordable power. Addressing these disparities will
require continued investment in infrastructure, innovation in energy technology, and policies that promote
sustainable and equitable development.

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1.5 TERMINOLOGIES
 SoC: State of charge (SOC) refers to the current amount of energy stored in a battery or other energy
storage device, expressed as a percentage of its maximum capacity. In simpler terms, it represents
how much power is available in the battery at a particular point in time. SOC is typically measured
and monitored to determine the remaining capacity of the battery and to estimate its remaining
useful life.
 OCP: OCP stands for "Over-Current Protection" and refers to a safety feature that prevents damage
to electronic devices and power systems due to excessive current by triggering a circuit breaker or
current limiting device when the current exceeds a pre-set threshold.
 OVP: OVP stands for "Over-Voltage Protection" and refers to a safety feature that protects
electronic devices and power systems from damage due to excessive voltage by triggering a circuit
breaker or reducing the voltage when the voltage exceeds a pre-set threshold.
 UVLO: UVLO stands for "Under-Voltage Lockout" and refers to a safety feature that prevents
electronic devices and power systems from operating when the input voltage falls below a certain
threshold, typically to prevent damage or unsafe operation due to insufficient voltage.

 SRPS: Self-reliant power supply refers to a power system that is capable of generating or storing its
own power without relying on external sources, such as the power grid or fuel supply. Self-reliant
power supplies are commonly used in remote or off-grid locations where access to the grid or fuel
supply is limited or unreliable. Examples of self-reliant power supplies include solar panels, wind
turbines, batteries, and fuel cells. These power sources can be used individually or in combination to
provide reliable and sustainable power for various applications, such as homes, businesses, and
telecommunications systems.

1.6 Problem Identification

This thesis tries to address electricity requirement of the community of people who either need
the electricity in minimal quantity or yet to use electricity in their houses. The following discussion
defines a unique issue which encompasses problem of different cohorts.

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1.6.1 Deprived Cohort-I: Un-electrified Villages or Villages with unreliable power:

There are several reasons why some villages in world yet to be electrified or lack a reliable power supply,
despite the governments’ efforts to increase electrification in rural areas. Some of the main reasons include:

 Geographic location: Many villages in India are located in remote or difficult-to-access areas, such as
hilly or forested regions. Building power infrastructure in these areas can be challenging and expensive,
which can make it difficult to provide reliable power supply to these villages.
 Lack of investment: Some villages may lack the necessary investment to build power infrastructure, such
as transmission lines and substations. This can be due to a lack of funding or resources, or because
private companies may not find it profitable to invest in power infrastructure in these areas.
 Poor maintenance: Even if a village has been electrified, poor maintenance of power infrastructure can
lead to frequent power outages or unreliable power supply. This can be due to a lack of trained
personnel or resources to maintain the infrastructure.
 Affordability: Even if a village has access to power, the cost of electricity and initial fee are may be too
high for their income. This can be due to a lack of income or because of high tariffs of electricity.
 Political and administrative issues: In some cases, political or administrative issues may be the cause of
lack of electrification in certain villages. This can include issues related to corruption, bureaucratic
inefficiencies, or conflicts between local authorities and power companies.

Hence, an off-grid electricity option with lower investment, in minimal capacity, does not force usage (recurring)
charges, not affected by the sessional changes, is required for these remote domestic costumers.

1.6.2 Deprived Cohort-II: Street Vendors

A “street vendor” is a person, who engaged in vending of articles of everyday use or offering services to
the general public, in any public place or private area, from a temporary built-up structure or by moving
from place to place. A survey says that there are about 50 Lakhs street vendors in India. The street
vendors face significant challenges when it comes to power supply. To address these challenges, it is important
to provide access to reliable and affordable electricity, promote safe and sustainable electrical infrastructure,
and provide training and support to help street vendors safely and effectively use electrical equipment.

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Street vendors face several problems when it comes to power supply, including:

 Lack of access to reliable power supply: Many street vendors operate in areas where there is limited or
no access to reliable power supply. This can make it difficult for them to run their businesses effectively.
 High costs of electricity: Even when street vendors have access to electricity, the costs can be
prohibitively high. This can eat into their profits and make it difficult to maintain their businesses.
 Limited infrastructure: In some areas, there may be limited infrastructure to support the electricity
needs of street vendors. For instance, the tourist spots lack in electrical outlets. Also their

intermittent/sessional demand for electricity is bizarre. Typically , a street vendor needs electricity with
mobility.
 Risk of fire and electrical hazards: In some cases, street vendors may use unsafe or makeshift electrical
connections that can pose a risk of fire or electrical hazards. This can be dangerous for both the vendor
and their customers.
 Limited knowledge of electrical systems: Street vendors may have limited knowledge of electrical
systems and how to safely use electrical equipment. This can make it difficult for them to troubleshoot
problems or prevent accidents.

 Lack of mandatory documents for On-grid connection: Generally street vendors run
their shops at public places and hence they cannot fulfil the mandatory documents required
for getting the electricity connection such as land documents, construction, etc.

Hence, an electricity generation with lower investment, in minimal capacity, does not force usage (recurring)
charges, of self-reliant, self-activity driven, hazard free, mobility (hence two-in-one=shop+house) is required for
these street vendors.

1.6.3 Deprived Cohort-III: Nomads

Nomads, who are individuals or communities who move from place to place with their livestock, often face
significant challenges when it comes to power supply. The nomads face significant challenges when it comes to
power supply. To address these challenges, it is important to provide access to reliable and affordable electricity,
promote sustainable and resilient energy infrastructure, and address cultural and social barriers that may limit
access to electricity. This can help improve the livelihoods and well-being of nomads and their communities.
Some of the problems faced by nomads for the power supply include:

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  Lack of access to reliable power supply: Nomads often live in remote areas where there is limited or no
access to reliable power supply. This can make it difficult for them to power essential equipment such as
lights, communication devices, and medical equipment.
 Limited infrastructure: In some areas, there may be limited infrastructure to support the electricity
needs of nomads. This can include a lack of electrical outlets, inadequate wiring, or insufficient power
generation capacity.
 High costs of electricity: Even when electricity is available, the costs can be prohibitively high for
nomads, who may have limited financial resources. This can make it difficult for them to access
electricity or maintain their electrical equipment.
 Environmental challenges: Nomads may face environmental challenges that can impact their access to
power supply, such as extreme temperatures, dust and sandstorms, and flooding. These challenges can
damage electrical equipment and make it difficult to generate or access electricity.
 Cultural and social barriers: Nomads may face cultural and social barriers to accessing power supply,
such as discrimination or marginalization. This can limit their ability to access infrastructure or resources
that could support their electricity needs.

Hence, an electricity generation with lower investment, in minimal capacity, does not force usage (recurring)
charges, self-reliant, self-activity driven, hazard free, mobility is required for nomads.

1.6.4 Cohort-IV: Randonneur and pilgrims:

Randonneur (fitness cycle riders) and pilgrims face several problems when it comes to power supply even
though electricity is affordable to them in contrary to remote domestic customers and nomads. Both category
people used to travel for weeks together.

 Lack of access to power outlets: Travellers may find it difficult to access power outlets when they are on
the go, especially if they are in remote or outdoor locations. This can make it difficult to charge
electronic devices such as phones, laptops, and cameras.
 Incompatible power plugs and voltage: Travellers may encounter problems with incompatible power
plugs and voltage value when they travel to different countries or regions. This can make it difficult to
charge their devices or use electrical equipment.
 Limited battery life: Even when travellers have access to power outlets, they may face limitations on the
battery life of their devices. This can be especially challenging when they are on long trips or have
limited access to electricity.

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  Risk of theft or damage: Travellers may be at risk of theft or damage to their electronic devices when
they are charging them in public places or in shared accommodation. This can be a significant problem,
especially if their devices contain important data or information.
 Environmental challenges: Travellers may face environmental challenges that can impact their access to
power supply, such as extreme temperatures or inclement weather. These challenges can damage
electrical equipment or make it difficult to generate or access electricity.

Hence, an electricity generation in minimal capacity, off-grid, hazard free, mobility is required for these
randonneur and pilgrims.

1.6.5 Cohort-V: Stand by power supply to weaker section

The during peak demand acute power fluctuations, power outages, low voltage issues, and poor power
quality are unavoidable. The customer who are financially well afford their won generators or other stand by
units. The lower middle class and poor people may not afford these kind of standby while the standby power
supply for minimal usages (lighting and communication) are mandatory.

 Power cuts: Power cuts are a common problem during summer in many parts of the world. This can be
due to an increase in demand for electricity as people turn on their air conditioners and other cooling
equipment to beat the heat.
 Voltage fluctuations: Voltage fluctuations can be a problem during summer, especially when there is a
high demand for electricity. These fluctuations can damage electrical equipment, reduce their lifespan,
and increase the risk of electrical fires.
 High electricity bills: The increased use of air conditioners and other cooling equipment during summer
can lead to higher electricity bills for middle-class people. This can be a financial burden, especially for
those who are on a tight budget.
 Limited access to backup power: Middle-class people may not have access to backup power sources
such as generators or inverters. This can be a problem during power cuts or voltage fluctuations,
especially if they rely on electrical equipment for work or medical reasons.
 Catastrophic continued power-cuts: cyclone, time for power restoration

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Hence, an electricity standby in required days of autonomy, with low investment, with low maintenance,
is required for these economically weaker section.

1.7 Motivation:

From the above discussion it is necessary to consolidate the requirements of all the five deprived groups
towards a single solution. The consolidation moves across the following suggestions.

(i) Off-grid solution: Irrespective of category, all the cohorts supports for off-grid solution, since on-
grid is either unreliable or not economical or demands mandatory documents or causes recurring
expenses.
(ii) Mobility: Except for the cohorts I & V, the remaining cohorts, the street vendors, nomads,
and randonneur and pilgrims require a mobile solution, since they commute always.
(iii) Two in one solution: The cohorts II & III could benefit from the solution if it satisfies the
need of their residence and business/activity. For making the solution suitable for lighting
and cell phone charging at both street shops and residence (two in one) will attract the cohort
II while it is unavoidable for the cohort III.
(iv) Activity based: The activity based power generation differs from the conventional power
generation, both fossil fuel based and renewable energy based, in the sense that it does not
require a source or a fuel, the energy is generated by human efforts. The cohorts I, II, III, and
IV will strongly support the activity based power generation due to the reasons economic benefits,
and resulting from their routine activities without additional efforts while the cohort V will accept
depending upon the usage.
(v) Technological viability to minimal capacity and Low initial investment: Irrespective of the
category, all the cohorts require a solution which has a low initial investment and technological
viability to minimal capacity.
(vi) No recurring cost and low maintenance: Except for the cohorts IV & V, all the other cohorts shall not
accept to pay recurring cost and huge maintenance cost.
(vii) Hazard-free and easy handling: All the cohorts would appreciate a simple and hazard free solution
which would be easy to handle, particularly cohorts who demand mobility.
(viii) Flexibility in days of autonomy, suitability for rare and stand by usage: The cohort V does not require
a solution, which would be used every day, they would require power from the stand -by only when
the on-grid facility fails and also they do require flexibility in days of autonomy.

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Hence, it would be a better solution if the required energy is generated by the bicycling activity through
a DC generator backed by a battery storage to energise the light emitting diode (LED) DC lamps and
mobile phone charger.
1.8 Objectives
◦ To estimate the convincing energy requirement of all the cohorts.

◦ To design a self-reliant power supply (SRPS) system for domestic lighting and mobile charging purposes
to light up two 9-watt DC LED lamps and power a 5-watt mobile phone charger for four hours with the
capacity of 120Wh.

◦ To arrive at the rating of the dynamo

◦ To calculate the battery capacity

◦ To design the charge controller circuit to charge the battery efficiently.

◦ To design a feasible methodology for accommodating the dynamo and sprocket-chain arrangement in
the bicycle.

◦ To provide a state-of-charge (SoC) indication.

◦ To end up in a patentable, commercial activity based SRPS.

1.9 Organization of Thesis

Chapter 1 Introduction: An overview of the project, including the problem statement, the research
questions or objectives, and the purpose of the study. The introduction also provides background
information on the topic and a rationale for the project.

Literature Review: A critical evaluation of the existing literature on the topic. This section highlights
gaps in the literature and explains how the current project contributes to the field.

Design and Sizing: A detailed description of the project approach, including the data collection
methods, sampling strategy, and data analysis techniques.

Hardware: A description of the emplacement of the hardware components and overview of the design
of electronics circuit.

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Results or Project Outcomes: A presentation of the findings of the project or the outcomes achieved,
including statistical analyses and visual representations.

Discussion: An interpretation of the results or project outcomes, an explanation of the significance of

the findings or outcomes, and a discussion of their implications for theory and practice.

Conclusion: A summary of the project, its contributions to the field, and recommendations for future
work.

References: A list of all the sources cited in the report.

Appendices: Additional materials, such as project plans, detailed methodologies, or supplementary data
that are not essential to the main body of the report but provide useful supplementary information.

2. LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 Introduction

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 The pursuit of self-reliance in power has been a key objective of many countries around the world,
driven by concerns about energy security, environmental sustainability, and economic development. In
this section, review some of the attempts made in the past to become self-reliant in power requirement,
highlighting their successes, failures, and lessons learned, are given. There have been several attempts in
the past to achieve self-reliance in power, with varying degrees of success. One example is India’s
“Power for All” initiative, launched in 2014, which aims to provide electricity access to all households
and achieve self-sufficiency in power generation by 2022. The initiative includes a range of measures,
such as promoting renewable energy, improving energy efficiency, and strengthening the electricity
grid. Another example is Germany’s “Energiewende” (energy transition) policy, which aims to phase
out nuclear power and reduce reliance on fossil fuels by promoting renewable energy and energy
efficiency. The policy has been partially successful; Germany is now generating more than 40% of its
electricity from renewables.

Other countries, such as Brazil, China, and South Africa, have also made significant progress
towards self-reliance in power through a combination of policy measures and investments in renewable
energy. However, achieving self-reliance in power remains a complex and ongoing challenge as many
countries still dependent on imported fossil fuels.

The attempts made in the past to become self-reliant in power requirement provide valuable
insights into the challenges and opportunities of pursuing energy self-sufficiency. Though there have
been some successes, achieving self-reliance in power remains a herculean task that requires a sustained
commitment on renewable energy penetration, energy efficiency, energy conservation and institutional
capacity building. By learning from the experiences of countries that have made progress towards self-
reliance in power, any country can identify best practices and strategies for achieving a more sustainable
and secure energy future.

2.2 Institutional Supports:

There are several ways that governments have supported their citizens and businesses to be self-reliant
in energy generation:

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Incentives for renewable energy: Governments provides incentives such as tax credits, grants, or rebates
to encourage the adoption of renewable energy sources like solar or wind power. These incentives can
make it easier for individuals and businesses to invest in renewable energy, which can ultimately lead to
greater energy self-reliance.

Net metering: Governments have implemented net metering policies, which allow individuals and
businesses to sell excess energy generated from their renewable energy systems back to the grid. This
can incentivize the installation of renewable energy systems and encourage greater energy self-reliance.

Education and awareness campaigns: Governments have launched launch education and awareness
campaigns to inform citizens and businesses about the benefits of renewable energy and how they can
become more self-reliant in their energy generation. This can include information about financing
options, installation, and maintenance of renewable energy systems.

Research and development: Governments have invested in research and development of new energy
technologies to increase efficiency, reduce costs, and expand the range of options available for energy
self-reliance. This can include funding for new technologies like energy storage systems or advanced
solar panels.

Regulatory support: Governments have created supportive regulatory frameworks that facilitate the
deployment of renewable energy systems and make it easier for individuals and businesses to become
more self-reliant in their energy generation. This can include streamlined permitting processes and
simplified interconnection standards.

By providing these types of support, governments are helping their citizens and businesses to become
more self-reliant in energy generation, reduce reliance on traditional fossil fuels, and create a more
sustainable energy future.

2.3 History:

18
 The history of self-reliant electricity generation spans over a century, from the early pioneers of
electric power generation in the late 19 th century to the present day, where renewable energy
technologies are revolutionizing the way we generate and consume electricity.

After mid-20th century that self-reliant electricity generation really took off, the spread of rural
electrification programs led to the development of small-scale diesel generators that could provide
power to remote areas that were not connected to the grid. These generators were often the only source
of power for these communities and played a crucial role in improving living standards.

In the 1970s, the oil crisis led to a renewed interest in renewable energy and energy efficiency.
This led to the development of new technologies like photovoltaic (PV) solar cells and wind turbines,
which made it possible for individuals and businesses to generate their own electricity using renewable
sources. At the time, these technologies were expensive and not very efficient, but they laid the
groundwork for the future development of self-reliant electricity generation. Over the following decades,
advances in technology and changes in policy helped to accelerate the growth of self-reliant electricity
generation. Governments around the world began to provide incentives for renewable energy, and this
led to a surge in installations of PV solar cells and wind turbines. Energy storage systems like batteries
also became more affordable and efficient, making it easier to store excess energy generated by
renewable sources.

Today, self-reliant electricity generation is becoming increasingly common as more individuals

and businesses adopt renewable energy technologies. Rooftop solar panels, small wind turbines, and
energy storage systems are becoming more affordable and widely available, allowing individuals and
businesses to generate their own electricity and reduce their dependence on the grid.

The history of self-reliant electricity generation spans over a century and has been marked by a
series of technological and policy developments. While it started with small-scale diesel generators and
rural electrification programs, it has now evolved into a global movement towards renewable energy and
energy independence.

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2.4 Current Scenario:

Catuçaba, Brazil, by Studio MK27, 2016

The prefabricated Catuçaba house in Brazil is elevated on stilts and fronted by floor-to-ceiling glazing
that offers views out to its remote setting in a rugged, agricultural landscape. A nearby wind turbine
provides the home's electricity in tandem with rooftop solar panels, with any excess energy stored in
batteries beneath the structure.

The Hut, USA, by Midland Architecture, 2018

This tree house-like house on a cattle farm in rural Ohio and was designed by Midland Architecture as a
sensitive, self-sufficient addition to its natural setting. With no access to mains electricity or water, it is
powered entirely by solar energy and has been orientated on the site to maximise solar heat gain and
enable natural ventilation.

ZeroCabin, Chile, 2019

This self-sufficient dwelling, named ZeroCabin, was conceived as a replicable "kit of parts" that can be
customised based on a user's needs and the local climate and topography. It has a predominantly timber
structure and its energy needs are met by photovoltaic panels, while heat is provided by sunlight and a
wood-powered stove. If the cabin was to be built in other locales, the designers claim it can also be fitted
with other power-generating devices such as micro water turbines.

There are many sustainable and self-sufficient houses in India that incorporate similar design features.
Here are some examples:

 Earth House in Tamil Nadu:

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 This house was built using traditional mud brick construction techniques and is powered by a
combination of solar panels and wind turbines. The orientation of the house maximises natural light
and ventilation, and rainwater is collected for use in the house.
 Bamboo House in Kerala:
This house is constructed entirely from bamboo, a renewable and sustainable building material. It is
powered by solar energy and has been designed to maximise natural ventilation and reduce the need
for air conditioning.

 Solar Passive House in Rajasthan:

This house is designed to be completely self-sufficient and is powered by solar energy. It features a
passive solar design that maximises heat gain in the winter and keeps the house cool in the summer.

 Cob House in Maharashtra:

This house is built using a combination of cob, straw bales and natural plaster, making it a highly
sustainable and eco-friendly construction. It is powered by solar panels and features a natural
ventilation system that keeps the house cool and comfortable.

These houses in India, demonstrate the potential for sustainable and self-sufficient living, even in remote
and rural locations. By incorporating renewable energy sources and maximising natural light and
ventilation, these houses offer a comfortable and eco-friendly living space that is sensitive to its natural
surroundings.

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2.5 State of Art

Self-reliant power generation has been a rapidly growing trend in the energy sector over the past decade,
and this is reflected in the journals which has been published over the past 10 years:

Increasing number of research papers on renewable energy sources: There has been a significant
increase in the number of research papers on renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydro
power in journals. This reflects the growing interest in self-reliant power generation using renewable
sources of energy.

Focus on energy storage systems: In addition to renewable energy sources, there has been a growing
focus on energy storage systems in journals. These systems are essential for self-reliant power
generation, as they allow individuals and businesses to store excess energy generated by renewable
sources for later use.

Emphasis on smart grids and energy management systems: Another trend in self-reliant power
generation journals is the focus on smart grids and energy management systems. These systems enable
better management and control of power generation and consumption, making self-reliant power
generation more efficient and reliable.

Advances in microgrid technology: There have been significant advances in microgrid technology over
the past decade, and this is reflected in journals. Microgrids are small-scale power grids that can operate
independently or in conjunction with the main power grid, and they are an important component of self-
reliant power generation.

Increased interest in off-grid power systems: Finally, there has been a growing interest in off-grid power
systems in journals. Off-grid power systems are self-reliant power systems that are not connected to the
main power grid, and they are becoming increasingly popular in rural and remote areas where grid
access is limited or unreliable.

There have been more than 20 research papers published on self-reliant power generation over the past
10 years, which reflects a growing interest in renewable energy sources, energy storage systems, smart

22
grids, microgrid technology, and off-grid power systems. These trends are likely to continue in the
coming years as more individuals and businesses seek to reduce their reliance on traditional sources of
energy and transition to a more sustainable and self-reliant energy future.

The attempts made in recent past will be discussed in this section. The discussion will be made on two
types of research papers, energy generation from exercising and energy generation from regular
activities.

2.5.1 Power generation from rotating shaft of manual Treadmill

As the demand for energy increases and the cost of electricity rises due to insufficient power generation,
it is essential to develop new methods for power generation that do not harm the environment. This
paper presents a new idea for generating electricity using a manual treadmill. By connecting dynamos to
the rotating shaft of the treadmill, it is possible to generate 50-60 watts of power per hour, without any
pollution. However, the force exerted on the treadmill by the person walking on it is not continuous,
leading to fluctuations in the generated power. To obtain a constant output, a charge controller is used.
The power generated is stored in a battery.

Treadmill DC Common Charge

rotating shaft generator Bus bar controller

Battery for
storage

Fig. 2.1 Block diagram of proposed system

The block diagram (Fig.2.1) of the proposed system consists of a manual treadmill, a dynamo, a bus bar,
a charge controller, and a battery. The use of a manual treadmill is more efficient than an electric
treadmill as the latter consumes energy for its operation. The armature of the dynamo is made of coiled
copper windings, which rotate inside the magnetic field made by the stator. When the windings move,
they cut through the lines of the magnetic field, creating pulses of electric power. The bus bar is used to
combine the output of all generators, and the charge controller is used to regulate the power output.

23
 Fig.2.2 Mechanical model

The mechanical model (Fig.2.2) of the system is presented to illustrate the connection of the dynamo to
the rotating shaft of the treadmill. The results of the experiments conducted show that four generators in
series produce a voltage of 25-30 volts, a current of 0.7 amps, and a power of 15-18 watts, while four
generators in parallel produce a voltage of 10-15 volts, a current of 1.2 amps, and a power of 18-20
watts. This method of power generation from a manual treadmill is a promising alternative to non-
renewable sources of energy that have adverse effects on the environment.

2.5.2. Dynamo for bicycles

The invention described is a dynamo that can be connected to a wheel of a bicycle, and comprises an
electric machine capable of acting as a generator and a motor. The dynamo is mechanically decoupled
from the bicycle pedals and chain, and can include one or more batteries connected to the electric
machine so that they can be recharged by the generator (Refer Fig.2.3). External devices, such as lamps
or smartphones, can be connected to the dynamo via suitable outlets. The dynamo comprises one or
more outlets for supplying critical loads and non-critical loads.

1- Control unit
2-Dynamo
3-wheel
4-batteries
5’- critical load
5”-Non critical load

Fig.2.3 Block diagram of dynamo for bicycles

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A control unit is included to command the electric machine according to two different modes. In the first
mode, the electric machine is commanded to act as a generator, recovering mechanical energy generated
by the rotation of the bicycle wheel and converting it into electric energy to be stored in the batteries. In
the second mode, the electric machine is commanded to act as a motor, delivering additional power to
the bicycle wheel by withdrawing energy from the batteries. The control unit can be connected to one or
more command members or a human-machine interface unit to enable the cyclist to select between the
first and second operative modes, and in case of the first mode, between the first and second energy
recovery levels.

The first mode of operation can solve the problems defined previously and meet the objectives defined
with ease. The invention provides a means for self-reliant power generation for external devices on a
bicycle, reducing the need for battery replacements or recharges, and allowing for continuous use of
critical loads even if the batteries are completely discharged. It also provides a means for delivering
additional power to the bicycle wheel.

2.5.3. Energy harvesting system using dynamo

Ceiling fans are a common appliance in households and commercial buildings. In India, where the
climate is hot for most of the year, fans are used constantly, resulting in wasted energy. However, this
energy can be harnessed and converted into electrical energy through the use of a dynamo. A dynamo is
an electrical generator that converts rotary motion into electrical energy, which can be stored in a
rechargeable battery or used to power small appliances like mobile phones via a USB charger (Refer Fig.
2.4).

Fig. 2.4 Block schematic of energy harvesting system using dynamo

25
To efficiently convert the rotatory movement of the fan into electrical energy, a simple energy
conversion and regulatory system can be implemented. This system consists of a dynamo that is
connected to the rotating element of the fan through an assembly of gears. The dynamo is an electrical
generator that creates direct current using a commutator, which converts the rotary motion of the fan
into electrical energy. The output of the dynamo is of a pulsating nature and needs to be converted into a
smooth, constant DC current. This is done using an AC to DC converter and filter, which removes any
remaining AC components. The filtered DC current is then stored in a Li-ion battery, which is
rechargeable and has a high energy density.

A battery monitoring circuit is used to cut off the supply of current to the battery once it is fully charged.
This circuit also indicates the battery's status through LEDs, with green indicating a full charge and red
indicating low charge. When the battery's charge level drops below 5%, the circuit reconnects the
battery to the charging circuit.

The technical approach used in this system involves coupling the dynamo and the rotating element of the
fan in such a way that the voltage generated is proportional to the number of rotations of the dynamo's
shaft. The alternating voltage generated by the dynamo is converted to DC current using an AC-to-DC
circuit, which is then filtered and regulated to charge the battery. The battery can be used to power small
household appliances or charge mobile phones, power banks, laptops, etc., by implementing a
combination of an inverter circuit and a step-down transformer.

2.5.4 Electric bicycle battery charging estimation while pedalling

The increasing use of personal cars, which mostly rely on Internal Combustion (IC) engines with a
performance of around 30-35%, is causing significant environmental pollution. These engines emit toxic
gases like carbon monoxide and greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, which contribute to
environmental pollution. The introduction of electric cars was meant to address this issue, as they don't
emit pollutants, and their batteries can be charged using external sources like nuclear, hydro, solar, or
wind power, which have no air pollution during power production. However, the cost of electric cars is
still high for many people.

26
 Fig. 2.5 Detailed description of the invention

To provide a more affordable and sustainable alternative, this invention proposes an e-motorcycle that
can harness pedalling efforts to charge its battery, reducing the reliance on external charging sources.
The motorcycle uses a Brushless DC (BLDC) motor ( Fig. 2.6), which can be disconnected from the
battery and connected to a converter to charge the battery through pedalling. The motor is a permanent
magnet brushed DC motor that drives the motorcycle and is powered by a DC current. It is placed at the
rear carrier and connected to the rear wheel through a chain and sprocket. The motorcycle's battery is a
Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery with a capacity of 24V and 10Ah ( Fig. 2.7), which can be charged using
home power and provides a mileage of up to 25kms on a full charge.

Fig. 2.6 BLDC motor (24V, 350W) Fig. 2.7 Li-ion battery 24V, 10Ah Fig. 2.8 Motor controller

27
 The motor controller (Fig. 2.9) is the brain of the e-motorcycle and governs the motor's performance.
It selects and regulates the motor's speed, taking the throttle twist as input to control the speed. It also
lights up the brake light when the brakes are applied and displays the battery charge level. The motor
controller generates enough power for the charger and collects power from the BLDC motor of 12v,
which is then converted to 220v to charge the battery. The DC to AC converter circuit is used to convert
the DC power to AC power, and the 12v DC to 220v AC converter charges the Li-ion battery in around
2 hours.

The motor speed controller (Fig. 2.9) is used to control the speed of the motorcycle and is connected to
the motor controller. The throttle twist controller is the only controller that controls the motorcycle's
velocity, much like the accelerator in a gasoline-powered motorcycle. The throttle twist grip has three
wires that are connected to the motor controller.

Fig. 2.9 Motor speed controller

When the battery is fully discharged, the BLDC motor wire needs to be disconnected from the controller
and connected to the converter to charge the battery. The converter requires a minimum power of 12v to
16v, which is provided by the normal speed of the BLDC motor, giving around 12v to 14v, which is
sufficient to charge the battery from the charger.

Overall, this invention provides an affordable and sustainable alternative to gasoline-powered personal
cars and traditional electric cars. It harnesses pedaling efforts to charge the battery and relies on external
sources only when the battery is fully discharged. It could significantly reduce environmental pollution
and promote sustainable transportation.

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 2.5.5 Power generation using gear setup with dynamo

The power generation system described in this paper involves using a 12V DC battery that is converted
into AC using an inverter circuit. The battery is charged by a DC synchronized dynamo that is connected
to a planetary gear train. The planetary gear train is connected to a bike chain sprocket using a free
wheel that is welded with the planetary gear box input. The output of the gear box is coupled with a DC
dynamo using a belt drive. The synchronized dynamo is connected to a charging unit and the 12V DC
Battery.

Fig. 2.10 Block diagram of Power generation using gear setup with dynamo

The power generated is taken from the speed of the vehicle using external components (Fig.2.10) . The
engine of a motorcycle works with periodic linear motion with a piston connected to a crankshaft by a
piston-rod, which turns the linear motion into rotation. The engine consists of pistons, a cylinder block
head, and the valve train. The pistons move in a to and fro direction in the cylinder block, driven by
eruptions of a fuel-air mixture triggered by a spark. To allow the air-fuel mixture to enter the
combustion chamber, the valves are opened and closed.

29
 Fig. 2.11 Hardware model of Power generation using gear setup with dynamo

The epicyclical gearing system of a gear ratio is somewhat complicated, particularly as there are several
ways in which a rotation of input can be converted into an output twirling. The epicyclical gear train
uses a sun gear, a ring gear, and two planetary gears (Fig. 2.11). One planetary gear interlocks with the
sun gear and the other planet interlocks with the ring gear. This results in different ratios being generated
by the planetary gear.

Fig. 2.12 Dynamo

A dynamo (Fig.2.12) is an equipment that transforms kinetic energy into electrical energy. The dynamos
used in this setup are small permanent magnet alternators. A synchronous dynamo explains the action of
rotating an orbitary body in the same amount of time on its axis. The continuous rotation toggles with

30
the planetary gear setup with this synchronous dynamo. The dynamo starts continuous rotation with the
planetary gear experimental setup fixed with one stand with two-wheeler body.

A secondary type lead-acid battery is used in this setup. It is a reusable type battery that contains
electrochemical cells inside the battery, which contains chemical solutions and makes it available as
electric current.

However, the gear setup was directly coupled to the main sprocket, which could affect the performance
of the vehicle. Despite this, the proposed solution is expected to meet the defined objectives with ease.

2.6 Summary

Pedal power is one of the cleanest and most suitable full-power alternatives that can power a
variety of low-power devices. This strength distinction relates to the K.E. man-made treadle mechanism
used since historical times to perform agricultural and ordinary jobs such as separating grains, grinding
food, sewing, pumping, etc. , . The advent of the electrical grid and also the planning of technologies on
the market that would change the functions of corporal punishment faster, more effortlessly, more
conveniently and at a reasonable price has reduced the need to use pedalling energy to accomplish these
tasks. At present, pedalling energy is mainly used to power terrestrial, marine, and physical acquisition
mechanisms such as stationary bikes, elliptical trainers, ergometers, steppers, etc. It has proved
practicable to provide energy for an extension of low-power devices, such as laptops, digital cameras,
tablets, radios, and backup batteries, etc., etc. In particular, using pedalling energy to induce electricity
has been unattractive to society. The reasons for this rejection include, among others, the desired
participation of humans in the production of energy, the cost advantage that the use of this technology in
cities with access to the electricity grid implies, the efficiency of these systems, and mobility. On the
other hand, recent issues related to human development, weather changes, and idle mode have produced
studies showing the feasibility of sacrificing pedalling energy to counteract these issues. Pedal power
alone or in conjunction with various energy styles such as wind, biogas, solar, and biodiesel represents a

31
proprietary energy solution for the development of communities. Likewise, it was undeniable that the
pedalling energy collected in the instrumentation of exercises with an associated degree is able to
provide energy for the proliferation of low-power devices and for the electronic system of the equipment
itself, thus reducing the energy bill by feeding the energy of the Kicking to the grid Combining pedalling
energy harvesters into exercise tools aims to create intelligent, proprietary devices, promoters of an
inexperienced culture that encourages society to engage in physical activity, add value and contribution
to promoting a clean world.

At a time when the energy crisis casts its shadow over the world, it is necessary to master
alternative renewable energies. The self-charging E-Bike exploitation pedalling may be a complete ‘eco-
friendly’ to the environment. Whereas movement of the tire’s energy will turn out to the bicycle,
generated by pedalling may be accustomed operate little battery-powered devices. It can be used widely
for short-distance travel and is best suited to each town and country road. Pedalling the bike to charge
the battery can be a decent exercise to keep up good health. It’s terribly economical for the poor class of
society as a result it is often run throughout the year freed from cost.

Chapter 3 Proposed SRPS

3.1 Introduction

Self-regulated power supply from pedalling is a popular alternative energy source that can provide
power to various devices and systems. It is an environmentally friendly and cost-effective solution that
can be used in a wide range of applications. This type of power supply can be used in remote areas
where there is no access to the power grid or in situations where there is a power outage.

Components sizing is an essential aspect of designing a self-regulated power supply from pedalling.
This process involves selecting the appropriate components such as generators, batteries, and converters,
to ensure that the system can provide a continuous and reliable power supply. The proper sizing of
components can help to optimize the performance of the system, reduce the risk of equipment failure,
and prolong the lifespan of the system.

The importance of component sizing in designing a self-regulated power supply from pedalling cannot
be overstated. Properly sizing the components is essential for ensuring that the system can provide a
continuous and reliable power supply.

32
Here are some key reasons why component sizing is important:

Optimal Performance: The right component sizing can help optimize the performance of the system. If
the components are too small, the system may not generate enough power to meet the demand. On the
other hand, if the components are too large, they may consume more energy than necessary, leading to
inefficiencies.

Equipment Protection: Sizing the components correctly can help protect the equipment from damage. If
the components are undersized, they may overheat or fail, leading to costly repairs or replacements.
Oversized components may also lead to overloading and damage to the equipment.

Cost-Effective Solution: Proper component sizing can help reduce costs. Selecting the right components
can help minimize the overall cost of the system while ensuring that it meets the required power
demand. Oversizing components can lead to unnecessary expenses, while undersizing them can lead to
additional costs for repairs and replacements.

3.2 Proposed Work

◦ This project proposes a self-reliant power supply (SRPS) for domestic lighting and mobile charging
purposes. The SRPS-enabled house will have separate DC lamps (9 W,12 V) at every light point
with the required wiring.

◦ The SRPS device, which includes a dynamo, a sprocket chain arrangement, a 12V battery, and a
charge controller with a SOC indicator, is fixed to a bicycle.

33
 Fig. 3.1 Proposed Work

◦ The battery is of the plug-and-play type, which can be removed from the bicycle and used to
energise the lights of the house at night.

◦ The battery will be sized such that its 100% SOC would suffice for the lighting and mobile charging
needs of one family during one night.

◦ The aimed final product (solution) of this project would be a commercial product that would consist
of the SRPS kit attached to a bicycle and the separate DC lamps at the house.

◦ It is worth noting that the battery used to power the DC lamp loads does not require any regulators
or interface circuits.

3.2.1 Block diagram

34
 Fig. 3.2 Block Diagram

The BLDC generator has been used to generate voltage when the cycle is driven, which is
fed to the boost converter to boost the generated voltage, which in turn is fed to buck
converter to regulate the voltage to the required voltage to charge the battery. Both boost
converter and buck converter are cascaded and used to boost both voltage and current.
The purpose of an A.C charger is to charge the battery at times when the user is unable to
charge the battery by pedalling. It is simple AC-DC converter circuit which converts 230
V AC supply to 24 V DC supply. And also SoC indicator is used to indicate the SoC of
the battery.

3.2.2 Schematic diagram

35
 Fig. 3.3 Schematic Diagram

3.3 Components Sizing

36
3.3.1 Sizing of the battery

◦ Based on the objectives, the total power consumed = (2×9)+5 = 23W

◦ The power has to be supplied for 5 hours.

◦ The battery to be used is a 12V battery.

◦ The total power required from the battery is 115Wh.

◦ Thus, Battery capacity = power required ÷ battery voltage

Battery capacity = 115 ÷ 12 = 9.58 Ah

◦ To compensate the discharge losses include 40% losses to the battery capacity for
calculations.

◦ 9.58Ah + 40% of 9.58Ah = 13.4Ah

◦ So we shall choose a 12V battery of capacity 15Ah or 12Ah

◦ So, let’s use a battery of rating (12V, 12Ah) (Fig. 3.4)

Fig. 3.4 Battery 12V, 12Ah

Flow Chart to choose the Suitable Battery

37
Fig. 3.5 Flow Chart to choose the Suitable Battery

38
3.3.2 Sizing of the Generator

◦ The factor that determines the charging time is the charging current (10% of the
battery Ah)

◦ The battery we have chosen is 12v, 12Ah with a maximum initial charge current of
3.5 A

◦ But Initial charging current is just an instantaneous peak current that a battery
could draw when connected to a charger.

◦ Based on the experiments with (12V, 120W), (24V, 250W) and (48V, 1000W)
generators, we have chosen a 48V, 1000W generator (Fig.3.6). The results of the
experiments with other generators will be discussed in the Make and Break section.

Fig. 3.6 Generator 48V, 1000W and 30000rpm

Flow Chart to choose the Suitable Generator

39
 Fig. 3.7 Flow Chart to choose the Suitable Generator

3.3.3 Voltage Regulator

40
◦ The output voltage of the generator keeps varying from time to time, and
moreover, the generated output voltage will not be sufficient to charge the battery.

◦ Hence, we are in need of a circuit that can boost the generated output voltage and
also regulate the voltage to a constant value such that there is no interruption in the
charging of the battery.

◦ For this purpose, a DC-DC boost converter (Fig.3.8) and a buck converter (Fig.3.9)
is cascaded and used to get the required output.

◦ Since the generated current is always less than 0.5 A , the converters shall have a
current rating of anything above 1A will serve the purpose.

◦ The test results of the above modules are listed in the Results and Discussion
Section.

Fig. 3.8 Buck Converter Fig. 3.9 Boost Converter

41
3.3.4 Sizing of Chain Drive
• The choice had to be made between mechanisms like sprocket arrangements and complex gear
arrangements.

• Complex gear drives lack flexibility, and they do produce noise at high speeds. Vibration is also a
major subject of concern.

• Highly efficient, chain drives have the advantage of more power compared to belt drives. It can be
used for both small and large centre distances.

• Chain drives have low maintenance costs. They have a high transmission efficiency of up to 98
percent.

• The number of teeth on the sprockets is decided such that the Revolutions Per Minute of the driven
sprocket is around 1400 rpm.

• The driver sprocket and the driven sprocket are connected through chain drive at a gear ratio of 1:8.

Fig. 3.10 Chain drive

42
 Fig. 3.11 Driver Sprocket 25H 80T Fig. 3.12 Chain 25H Fig. 3.13 Driven Sprocket 25H 11T

To determine the gear ratio and to predetermine the voltage generated by the generator an app has
been developed. When the vehicle speed, wheel diameter and number of teeth in the driver and driven
sprocket are given as input, the gear ratio and the speed of the sprockets in rpm will be displayed as
output and also voltage generated by the generator will be predetermined and displayed.

43
 Fig. 3.14 App Screenshot

3.3.5 AC Charger

• At some circumstances the user may need to charge the battery faster or may be in a situation where
he is not fit enough to ride the cycle for charging the battery.

44
• At these circumstances the user has to be aided with a provision where he/she could charge the
battery directly from AC supply.

• For this purpose we use a circuit which steps down 230V AC supply to 24V AC supply and then
rectifies it to 24V DC supply, which is then regulated to 15V using a buck converter .

Fig. 3.15 AC Charger

3.3.6 SOC Estimation

• State Of Charge is defined as the ratio of the available capacity Q(t) and the maximum possible
charge that can be stored in a battery.

• Tracking the SOC of the battery is the only proof for us that the battery is charging.

Fig. 3.16 SoC Estimator

3.4 SIMULATION

45
This Simulink circuit (fig. 3.17), exactly represents the simulation of the hardware model.

Fig. 3.17 Simulink model

In this Simulink circuit, DC Machine block has been used to generate voltage with an
input as speed, which is fed to the boost converter to boost the generated voltage, which
in turn is fed to buck converter to regulate the voltage to the required voltage to charge
the battery. Both boost converter and buck converter are cascaded and used to boost both
voltage and current.

DC Machine block has been used to generate voltage with an input as speed of 9kmph,
the waveform of the voltage generated from the generator is listed below (Fig. 3.18).

Fig. 3.18 Input Voltage

46
The voltage generated from the generator is fed to boost converter and the output of the
boost converter (Fig. 3.19) is listed below

Fig. 3.19 Boost Converter Output voltage

The output of the boost converter is fed to buck converter and the buck converter output
(Fig.3.20) is displayed below

Fig. 3.20 Buck Converter Output Voltage

These waveforms represent the charging of the battery. The battery voltage (Fig. 3.21)
waveform is listed below.

47
 Fig. 3.21 Battery Voltage

The charging current waveform (Fig. 3.22) is listed below. The negative current indicates
that the battery is charging.

Fig. 3.22 Battery Current

The SoC waveform (Fig. 3.23) is listed below. The waveform clearly denotes that the
SoC of the battery is increasing, which that the battery is charging.

Fig. 3.23 State of Charge

48
3.4.1 Boost converter

Fig. 3.24 Boost Converter Simulink Model

Fig. 3.25 Boost converter input

49
 Fig 3.26 Boost Converter Gate Pulse

Fig 3.27 Boost Converter Output Voltage

3.4.1.1 Boost converter calculation

50
Vs = 10 V; Vo = 20 V; fs = 25 KHz; R = 10 ohm; r = 5%

D = 1- (Vs/ Vo) = 1 – (10/20) = 0.5

Lmin = D(1-D)2 * R / 2f = 0.5(1-0.5)2 *10 / 2*25000 = 0.5 * 10-6 H

L = 1.25 * 0.5 * 10-6 = 62.5 * 10-6 H

C = D / (R * r * f) = 0.5/(10*0.05*25000) = 40 * 10-6 F

Fig. 3.28 Boost Converter Inductance Fig. 3.29 Boost Converter Capacitance

3.4.2 Buck converter

51
Fig. 3.30 Buck Converter Simulink Model

Fig. 3.31 Buck Converter Input

Fig. 3.32 Buck converter Gate Pulse

52
 Fig. 3.33 Buck Converter Output Voltage

3.4.2.2 Buck converter calculation

Vs = 20 V; Vo = 15 V; Io = 0.3 A; fs = 25 KHz; R = 10 ohm; r = 5%

D = Vo / Vs = (20/15) = 0.75

L = (Vs -Vo)*D / (f*Io) = (20-15)*0.75 / (25000*0.3) = 5 * 10-4 H

C = Io*( Δt / Vo) = 0.5/(10*0.05*25000) = 5 * 10-3 F

Δt is the time period during which the switch is off.

53
 Fig. 3.34 Buck Converter Capacitance Fig. 3.35 Buck Converter Inductance

3.7 SUMMARY

In conclusion, the design and sizing chapter is a critical component of any thesis involving the
design and development of a system or component. This chapter outlines the methodology used to
determine the appropriate specifications and material selection for each part of the system. The
researcher's understanding of the engineering principles involved in designing and sizing is
demonstrated through the calculations and considerations presented in this chapter. Additionally, any
challenges encountered during the design process are discussed, along with the solutions that were

54
implemented. Overall, the design and sizing chapter serves as a testament to gain technical knowledge
and expertise in the field, showcasing the ability to apply fundamental principles to practical engineering
problems.

4. Development of Solution

4.1 Introduction

Hardware designing for self-regulated power generation is a critical area to focus, a smaller error done
in hardware designing would have serious consequences. In this context, hardware designing involves
the development of components and systems that can accurately monitor energy inputs and outputs,
regulate voltage and current levels, and ensure optimal performance and efficiency. This can include the
design of controllers, inverters, converters, and other electronic components, as well as the selection and
integration of sensors, batteries, and other energy storage devices.

The importance of hardware designing in self-regulated power generation cannot be overstated. Efficient
and reliable hardware design is crucial for ensuring that self-regulated power systems can operate safely
and effectively, while also minimizing energy losses and reducing environmental impact. Furthermore,
advancements in hardware design have the potential to drive innovation and progress in the broader field
of renewable energy, enabling more widespread adoption and use of these technologies.

Proper hardware designing is crucial for the successful implementation and operation of various systems
and devices, including those related to self-regulated power generation. There are several key reasons
why hardware designing is important in this context:

55
 Efficiency: Proper hardware designing ensures that power systems operate with maximum efficiency
and minimum energy losses. This can also help to minimize environmental impact.
 Safety: Effective hardware designing is critical for ensuring that power systems operate safely and
reliably, minimizing the risk of accidents or failures that could result in harm to people or property.
 Performance: Well-designed hardware can improve the performance and reliability of power
systems, allowing them to operate optimally under a wide range of conditions and inputs.

In this chapter, the various aspects of hardware designing for self-regulated power generation, including
the key components and systems involved, the challenges and opportunities presented by this field, and
the potential for future innovation and development will be explored.

4.2 Emplacement of Chain Drive

The choice had to be made between mechanisms like sprocket arrangements and complex gear
arrangements. Complex gear drives lack flexibility, and they do produce noise at high speeds. Vibration
is also a major subject of concern. Highly efficient, chain drives have the advantage of more power
compared to belt drives. It can be used for both small and large centre distances. Chain drives have low
maintenance costs. They have a high transmission efficiency of up to 98 percent. The number of teeth on
the sprockets is decided such that the Revolutions Per Minute of the driven sprocket is around 1400 rpm.
The driver sprocket and the driven sprocket are connected through chain drive at a gear ratio of 1:8.

Although the perfect choice has been made, the emplacement of the driver sprocket (Fig 4.1)
which has to be attached to the wheel was not made easily. The sprocket has to be fixed such that it
makes 90` with the ground and fixed steadily with the wheel. To make this possible the sprocket was
fixed to the spokes of the wheel with the help of bolt and nut. The bolt and nut were adjusted such that it
makes 90` with the ground and fixed steadily with the wheel.

56
Fig. 4.1 Driver Sprocket 25H 80T Fig. 4.2 25H Chain Fig. 4.3 Driven Sprocket 25H 11T

Fig. 4.4 Driver Sprocket front view

The sprocket (Fig. 4.4) was fixed to the spokes of the wheel with the help of bolt and nut.

57
 Fig. 4.5 Driver Sprocket back view

The bolt and nut (Fig. 4.5)were adjusted such that it makes 90` with the ground and fixed steadily with
the wheel.

Fig. 4.6 Chain sprocket arrangement

The driven sprocket which has 11 teeth is fixed to the generator. Both the driver and driven sprockets
are aligned straight to each other by adjusting both the wheel and the position of the generator. The
driver and the driven sprockets are now connected with the chain of size 25H, again the wheel and the
generator is adjusted such that the chain remains intact and does not pop out while pedalling.

58
 Fig. 4.7 Hardware Chain sprocket arrangement

4.3 Emplacement of Other Components

4.3.1 Emplacement of generator

Choosing a spot where the generator has to be placed in the cycle wasn’t easy. Although the
position where the generator has been fixed feels good to balance and looks tidy, the path to reach the
decision to place the generator there wasn’t easy. At first a motor mounting bracket has been used to fix
the generator to the cycle. But it failed because of the fact that the generator weighed almost 6kg, letting
the total weight to hang on one side of the cycle affected the balance of the cyclist.

Then an attempt was made to fix the generator in the front side of the cycle, even that attempt
ended in resulting the same problem. A 6kg of weight along with the weight of the gear chain
arrangement affected the motion of the cyclist, which insisted the search for the emplacement of the
generator to continue. Then again the generator was fixed in the carrier of the cycle, which obviously
should have been a good solution but connection of generator with the gear chain arrangement was
creating a problem this time. The more the attempts made to fix the chain to the generator, the more was
the chain popping out continuously.

After all these attempts the attempt was made to fix the generator where it is currently fixed
(Fig. 4.8). This attempt gave the required results.

59
 Fig. 4.8 Generator positioning

4.3.2 Emplacement of Battery

Fig. 4.9 Battery mounting stand (a)

The battery is placed on the stand (Fig. 4.9), which is an extended part of the support bracket made for
the generator. Since that attempt failed, it has been used as a stand for the battery. The battery weighs
almost 4kg and the generator weighs about 6kg. Both of these are fixed to the opposite sides of the
cycles such that it does not affect the balance of the cyclist.

60
 Fig. 4.9 Battery mounting stand (b) Fig. 4.9 Battery mounting stand (c)

4.4 Electronics circuit

4.4.1 Boost converter schematic diagram

61
 Fig. 4.10 Boost Converter Schematic Diagram

WORKING
 Input voltage is applied to the VIN pin of the module.
 The input voltage is then fed to the switching regulator, which consists of a MOSFET switch and an
inductor.
 The MOSFET switch rapidly turns on and off, causing the inductor to store and release energy in a
cycle.
 The output voltage is obtained by filtering and smoothing the voltage fluctuations at the output of the
inductor using capacitors.
 The output voltage is then available at the VOUT pin of the module.
 The XL6009 also has a feedback mechanism that monitors the output voltage and adjusts the
switching frequency of the MOSFET switch to maintain a stable output voltage, even with varying
input voltage and load conditions.

62
 Fig. 4.11 Function Block Diagram of XL6009

4.4.2 Buck Converter Schematic Diagram

Fig 4.12 Buck Converter Schematic Diagram

WORKING
 Input voltage: The XL4016 accepts a wide range of input voltages, typically between 8V and 40V,
but it can handle up to 75V. The input voltage is connected to the VIN pin.

63
 Voltage regulation: The XL4016 uses a pulse-width modulation (PWM) technique to regulate the
output voltage. A voltage feedback loop is used to maintain a constant output voltage regardless of
changes in the input voltage or load current.
 PWM signal generation: The PWM signal is generated by comparing the output voltage with an
internal reference voltage using a comparator. The output of the comparator is fed into a pulse
generator circuit that generates a square wave with a duty cycle proportional to the difference
between the output voltage and the reference voltage.
 Power switching: The PWM signal is fed into a power switching stage, which consists of a power
MOSFET and a diode. The MOSFET acts as a switch to connect and disconnect the input voltage to
an inductor, while the diode acts as a freewheeling path for the inductor current during the off-time
of the MOSFET.
 Inductor and output capacitor: The inductor and output capacitor form a low-pass filter that smooths
out the pulsating DC output from the switching stage. The output voltage is connected to the VOUT
pin.
 Protection features: The XL4016 includes various protection features, such as over-current
protection (OCP), over-voltage protection (OVP), thermal shutdown, and under-voltage lockout
(UVLO), to ensure safe and reliable operation.
 Control and compensation: The XL4016 also includes a soft-start function to prevent excessive
inrush current during start-up, and a slope compensation function to improve stability and reduce
output voltage overshoot.

Fig. 4.13 Function Block Diagram of XL4016

64
4.5 MAKE AND BREAK

4.5.1 GENERATOR

The factor that determines the charging time is the charging current (10% of the battery
Ah). The battery we have chosen is 12v, 12Ah with a maximum initial charge current of
3.5 A. But Initial charging current is just an instantaneous peak current that a battery
could draw when connected to a charger. So experiments with (12V, 120W), (24V,
250W) and (48V, 1000W) generators have been done to choose the required rating of the
generator from which (48V, 1000W) generator has been selected. The results of this will
be discussed in the Results chapter.

Table 4.1 12V, 120W BLDC Generator characteristics

12V, 120W
Speed vs Vo(V)
BLDC
5
Generator 4
Vo (V)

3
RPM Vo(V) Io(A)
2
176 2.3 0.04 1

234 2.8 0.06 0

150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600

367 3.1 0.08 Speed (RPM)

487 3.9 0.13

540 4.3 0.18
Fig 4.14 BLDC Generator characteristics

65
 Table 4.2 24V, 250W BLDC Generator Characteristics

24V, 250W BLDC Generator

RPM Vo(V) Io(A)
278 2.4 0.05
384 4.3 0.11
536 6.5 0.16
874 8.7 0.24
1245 10.8 0.27

Speed vs Vo(V)
12
10
Vo (V)

8
6
4
2
0
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

Speed (RPM)

Fig. 4.15 24V, 250W BLDC Generator Characteristics

Based on the comparison made from the results of the experiments with different ratings
of the generator, (48V, 1000W) generator has been selected.

66
4.5.2 Battery

When the battery has been connected to the voltage regulator, the battery started to discharge when the
voltage regulator is in OFF state or when the generator is idle. The reason for this stayed as a mystery
until the reason behind it was revealed. That has been because batteries can act like capacitors and
discharge in the absence of an external load. The solution to that was so simple, connecting a diode in
series. If a diode is not connected in the charging circuit, the battery may discharge back into the
charging source, which can lead to several problems:

Inefficient charging: When the battery discharges back into the charging source, it reduces the amount of
energy that the battery can store, which can result in an incomplete charge.

Damage to the charging source: If the charging source is not designed to handle a reverse current, it may
be damaged by the discharge from the battery.

Reduced battery life: Repeated discharging and charging can cause the battery to degrade more quickly,
leading to a shorter lifespan.

Safety concerns: If the charging source is not designed to handle a reverse current, it can create a
potential safety hazard, such as overheating or even an electrical fire.

Fig 4.16 Diode 6A

67
Therefore, after learning about the importance of the diode in a charging circuit, a 12 V, 6A diode has
been used in series to avoid the hassle.

4.5.3 EMPLACEMENT OF GENERATOR

Choosing a spot where the generator has to be placed in the cycle wasn’t easy. Although the position
where the generator has been fixed feels good to balance and looks tidy, the path to reach the decision to
place the generator there wasn’t easy.

Fig. 4.17 Motor Mounting Bracket

At first a motor mounting bracket has been used to fix the generator to the cycle. But it failed because of
the fact that the generator weighed almost 6kg, letting the total weight to hang on one side of the cycle
affected the balance of the cyclist.

Then an attempt was made to fix the generator in the front side of the cycle, even that attempt ended in
resulting the same problem. A 6kg of weight along with the weight of the gear chain arrangement
affected the motion of the cyclist, which insisted the search for the emplacement of the generator to
continue.

Then again the generator was fixed in the carrier of the cycle, which obviously should have been a good
solution but connection of generator with the gear chain arrangement was creating a problem this time.

68
The more the attempts made to fix the chain to the generator, the more was the chain popping out
continuously.

This time an attempt was made to design an own mounting stand for the generator even that failed
because connection of generator with the gear chain arrangement was creating a problem. The more the
attempts made to fix the chain to the generator, the more was the chain popping out.

Fig. 4.18 Motor mounting stand

The generator has been fixed to that hanging part shown above, but the problem was the chain popping
due to the fact that the sprockets weren’t aligned straight to each other. But this provided a space for
emplacement of the battery.

69
 Fig. 4.19 Battery Mounting Space

After all these attempts the attempt was made to fix the generator where it is currently
fixed. This attempt gave the required results.

Fig. 4.20 Generator Mounted position

4.6 SUMMARY

A comprehensive explanation of the technical aspects of the system or device, the design process,
and the methods used to achieve the desired performance has been explained clearly. It includes

70
information about the hardware components, such as the generator, battery and power supply, and
describes the design and implementation of the system. The discussions made Make and Break were just
few encounters where mistakes were made and learnt, there have been numerous such failed attempts
made to reach the required solution. Additionally, any challenges encountered during the design process
are discussed, along with the solutions that were implemented. A detailed account of the design process,
including any challenges faced during the development process and the methods used to overcome them
have been discussed. Additionally, trade-offs or design decisions that were made during the
development process has been discussed, and justification has been provided for those decisions.

5. RESULTS & DISCUSSION

5.1 Introduction

The results and discussion section is where the findings of the experiments done are presented and
analysed. This section is critical for understanding the effectiveness and potential of self-regulated
power generation as a means of generating and managing energy. Self-regulated power generation is an
innovative approach to power generation that uses advanced hardware technologies to optimize the
performance and efficiency of the system. By automatically adjusting power output in response to
changes in energy demand or supply, self-regulated power generation systems can operate more
efficiently and sustainably than traditional power generation systems. The performance and efficiency of
various hardware components of the system are discussed. This can include information on energy input
and output, voltage and current levels, and other performance metrics. The results are then analysed to
determine the effectiveness of the self-regulated power generation system and identify areas for
improvement.

The discussion section of the study is where the results are interpreted and draw conclusions about the
potential of self-regulated power generation as a sustainable energy solution. This can include a

71
discussion of the challenges and opportunities presented by self-regulated power generation, as well as
the potential for future innovation and development in this field.

The results and discussion section of a self-regulated power generation study is critical for
understanding the effectiveness and potential of this innovative energy solution. By presenting data on
the performance and efficiency of self-regulated power generation systems and interpreting them, can
help to drive innovation and progress in the field of renewable energy, while also contributing to the
development of more sustainable and resilient energy systems.

5.2 TEST RESULTS

5.2.1 BLDC Generator (48V, 1000W)

Table 5.1 BLDC Generator Output Characteristics

48V, 1000W BLDC Generator

RPM Vo(V) Io(A)
392 4.7 0.08
450 5.9 0.13
530 6.8 0.18
643 7.6 0.22
886 9.2 0.28
997 11.4 0.31
1132 13.8 0.36
1243 14.2 0.43

72
 Output current vs Output
Speed vs Output voltage Voltage
16 13.8 14.2 16 14.2
13.8
14 14
11.4 11.4
12 12
9.2 9.2
10 10
7.6 7.6
Vo (V)

8 6.8

Vo (V)
5.9 8 6.8
6 4.7 5.9
6 4.7
4
4
2
2
0
300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 0
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
Speed (RPM)
Io (A)

Fig. 5.1 BLDC Generator Output Characteristics (a) Fig. 5.1 BLDC Generator Output Characteristics (b)

5.2.2 Voltage Regulator

Table 5.2 Boost Converter

Boost converter
Vi (V) Vo (V)
3.8 -
4.2 18
5.1 18
7.6 18
9.7 18
11.6 18
14 18

73
 Input Voltage vs Output Voltage

20
Output Voltage (V) ->

15

10

0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Input Voltage (V) ->

Fig 5.2 Boost Converter Output Characteristics

Table 5.3 Buck Converter characteristics

Buck converter
Vi (V) Vo (V)
18 15

Table 5.4 Voltage Regulator characteristics

Voltage Regulator
Vi (V) Vo (V)
3.8 -
4.2 15
5.1 15
7.6 15
9.7 15
11.6 15
14 15

74
 Input Voltage vs Output Voltage
16

14

12
Output Voltage (V) ->

10

0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Input Voltage (V) ->

75
 Fig. 5.3 Voltage Regulator characteristics

Fig. 5.4 Hardware Voltage Regulator testing Results

76
5.2.3 Hardware Testing Results
ITERATION I
Table 5.5 Hardware testing results (a)

Fig 5.5 Hardware testing results (a)

ITERATION II
Table 5.5 Hardware testing results (b)

77
 Fig 5.5 Hardware testing results (b)

ITERATION III
Table 5.5 Hardware testing results (c)

Fig 5.5 Hardware testing results (c)

5.2.4 BATTERY DISCHARGING TEST

Table 5.6 Battery Discharging Test Results

SoC %
Power
Initial SoC % Time (hours) (After
Consumption(Wh)
discharging)
76 25 4.3 13

78
The discharging test was conducted to test how long the battery could discharge without affecting the
performance. The loads used to discharge were led lamps and a DC fan. Each led lamp were consuming
4.8 W of power while the DC fan consuming power of 14.4 W.

5.3 INTERPRETATIONS

Fig 5.6 Results Interpretation (a)

The output of both simulation and hardware matches with each other exactly, which means that
the hardware system works more efficiently. When the voltage from the generator crosses a level of 4V,
the boost converter regulates the voltage and gives a constant output of 20 V, which is then fed to the

79
buck converter, where voltage is regulated to 15V and increasing the current from 0.2A to 0.3A. thus the
overall hardware system matches the working of the simulation model.

5.4 LIMITATIONS

 Mechanical resistance: The addition of brushed DC generator and associated converter may
introduce additional mechanical resistance to the sprocket arrangement. This can result in increased
friction or load on the chain sprocket and other mechanical components, making it bit difficult to
pedal the cycle. The increased resistance could affect the overall efficiency and performance of the
cycle, particularly during low-speed or uphill cycling.

 Reliability and durability: The sprocket arrangement, along with the additional component added for
the generator and converters, may face reliability and durability challenges. For example, the
increased load on the chain and sprocket due to the generator could lead accelerated wear and tear,
requiring more frequent maintenance or replacement. Additionally the converters and battery may
also experience the reliability issue, such as component failure or reduced lifespan, which could
impact the overall system reliability and durability.

 User experience: The added component and changes to the sprocket arrangement may impact the
user experience of cycling. For instance, the increased mechanical resistance could make it more
challenging for the rider to pedal the cycle, potentially affecting the comfort and ease of use.

 Additionally, the change to the weight distribution of the cycle due to the added component could
affect the handling, stability and maneuverability of the cycle, which may impact overall user
experience and safety.

 Cost and Complexity: The sprocket arrangement along with the added component for the generator,
converters and battery could add to the cost and its maintenance. Moreover the complexity of the

80
 system including the electrical and mechanical component, may require additional technical
knowledge for installation, operation and maintenance which could be a limitation for potential user.

5.5 Cost Structure

The SRPS kit, the proposed solution costs around 10,000 rupees. The split up is listed below.

Components Used Cost

Cost of Generator (48V 1000W) 5195
Boost Converter 120
Buck Converter 341
AC Charger 954
Battery (12V 12Ah) 1990
Driver Sprocket 335
Driven Sprocket 109
Chain 69
M/F Connectors 180
Connecting wires 60
SoC Indicator 448
USB Module 84

TOTAL COST 9885

5.5 SUMMARY

81
The performance and efficiency of various hardware components of the system has been discussed. This
can include information on energy input and output, voltage and current levels, and other performance
metrics. The results have then been analysed to determine the effectiveness of the self-regulated power
generation system and identify areas for improvement.

6 CONCLUSION

Self-reliant power generation is becoming an increasingly important topic in today's world. As

traditional energy sources become scarcer and more expensive, it is becoming essential for individuals
and communities to generate their own power using renewable sources such as solar, wind, and hydro.
The future scope of self-reliant power generation is immense, with a vast array of technologies and
innovations currently being developed to help meet the world's energy needs in a sustainable way.

One of the main areas of future development for self-reliant power generation is in the field of
energy storage. While solar panels, wind turbines, and other renewable energy sources are becoming
more efficient and cost-effective, they are still limited by the fact that they only generate power when
the sun is shining, the wind is blowing, or the water is flowing. Energy storage technologies such as
batteries, flywheels, and compressed air systems are being developed to allow for the reliable storage of
excess energy generated during peak production periods, which can then be used during times when
energy demand exceeds supply. Another area of future development is in the integration of self-reliant
power generation with existing power grids. Many communities and individuals are already generating
their own power using solar panels or wind turbines, but the challenge lies in connecting these systems
to the larger power grid. In the future, we can expect to see more advanced smart grid technologies
being developed to facilitate this integration, allowing for more efficient and reliable distribution of
energy across the grid.

In addition to these technological developments, there is also a growing interest in the use of
community-based power generation systems. By working together to generate their own power using
renewable sources, communities can become more self-reliant and resilient in the face of natural
disasters, power outages, and other disruptions to the power grid. These community-based systems can
also be more cost-effective than individual systems, as the costs of installation and maintenance can be
shared among multiple households or businesses. Thus, there is the potential for self-reliant power
generation to help address some of the world's most pressing environmental challenges. By reducing our

82
reliance on fossil fuels and other non-renewable energy sources, we can help to mitigate the effects of
climate change, reduce air pollution, and improve the overall health and well-being of our planet and its
inhabitants.

Self-reliant power generation from cycling is a unique and innovative approach to generating renewable
energy. This method of power generation involves using pedal power to generate electricity, and it has
several important interpretations.

 Self-reliant power generation from cycling promotes energy independence and sustainability. By
generating their own power, individuals and communities can reduce their reliance on non-
renewable energy sources and promote sustainability. This is particularly important in remote or off-
grid areas, where traditional power sources may be unreliable or unavailable.
 Self-reliant power generation from cycling can promote physical activity and healthy living. By
using pedal power to generate electricity, individuals can engage in physical activity and promote
overall health and well-being.
 Self-reliant power generation from cycling can be used as an educational tool to teach people about
renewable energy and sustainability. By demonstrating the effectiveness of pedal power as a
renewable energy source, individuals and communities can learn about the importance of reducing
energy consumption and promoting sustainability.

.Generating power from cycling, also known as pedal power, is a unique and innovative way of
producing renewable energy. Pedal power involves using human energy, generated through pedalling a
bicycle or other pedal-powered device, to generate electricity. This method of power generation offers
several advantages, including:

 Sustainability: Pedal power is a sustainable form of energy, as it uses human energy rather than
fossil fuels or other non-renewable resources. This makes it an environmentally-friendly option for
generating electricity.
 Accessibility: Pedal power is accessible to a wide range of people, as it does not require specialized
equipment or training. Anyone who can ride a bicycle or pedal a device can generate electricity
through pedal power.

83
 Portability: Pedal-powered generators are portable and can be used in a variety of settings, including
outdoor events, disaster relief efforts, and remote areas without access to traditional power sources.
 Health Benefits: Pedal power provides health benefits, as it encourages physical activity and can
help to promote fitness and overall health.
 Educational Value: Pedal power can also be used as an educational tool, helping to teach people
about renewable energy, sustainability, and the importance of reducing energy consumption.

Self-reliant power generation from cycling has important implications for promoting energy
independence, sustainability, physical activity, and education. As renewable energy becomes
increasingly important in the fight against climate change, pedal power is emerging as a viable and
innovative solution for generating clean energy. The future scope of self-reliant power generation is vast
and promising. With advances in technology, the integration of self-reliant power systems into existing
power grids, the development of community-based systems, and the potential to address environmental
challenges, self-reliant power generation has the potential to transform the way we generate and
consume energy in the years and decades to come. By embracing these technologies and innovations, we
can build a more sustainable and resilient energy system for ourselves and future generations.

84
7 References

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[4] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference
[5] https://www.un.org/en/conferences/environment/rio2012
[6] https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/paris-agreement
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[11] Paolo Lisanti, Lallio (IT); Marcello Segato, Milan (IT); Giovanni Alli, Legnano (IT); Daniele
Berretta, Caronno Pertusella (IT); Paolo Giudici, Arese (IT), “DYNAMO FOR BICYCLES”
Patent No.: US 10,308,130 B2 | Date of Patent: Jun. 4, 2019
[12] S Manish Yadav1, Ajey Kumar Thakur2, Mohd. Adil3, Rahul kumar4 Arun Naithani5. Dhruv
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[14] https://powermin.gov.in/en/content/power-sector-glance-all-India
[15] https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/green-tech/a4761/4330968/
[16] https://www.alldatasheet.com/datasheet-pdf/pdf/1132228/XLSEMI/XL6009.html
[17] https://www.scribd.com/document/489800628/XL4016-datasheet#

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