Calculus 2 Tutor

Worksheet 4

Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

 Worksheet for Calculus 2 Tutor, Section 4:

Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

1. For f (x) = sinh−1 x :

e − 1e
 
(a) Find f .
2

(b) Find f (0).

(c) Find the domain and range of f (x).

(d) Is f (x) an odd or an even function? That is, is f (−x) = −f (x) (odd) or f (−x) =
f (x) (even)?

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 (e) Challenge. Find the algebraic expression for y = sinh−1 x. In other words, if
y = sinh−1 x, find y in terms of x. Hint: you may need to use the algebraic substi-
tution of ey = z and then the quadratic formula.

(f) Challenge. Using the results of the previous question, prove that d
dx
sinh−1 x =
√ 1 .
x2 +1

2. For f (x) = tanh−1 x:

(a) Find f (0).

4


(b) Find f 5
. Hint: the answer is of the form ln y for some y.

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 (c) Find the domain and range of f (x).

(d) Challenge. Find the algebraic expression for y = tanh−1 x. In other words, if
y = tanh−1 x, find y in terms of x.

(e) Challenge. Using the results of the previous question, prove that d
dx
tanh−1 x =
1
1−x2
.

3. Evaluate the following derivatives where they are defined:

(a) d
dx
sinh−1 (x2 )

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 √
(b) d
dt
cosh−1 t

(c) d
dz
tanh−1 (sin z)

(d) d
da
coth−1 (cot a)

(e) d
dθ
sech−1 (ln θ)

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d −1 1
(f) dq
csch q

4. Determine the tangent line to the function at the given points:

(a) The function y = cosh−1 x at x = 5

4
. As a challenge, check your result for
the slope of the line using the formula for the derivative of an inverse function,
d −1 1
dx
f (x)(a) = f 0 (f −1 (a))
.

(b) The function y = sech−1 x at x = 20

101
. As a challenge, check your result for
the slope of the line using the formula for the derivative of an inverse function,
d −1 1
dx
f (x)(a) = f 0 (f −1 (a))
.

5. Prove the following identities about inverse hyperbolic functions:

d −1 1
(a) Using the formula for the derivative of an inverse function dx
f (x)(a) = f 0 (f −1 (a))
,
√
show that cosh(sinh−1 x) = 1 + x2 .

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 d −1 1
(b) Using the formula for the derivative of an inverse function dx f (x)(a) = f 0 (f −1 (a))
,
√
show that sinh(cosh−1 x) = x2 − 1. Why is this function only defined for x ≥ 1?
Can this be derived using the previous result for cosh(sinh−1 x)?

6. Solve the following indefinite integrals:

√ 1
R
(a) a2 +x2
dx (where a is positive)

√ 1
R
(b) a2 +x2
dx (where a is negative)

1
R
(c) √
M x2 −1
dx (where M is positive)

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 x
R
(d) 1−x4
dx (in the range where −1 < x < 1)

√ 1
R
(e) e2x +1
dx Hint: use a hyperbolic cosecant substitution.

7. Solve the following definite integrals:

R3
(a) 4 √ 1 dx
0 1+x2

R 3a 1
(b) 2a
q
2 for a positive
( xa ) −1

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 R ee44 −1
+1 1
(c) 0 1−x2
dx

R∞ 1
(d) e4 +1
1−x2
dx
e4 −1

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 Answer key.

1. Values of sinh−1 x.

1(a). Answer: 1 . The meaning of

1 1
e− e−
 
e −1 e
f = sinh
2 2
is the value of y so that
1
e− e
sinh y =
2
The definition of sinh y is
ey − e−y
sinh y =
2
and the equation
1
ey − e−y e− e
=
2 2
has the clear solution y = 1 . That is,
1
e−

−1 e
sinh =1
2
or
1
e− e
sinh 1 =
2

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1(b). Answer: 0 . The meaning of

f (0) = sinh−1 0

is the value of y so that

sinh y = 0

The definition of sinh y is

ey − e−y
sinh y =
2
and the equation
ey − e−y
0=
2
or
ey = e−y

has the clear solution y = 0 . That is,

sinh−1 0 = 0

or
sinh 0 = 0

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1(c). Answer: −∞ < x < ∞, −∞ < sinh−1 x < ∞ . The domain and the range of
sinh−1 x are both the entire set of real numbers. The domain of sinh−1 x is the
set of values of x so that sinh−1 x is defined. The expression sinh−1 x is defined if

sinh−1 x = y

for some y. That is, sinh−1 x is defined if

x = sinh y

for some y. As we showed on the last worksheet, the range of sinh y is −∞ <
sinh y < ∞, so sinh y = x can take on all values. Therefore, the domain of sinh−1 x
is −∞ < x < ∞ . The range of sinh−1 x is the set of outputs y so that

sinh−1 x = y

or
x = sinh y

Since the domain of sinh y is −∞ < y < ∞ (and because it is one-to-one as we

showed on the last worksheet), the range of sinh−1 x is −∞ < y < ∞ .

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1(d). Answer: this function f (x) = sinh−1 x is odd . To check if it is odd, we check if

sinh−1 (−x) = − sinh−1 x

Then, we take sinh of both sides to check if

−x = sinh − sinh−1 x

Since sinh x is odd, as we showed on the last worksheet, then we need to check
if
−x = − sinh sinh−1 x

which is true. Therefore, the function is odd .

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  √ 
1(e). Answer: sinh−1 x = ln x + x2 + 1 . To find the algebraic expression for y =
sinh−1 x, we rewrite it as
sinh y = x

or
ey − e−y
=x
2
We can rewrite this as
e2y − 1 = 2ey x

Making the algebraic substitution ey = z, we can rewrite this as

z 2 − 2zx − 1 = 0

Using the quadratic formula, we see that

√
2x ± 4x2 + 4 √
z= = x ± x2 + 1
2
√
Since z is an exponential, it is certainly positive; but x− x2 + 1 is always negative
so the unique answer is
√
z =x+ x2 + 1

or
 √ 
y = ln x + x2 + 1
 √ 
Thus, sinh−1 x = ln x + x2 + 1 . To check our work, we can check

sinh sinh−1 x = x

That is, we are checking

√ √
eln(x+ x2 +1)
− e− ln(x+ x2 +1)
=x
2

or
√ 1
x+ x2 + 1 − √ = 2x
x + x2 + 1

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 √
Multiplying by x + x2 + 1, we are checking
√ √
x2 + 2x x2 + 1 + (x2 + 1) − 1 = 2x(x + x2 + 1)

which is true, verifying our answer.

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 d 1
1(f). Answer: sinh−1 x = √ . Given that
dx x2 + 1
 √ 
sinh−1 x = ln x + x2 + 1

we take the derivative

d  √ 
ln x + x2 + 1
dx
by the chain rule:
√ √
 
d   1 d  
ln x + x2 + 1 = √ x + x2 + 1
dx x + x2 + 1 dx

Again by the chain rule, this interior derivative evaluates to

2x
1+ √
2 x2 + 1

So we see
√
   
1 d   1 x
√ 2
x+ x +1 = √ · 1+ √
x + x2 + 1 dx x + x2 + 1 x2 + 1

which simplifies to √
1 x2 + 1 + x
√ · √
x + x2 + 1 x2 + 1
or
1
√
x2 + 1
d 1
That is, sinh−1 x = √ .
dx 2
x +1

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2. Values of tanh−1 x.

2(a). Answer: 0 . The meaning of

f (0) = tanh−1 0

is the value of y so that

tanh y = 0

The definition of tanh y is

sinh y
tanh y =
cosh y
For tanh y = 0 we need sinh y = 0. In the last problem we found that

sinh−1 0 = 0

Therefore, y = 0 also has tanh y = 0 and tanh−1 0 = 0 .

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2(b). Answer: ln 3 . The meaning of
 
4 4
f = tanh−1
5 5

is the value of y so that

4
tanh y =
5
Since
ey − e−y
tanh y =
ey + e−y
we want to find y so that
ey − e−y 4
y −y
=
e +e 5
We want to see if there is an answer so that y = ln z for some z. If so, then
1
z− z 4
1 =
z+ z
5

which reduces to
z2 − 1 4
2
=
z +1 5
That is,
5z 2 − 5 = 4z 2 + 4

or z = 3 (the positive answer is required because y = ln z so z must be positive

for its logarithm to be defined.) Then, we see the answer of y = ln 3 .

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2(c). Answer: −1 < x < 1, −∞ < tanh−1 x < ∞ . That is, the domain of the function
is (−1, 1), but the range is (−∞, ∞). The domain of tanh−1 x is the set of values
of x so that
x = tanh y

for some y. On the last worksheet, we proved that

−1 < tanh y < 1

by proving that
tanh y 6= ±1

We can also show that tanh y takes on all values between −1 and 1 by the inter-
mediate value theorem. Therefore, the domain of tanh−1 x is −1 < x < 1 . The
range of tanh−1 x = y is the set of values of y so that tanh−1 x = y; that is, so that

tanh y = x

for some x. Since the domain of tanh is the entire real line, tanh y will always be
equal to some x for any y. Therefore, the range of tanh−1 x is −∞ < tanh−1 x < ∞ .

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−1 1 1+x
2(d). Answer: tanh x = ln . If
2 1−x

tanh−1 x = y

this means that

x = tanh y

or
ey − e−y
x=
ey + e−y
Making the substitution
ey = z

we see that
1
z− z
x= 1
z+ z

We simplify and multiply through to see that

(z 2 + 1)x = z 2 − 1

Writing it as a quadratic equation in terms of z, we see that

(x − 1)z 2 + (x + 1) = 0

Simplifying, we see that r

1+x
z=
1−x
Since z = ey this means that
 
1 1+x
y = ln
2 1−x
 
−1 −1 1 1+x
Our answer is that the algebraic expresson for tanh x is tanh x = ln .
2 1−x
We can check this by seeing if

tanh tanh−1 x = x

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That is, we need to check if

e 2 ln( 1−x ) − e− 2 ln( 1−x )

1 1+x 1 1+x

=x
1
ln( 1−x
1+x
) − 12 ln( 1−x
1+x
)
e 2 +e
Reducing, we need to check if
q q
1+x 1−x
1−x − 1+x
q q =x
1+x 1−x
1−x + 1+x

We can combine the fractions and cancel the denominators to see that we need
to check if p 2 p 2
(1 + x) − (1 − x)
p 2 p 2 = x
(1 + x) + (1 − x)
The fraction reduces to
2x
2
1 1+x


which is indeed equal to x. Lastly, we can verify that the domain of 2
ln 1−x
is
indeed −1 < x < 1 because here (and only here) is the argument of the logarithm
positive.

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 d 1
2(e). Answer: tanh−1 x = To find the derivative
dx 1 − x2
d
tanh−1 x
dx

we can take the derivative of the logarithmic expression for tanh−1 that we found
in the previous problem:
 
d 1 1+x
ln
dx 2 1−x
By the chain rule, this is
 
1 1 d 1+x
1+x


2 1−x
dx 1−x
By the product rule, we can write
        
d 1 d 1 d 1
(1 + x) = (1 + x) + (1 + x)
dx 1−x dx 1−x dx 1 − x

This simplifies to
 
1 1
+ (1 + x)
1−x (1 − x)2
which simplifies to
1 − x + (1 + x) 2
2
=
(1 − x) (1 − x)2
Plugging this in, we see that
 
d 1 1+x 1 1 2
ln = 1+x

·
dx 2 1−x 2 1−x
(1 − x)2

The factor 1 − x cancels and so does the factor 2, leaving us with

1
(1 + x)(1 − x)

d 1
Thus, tanh−1 x =
dx 1 − x2

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3. Evaluating derivatives:
2x
3(a). Answer: √ . This problem is a simple application of the chain rule. Taking
1 + x4
the equation
d 1
sinh−1 y = p
dy 1 + y2
dy
we simply substitute in y = x2 and multiply by dx
= 2x. Then we have that

d 1
sinh−1 x2 = √ · 2x
dx 1 + x4
2x
so the answer is √ .
1 + x4

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 1
3(b). Answer: √ . This problem is also a simple application of the chain rule.
2 t2 − t
Taking the equation
d 1
cosh−1 x = √
dx 2
x −1
√
we simply substitute in x = t and multiply by dxdt
1
= 2√ t
. Then we have that

d √ 1 1
cosh−1 t = q √
· √
dt
t −1 2 t
2

1
We simplify and multiply the denominators to get the answer √ . Note
2 t2 − t
√
that this is only defined for t > 1. For t < 0 the problem is not defined since t is
√
not a real number, and for 0 < t < 1 the argument t of cosh−1 x is less than 1,
which means that cosh−1 x is undefined and there can be no real derivative.

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3(c). Answer: sec z . To solve this problem using the chain rule, we first must use the
equation
d 1
tanh−1 x =
dx 1 − x2
Note that this is only defined for −1 < x < 1. The argument sin z satisfies −1 <
π
sin z < 1 everywhere except at z = 2
+ πn for some integer n. Then, by the chain
rule,
 
d 1 d
tanh−1 (sin z) = · sin z
dz 1 − (sin z)2 dz
Using the basic trigonometric identity 1 − sin2 z = cos2 z, this reduces to

1 1
2
· cos z = .
cos z cos z
π
This is defined everywhere except cos z = 0; that is, z = 2
+ πn which is already
excluded. So the answer is d
dz
tanh−1 (sin z) = sec z .

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 1
3(d). Answer: . The function coth−1 x is defined for x < −1, x > 1. The
cos2a − sin2 a
function cot a < −1 for − π4 < a < 0 and a shifted from this range by a factor of
π
π; likewise, cot a > 1 for 0 < a < 4
and shifted by a factor of π. This range of a
ensures that coth−1 (cot a) is defined. When it is defined, the derivative of coth−1 x
is
d 1
coth−1 x = .
dx 1 − x2
Then, by the chain rule,

d 1 d
coth−1 (cot a) = · cot a
da 1 − (cot a)2 da

The derivative of cot a is

d
cot a = − csc2 a
da
We can simplify the expression

1 1 1 1
· − csc2 a = − 2a · 2 = .
1 − (cot a)2 cos
1 − sin2 a sin a cos a − sin2 a
2

The points where the denominator is equal to zero, ± π4 , have already been ex-
cluded. So on the range − π4 < a < 0, 0 < a < π
4
and shifted by a factor of π, the
1
answer is .
cos a − sin2 a
2

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 −1
3(e). Answer: q . The function sech−1 x is defined for 0 < x < 1. The
2
θ ln θ 1 − (ln θ)
function 0 < ln θ < 1 is true for 1 < θ < e. When sech−1 x is defined, its derivative
is
d −1
sech−1 x = √
dx x 1 − x2
By the chain rule,

d −1 d −1
sech−1 (ln θ) = q · ln θ = q
dθ dθ
ln θ 1 − (ln θ)2 θ ln θ 1 − (ln θ)2

−1
This is defined for 1 < θ < e, 0 < ln θ < 1 so it is the answer: q .
2
θ ln θ 1 − (ln θ)

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 1
3(f). Answer: p . The function csch−1 x is defined for all x 6= 0: if csch−1 x = y,
2
q +1
 
1 −1 1
then x = sinh y
and the range of sinh y is −∞ < sinh y < ∞. Therefore, csch q

is defined for all q. The derivative

d −1
csch−1 x = √
dx |x| 1 + x2
means that, by the chain rule,
   
d −1 1 −1 d 1
dq
csch
q
= r  2 · dq q
1 1
q
1+ q

Since
d 1 −1
= 2
dq q q
this simplfies to
|q|
q
q 2 +1
q2 q2

In the case where q is positive, this reduces simply to

1
p
q2 + 1
In the case where q is negative, this can be written as
−1
q
q 2 +1
q q2

1
Factoring the q2
out of the square root, the answer is −q since we factor a positive
number outside of the square root and the answer is again √ 12 . To verify the
q +1

sign of the answer, we note that the derivative of csch−1 x = √1

|x| 1+x2
is positive
for any argument x so our answer should be positive also. So the unique answer
1
is p . This is similar to the derivative of a hyperbolic sine function. If
2
q +1
csch−1 1
q
= y then 1
q
= csch y and q = sinh y. Then, y = sinh−1 q proving that
1
csch−1 = sinh−1 q
q
and the derivative of both functions is the same.

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4. Finding tangent lines:
 
4 5
4(a). Answer: y = x + ln 2 − . To find the tangent line, we need to first find its
3 3
slope, which is given by the derivative. The derivative of cosh−1 x is

d 1
cosh−1 x = √
dx x2 − 1
Therefore, the slope of cosh−1 at 5
4
is

1 1 4
q =q = .
5 2

9 3
4
−1 16

Therefore, the tangent line will have the equation y = 34 x + b for some constant b.
We can determine b because we know that one point on the line is
 
5 −1 5
, cosh
4 4

To simplify this point, we need to evaluate cosh−1 54 . That is, we need to find y so
that
5
cosh y =
4
or
5
ey + e−y = .
2
1 5
We can write y = ln z for some z. Then, z + z
= 2
which has the solution z = 2
(using the quadratic equation) or

y = ln 2

The line passes through

 
5
, ln 2
4
so
4 5
ln 2 = · +b
3 4
Then,
5
b = ln 2 −
3

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4 5
or y = 43 x − 45 + ln 2. Now


so the tangent line is given by y = x + ln 2 −
3 3
that we know the point ( 54 , ln 2) is on the line, we can also evaluate the derivative
at that point using the inverse derivative formula:

d −1 1
f (x)(a) = 0 −1
dx f (f (a))

If f (x) = cosh x then the derivative is f 0 (x) = sinh x. We evaluate this at the point
 
−1 −1 5
f (a) = cosh = ln 2
4

Then,
1 1 4
= 3 =
sinh(ln 2) 4
3
verifying that the slope of the line is 43 .

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−10201 101
4(b). Answer: y = x + ln 10 + . The slope of the tangent line is given
1980 99
by the derivative. The derivative of sech−1 x is

d −1
sech−1 x = √
dx x 1 − x2

which is defined for 0 < x < 1. Therefore, the slope of sech−1 at 20

101
is

−1 −1 −1 −10201
q = q = 20 99 =
20
1− 400 20 9801
101
· 101 1980
101 10201 101 10201

−10201
Therefore, the tangent line will have the equation y = 1980
x+b for some constant
b. We can determine b because we know that one point on the line is
 
20 −1 20
, sech
101 101

To simplify this point, we need to evaluate sech−1 20

101
. That is, we need to find y so
that
20
sech y =
101
or
101
ey + e−y =
10
We write y = ln z and the simple answer is z = 10 or y = ln 10. The line passes
through
 
20
, ln 10
101
so
−10201 20
ln 10 = · +b
1980 101
or
101
ln 10 = − +b
99
 
−10201 101
Therefore, the equation of the tangent line is given by y = x + ln 10 +
1980 99
or y = −10201 20 20



1980
x − 101 +ln 10. Now that we know that the point 101 , ln 10 is on the

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line, we can also evaluate the derivative at that point using the inverse derivative
formula:
d −1 1
f (x)(a) = 0 −1
dx f (f (a))
If f (x) = sech x then the derivative is f 0 (x) = − tanh x sech x. Then we evaluate at
the point f −1 (a) = ln 10. We already know that sech−1 ln 10 = 20
101
and we can see
that tanh−1 ln 10 = 99
. Then, − 1
20 99 = − 10201 verifying the slope of the line.
101 ( 101 · 101 ) 1980

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5. Prove the following identities about inverse hyperbolic functions:
√
5(a). Answer: cosh(sinh−1 x) = 1 + x2 . Using the formula

d −1 1
f (x)(a) = 0 −1
dx f (f (a))

we have that
d 1
sinh−1 (x)(a) = d
(sinh x)(sinh−1 (a))


dx dx

That is, the derivative of sinh−1 (x) evaluated at a is given by the reciprocal of
d
dx
sinh x evaluated at x = sinh−1 a. We already know that the derivative of sinh−1 x
evaluated at a is √ 1 and we know that d
sinh x = cosh x so we see that
1+a2 dx

1 1
√ =
1 + a2 cosh(sinh−1 a)

which proves the result.

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 √
5(b). Answer: sinh(cosh−1 x) = x2 − 1 Using the formula for the derivative of an
√
inverse function, show that sinh(cosh−1 x) = x2 − 1. We have that

d 1
cosh−1 (x)(a) = d
(cosh x)(cosh−1 (a))


dx dx

That is, the derivative of cosh−1 x evaluated at a is given by the reciprocal of

d
dx
cosh x evaluated at x = cosh−1 a. We already know that the derivative of cosh−1 x
evaluated at a is √ 1 so we see that
a2 −1

1 1
√ =
2
a −1 sinh(cosh−1 a)

which proves the result. This is only defined for a ≥ 1 because cosh−1 x is only
defined for x ≥ 1. This is also a corrolary of the previous result, because if
√
cosh(sinh−1 x) = 1 + x2

we can take cosh−1 of both sides followed by sinh to show that

−1
 √ 
x = sinh cosh 1 + x 2

√
If we let y = x2 − 1 we see that

x = sinh−1 (cosh y)

Then, we also have that

p
x= y2 − 1

so
p
y 2 − 1 = sinh−1 (cosh y)

which also proves the result.

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6. Solving indefinite integrals:
x
−1
6(a). Answer: sinh + C . Since a is positive, we can factor a2 out of the square
a
root to simplify to
Z
1
q dx
x 2


a 1+ a

This is of the form √ 1

1+x2
that integrates to yield sinh−1 x, so we make the u-
substitution of
x
u=
a
Then,
du 1
=
dx a
and
dx = adu

Substituting, the factors of a cancel, so the integral can be rewritten as

Z Z
1 1
√ · adu = √ du = sinh−1 u + C
a 1+u 2 1+u 2

x
Then, the answer is sinh−1 +C
a

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 x
6(b). Answer: − sinh−1 + C . Here a is negative, but we observe that the inte-
a
grand is actually exactly the same as the previous problem! (since a2 = (−a)2 )
However, since a is negative, we compute
Z Z
1 1
√ dx = q dx
2
a +x 2 x 2


−a 1 + a

where the term in the front is a negative a because

√
a2 = −a

if a is negative. Then, this integral is

Z
1 x
− √ du = − sinh−1 u + C = − sinh−1 + C
1 + u2 a
x
The answer, − sinh−1 + C , can also be written as
a
 
−1 x
sinh +C
−a

since sinh−1 is odd.

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 1  √ 
6(c). Answer: √ cosh−1 x M + C . This problem invites the u-substitution of
M
√
u=x M

which will make the function of the form √ 1

u2 −1
which is the derivative of cosh−1 u.
We see that
du √
= M
dx
which means that
du
dx = √
M
Substituting, the integral can be written as
Z
1 1
√ √ du
M u −12

which is
1
√ cosh−1 u + C
M
1  √ 
so the answer is √ cosh−1 x M + C .
M

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 1
6(d). Answer: tanh−1 x2 + C . To solve this problem, we make the u-substitution of
2

u = x2

du
Then, dx
= 2x or
du
dx =
2x
We substitute to simplify the integral to
Z Z
x 1 1 1
2
· du = du
1 − u 2x 2 1 − u2
−1
R 1
This is familiar from our table of integrals as 1−u2 du = tanh u since −1 < x < 1
so 0 < u < 1. So the answer is

1
tanh−1 u + C
2
1
which is tanh−1 x2 + C .
2

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6(e). Answer: − csch−1 (ex ) + C . We use the hint inviting a hyperbolic cosecant sub-
stitution. The derivative of csch−1 x is √−1
|x| x2 +1
. To make the integrand look like
this, we make the u-substitution of

u = ex

du
Then, dx
= ex so
1
dx = du
ex
Substituting, the integral is written as
Z
1 1
√ · x du
u2 + 1 e

We once again substitute u = ex to write the integral as

Z
1
√ du
u u2 + 1

Here, u is always positive, since it is of the form ex , so this is indeed −1 times

the derivative of csch−1 ! (That is, there is no need for the absolute value.) So the
answer is
− csch−1 u + C

or − csch−1 (ex ) + C

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7. Solving definite integrals:

7(a). Answer: ln 2 . The integrand √ 1

1+x2
we recognize as the derivative of sinh−1 x so
the answer is
 43
sinh−1 x

0

This is evaluated as
3
sinh−1 − sinh−1 0
4
This requires us to find sinh−1 3
4
or the point x when sinh x = 34 . We have already
found that sinh−1 3
4
= ln 2 on this worksheet. We have also found sinh−1 0 = 0.
Therefore, the answer is
ln 2 − 0

which is ln 2 .

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7(b). Answer: a(cosh−1 3 − cosh−1 2) . This integral invites the u-substitution of

x
u=
a
du
and dx
= a1 , so
dx = adu

Substituting, we need to evaluate

Z 3a
a
√ du
2a u2 − 1

We recognize this as the derivative of a cosh−1 u so the answer is

3a
a cosh−1 u 2a


Again substituting
x
u=
a
we see that the answer is a(cosh−1 3 − cosh−1 2) .

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7(c). Answer: 2 . We recognize the integrand as the derivative of tanh−1 x (because
the boundaries of the integrand are between −1 and 1, so the antiderivative is
tanh−1 and not coth−1 .) Then, the answer is the evaluation of

 ee44 −1
tanh−1 x
 +1
0

We see that
−1 e4 − 1
tanh
e4 + 1
is just 2 since
1
sinh 2 e2 − e2
tanh 2 = = 2 1
cosh 2 e + e2

As we have calculated before, tanh−1 0 = 0. Therefore the answer is 2 − 0 = 2 .

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7(d). Answer: −2 . We recognize the integrand this time as the derivative of coth−1 x
(because the boundaries of the integrand are greater than 1, so the antideriative
is coth−1 x which is defined for x > 1 and not tanh−1 x which is defined only for
x < 1.). Then, the answer is the evaluation of

∞
coth−1 x e4 +1

e4 −1

At the lower boundary of the limit, similarly to what we saw in the last problem,

e4 + 1
coth−1 =2
e4 − 1

At the upper bound of the limit, we can evaluate

lim coth−1 a
a→∞

Near what value of y is coth y = a very large? When the denominator of coth y =
cosh y
sinh y
is very small, or near y = 0. Therefore,

lim coth−1 a = 0
a→∞

Then, the integral evaluates to 0 − 2 = −2 .

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