Geotechnical Subsurface Soil Investigation and Report Agboncha, Eleme Local

Government Area, Rivers State

1. Introduction
The introduction to any geotechnical investigation report is the foundation upon which the
entire study rests. It serves as a roadmap for readers, outlining the purpose and objectives of
the investigation. In the case of the Agboncha area in Eleme Local Government Area, Rivers
State, Nigeria, the introduction lays the groundwork for understanding the geotechnical
properties of the soil and their critical role in supporting civil engineering projects. Let's
delve into a more detailed discussion of this section.
The Significance of Geotechnical Investigations
The introduction rightly underscores the significance of geotechnical investigations. These
investigations form the backbone of any successful civil engineering project. Whether it's
constructing a building, a road, a bridge, or any other infrastructure, understanding the
properties of the soil beneath the surface is essential. Without this knowledge, construction
becomes a risky endeavor with the potential for safety hazards and costly setbacks.
A Comprehensive Approach
It's crucial to emphasize the comprehensiveness of the investigation. Comprehensive
geotechnical studies encompass a range of activities, including soil sampling, laboratory
testing, and data analysis. The objective is not merely to scratch the surface but to dig deep,
both figuratively and literally, to uncover a detailed and accurate picture of the subsurface
conditions.
The Objectives of the Study
The introduction mentions that the investigation aims to assess the geotechnical
characteristics of the soil to support civil engineering projects. This is where it's essential to
clarify what these "geotechnical characteristics" entail. They encompass a broad spectrum of
soil properties, including but not limited to:
1. Soil Composition: Identifying the types and proportions of soil constituents (sand,
silt, clay, gravel, etc.) at different depths.
2. Strength Properties: Evaluating the soil's ability to bear loads, which is critical for
foundation design and structural stability.
3. Compaction Behavior: Understanding how the soil compacts under applied forces,
vital for earthwork construction.
4. Permeability: Assessing the soil's ability to transmit water, which informs drainage
design and groundwater control.
 5. Elastic Modulus: Determining the soil's stiffness, which is essential for pavement
design and slope stability analysis.
6. Atterberg Limits: Identifying the soil's plasticity and its response to changes in
moisture content.
Background of the Study
The background section provides crucial context for the investigation. In the case of
Agboncha, this context includes geographical coordinates and the need for a subsurface soil
investigation due to increasing urbanization and development activities. Here, we'll expand
on this section to highlight the significance of these factors and their implications for the
study.
Geographical Coordinates
The inclusion of precise geographical coordinates (Latitude 4.7467° N and Longitude
7.1167° E) is more than just a geographic reference. It's a point of connection between the
study and the physical world. These coordinates are the keys to finding the exact location on
maps and conducting fieldwork. They transform abstract data into tangible, actionable
information.
Increasing Urbanization and Development
The background section rightly points out the increasing urbanization and development
activities in the Agboncha area. This is a clear indication of growth and progress. However, it
also brings forth several geotechnical challenges and considerations:
1. Foundation Design: As urbanization progresses, there's a growing need for sturdy
foundations to support buildings and infrastructure. Understanding the soil's load-
bearing capacity is critical for designing safe and resilient foundations.
2. Slope Stability: Urban development often involves excavation and grading of land.
Assessing the slope stability of excavated areas is essential to prevent landslides and
ensure construction safety.
3. Infrastructure Development: Roads, bridges, and utilities are the lifelines of urban
areas. Knowledge of soil properties is essential for designing durable and long-lasting
infrastructure.
4. Environmental Impact: As urban areas expand, there's an increasing focus on
environmental sustainability. Geotechnical investigations can identify potential
environmental risks, such as soil contamination, and inform mitigation measures.
Safety and Durability
The need for a thorough understanding of geotechnical properties to ensure safety and
durability cannot be overstated. In rapidly developing areas like Agboncha, construction is
not just about building; it's about building responsibly. Responsible construction takes into
account the local soil conditions to minimize risks, enhance safety, and increase the longevity
of structures.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the introduction and background sections of a geotechnical investigation report
provide the foundation for the entire study. They emphasize the importance of understanding
subsurface soil properties, the comprehensive nature of the investigation, and the context
within which the study is conducted. By expanding on these themes, the report becomes not
just a technical document but a tool for informed decision-making, safe construction, and
sustainable development in the Agboncha area and similar regions facing rapid urbanization.
3. Geological and Hydrological Settings of the Study Area
Section 3 - Geological and Hydrological Settings of the Study Area
In Section 3, the report provides an overview of the geological and hydrological settings of
the study area in Agboncha, offering valuable context for the subsequent geotechnical
investigation. Let's expand upon the discussion in this section.
Geological Context: Niger Delta Region
The report rightly places the study area within the broader geological context of the Niger
Delta region. The Niger Delta is a region of immense geological and environmental
significance. It is characterized by its sedimentary environment, which has been shaped by
the deposition of sediments carried by the Niger River and its tributaries over millions of
years.
Sedimentary History and Soil Composition
Understanding this geological history is crucial. The deposition of sediments has given rise to
a diverse range of soil types in the region, ranging from sands to silts and clays. The
composition of these soils is directly influenced by the types of materials carried by the rivers
over time. Therefore, the soil composition in Agboncha is likely to reflect this complex
history, with implications for geotechnical properties.
Hydrological Context: Influence of Rivers and Flooding
The hydrological context is equally vital. The network of rivers, creeks, and occasional
flooding events plays a significant role in shaping the properties of the soil in the study area.
Here are some key points to consider:
 1. Sediment Deposition: Rivers are natural transporters of sediments. They bring in
new materials and deposit them in their floodplains. This ongoing process contributes
to the deposition and compaction of soil layers.
2. Flood Impact: Flooding events, whether periodic or occasional, can have a profound
impact on soil properties. They can lead to soil erosion, sediment deposition, and
changes in the water table, all of which affect the subsurface conditions.
3. Hydrogeological Considerations: Understanding the movement of water in the
subsurface (hydrogeology) is critical. The presence of rivers and creeks can influence
groundwater flow patterns, which, in turn, affect the behavior of the soil.
Section 4 - Materials and Methods
Section 4 outlines the methods used for collecting soil samples and conducting laboratory
experiments. Expanding on this section provides insight into the rigor and comprehensiveness
of the investigation.
Comprehensive Soil Sampling
The report mentions that soil samples were collected from various depths. Elaborating on the
sampling strategy is essential. Soil sampling is not a one-size-fits-all approach; it requires
careful planning to ensure that the samples are representative of the site's subsurface
conditions. Factors such as depth, location, and spacing of boreholes are critical
considerations.
Table 1: Parameters for Sampling and Laboratory Experiment
The parameters listed in Table 1 are the backbone of the investigation. Each parameter serves
a specific purpose in characterizing the soil. Let's discuss a few key parameters:
 Sampling Depth (m): The depth at which samples are collected is significant because
soil properties can vary significantly with depth. This parameter ensures that a cross-
section of the soil profile is analyzed.
 Description and USCS Class: The description of each layer and its classification
using the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) provides valuable information
about the types of soil encountered. This classification helps engineers and geologists
understand the soil's engineering behavior.
 SPT-N (Standard Penetration Test): The Standard Penetration Test provides data
on the soil's resistance to penetration by a standard sampler. This data is used to
assess soil density and relative compaction.
  Natural Moisture Content (%): Natural moisture content is a measure of the water
content present in the soil in its natural state. It provides insights into the soil's initial
condition and helps determine factors like compaction and shrinkage potential.
 Atterberg Limits: Liquid limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index are critical
parameters for understanding the soil's plasticity and behavior under different
moisture conditions. They are key for foundation design and slope stability analysis.
 Liquidity Index: The liquidity index provides information on the soil's consistency
and is particularly important for assessing its behavior in different moisture states.
 Allowable Bearing Capacity (kPa): The allowable bearing capacity values indicate
how much load the soil can safely support. This information is vital for foundation
design.
Laboratory Experimentation
The report mentions laboratory experiments, but further details about the specific tests
conducted and the equipment used would be beneficial. Common laboratory tests include
grain size analysis, moisture content determination, consolidation tests, and triaxial tests.
These tests provide quantitative data on soil properties, which are critical for engineering
calculations and design.
In conclusion, Sections 3 and 4 of the report set the stage for the geotechnical investigation.
Understanding the geological and hydrological context of the study area is crucial for
interpreting soil behavior. Additionally, a comprehensive approach to soil sampling and
laboratory experimentation ensures that the data collected is representative and reliable. This
robust foundation of information is essential for making informed engineering decisions and
ensuring the safety and success of construction projects in Agboncha.
The parameters used for sampling and laboratory experiments are outlined in Table 1.
Table 1: Parameters for Sampling and Laboratory Experiment
Descriptio
Depth (m)

Index (%)

Index (%)
Limit (%)

Limit (%)
Thickness

Allowable
Layer No.

Sand (%)
Sampling

Liquidity
Clay (%)

Moisture

Bearing
Silt (%)

Specific

Specific
Natural
Gravel

Liquid
SPT-N

Plastic

Plastic
USCS
Layer

Class

Wet
(%)

Dry
n

1 0.6 0.7 Clayey Silt ML 10 20 35 25 15 2.68 2.71 14 34 20 14 8 230

2 1.7 0.8 Silty Clay CL 9 30 25 25 15 2.67 2.70 16 38 24 14 10 210

3 2.9 0.9 Sandy Clay CL 11 25 15 40 15 2.66 2.69 15 34 20 14 9 230

4 4.3 1.0 Gravelly SW 13 5 20 55 15 2.65 2.68 12 28 16 12 4 260

Sand
5 5.7 1.1 Loamy SP 15 10 10 60 15 2.64 2.67 11 26 14 12 3 270
Sand
 6 7.2 1.2 Silty Gravel GM 11 15 25 40 15 2.63 2.66 13 30 18 12 5 250

7 8.8 1.3 Sandy Silt ML 13 15 35 35 10 2.62 2.65 12 32 18 14 6 240

8 10.6 1.4 Clayey SC 9 20 20 40 15 2.61 2.64 10 28 16 12 4 250

Sand
9 11.4 0.9 Silty Sand SM 8 10 30 40 15 2.60 2.63 9 30 16 14 3 250

5. Results
The results of the geotechnical subsurface soil investigation are presented in Table 1. The
table has been divided into sub-tables based on the parameters to facilitate a detailed
discussion of each parameter.
Sub-Table 1: Geotechnical Properties - Layer No., Sampling Depth, Layer Thickness,
Description, USCS Class, SPT-N
Layer No. Sampling Depth (m) Layer Thickness (m) Description USCS Class SPT-N
1 0.6 0.7 Clayey Silt ML 10
2 1.7 0.8 Silty Clay CL 9
3 2.9 0.9 Sandy Clay CL 11
4 4.3 1.0 Gravelly Sand SW 13
5 5.7 1.1 Loamy Sand SP 15
6 7.2 1.2 Silty Gravel GM 11
7 8.8 1.3 Sandy Silt ML 13
8 10.6 1.4 Clayey Sand SC 9
9 11.4 0.9 Silty Sand SM 8

Table 1 is a comprehensive compilation of critical parameters obtained from the geotechnical

subsurface soil investigation at the Refinery Company limited site. These parameters include
sampling depth, layer thickness, description, USCS class, SPT-N values, clay, silt, sand,
gravel content, wet and dry specific gravity, natural moisture content, liquid limit, plastic
limit, plastic index, liquidity index, and allowable bearing capacity. Each parameter provides
essential insights into the characteristics and behavior of the soil at different depths. Let's
discuss each parameter in detail.
Layer No., Sampling Depth, Layer Thickness, Description, USCS Class, SPT-N
Layer No., Sampling Depth (m), Layer Thickness (m), Description, USCS Class, and SPT-N
values are fundamental parameters that help in classifying the soil layers and understanding
their characteristics.
1. Layer No. and Sampling Depth: Layer No. provides a reference for each soil layer,
while Sampling Depth indicates the depth at which samples were collected. These
values are crucial for identifying specific soil profiles within the site.
2. Layer Thickness: Layer Thickness provides information about the vertical extent of
each soil layer. Understanding layer thickness is essential for assessing the potential
impact of each layer on construction and foundation design.
3. Description: The Description column provides a concise description of each soil
layer. This description includes terms such as "Clayey Silt," "Silty Clay," "Sandy
Clay," and others. These descriptions give an initial indication of the soil's
composition and properties.
4. USCS Class: The Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) classifies soils into
categories based on their physical properties. Knowing the USCS class helps in
understanding the engineering behavior of the soil.
5. SPT-N Values: The Standard Penetration Test (SPT) is a widely used in-situ test to
assess the relative density of soils. SPT-N values indicate how resistant the soil is to
penetration by a standard sampler. These values are valuable for evaluating soil
strength.
Soil Composition - Clay (%), Silt (%), Sand (%), Gravel (%)
The percentages of clay, silt, sand, and gravel content provide detailed information about the
soil's composition. This data helps in categorizing soil types and understanding their
engineering properties.
1. Clay (%), Silt (%), Sand (%), Gravel (%): These percentages quantify the
proportion of different soil particles present in each layer. For instance, a layer with
high clay content may have low permeability, while a layer with high sand content
may be more permeable. Gravel content can affect soil compaction and shear strength.
Physical Properties - Wet Specific Gravity, Dry Specific Gravity, Natural Moisture
Content (%)
These physical properties offer insights into the weight and moisture content of the soil
layers, which are crucial for engineering and construction applications.
 1. Wet Specific Gravity and Dry Specific Gravity: Specific gravity values indicate
how dense the soil particles are compared to the density of water. These values affect
soil weight, compaction, and buoyancy forces.
2. Natural Moisture Content (%): This parameter represents the percentage of water
present in the soil naturally. It influences soil volume changes, plasticity, and shear
strength.
Atterberg Limits - Liquid Limit (%), Plastic Limit (%), Plastic Index (%), Liquidity
Index (%)
The Atterberg limits are essential for assessing the plasticity and moisture sensitivity of soils.
They are critical for foundation design and understanding soil behavior under different
moisture conditions.
1. Liquid Limit (%): The liquid limit represents the moisture content at which the soil
transitions from a plastic to a liquid state. It influences the soil's ability to undergo
deformation.
2. Plastic Limit (%): The plastic limit indicates the moisture content at which the soil
becomes plastic and can be molded without cracking. It influences soil workability.
3. Plastic Index (%): The plastic index is the difference between the liquid limit and
plastic limit. It characterizes the range of moisture content over which the soil exhibits
plastic behavior.
4. Liquidity Index (%): The liquidity index provides a measure of the soil's
consistency. It helps classify soils as liquid, plastic, or solid based on their moisture
content.
Allowable Bearing Capacity (kPa)
The allowable bearing capacity values specify the maximum load that a foundation can safely
support in each soil layer. This information is vital for foundation design and construction
planning.
Comprehensive Understanding for Engineering Design
Table 1 offers a comprehensive understanding of the soil's composition, physical properties,
plasticity, and load-bearing capacity at various depths within the Refinery Company limited
site. Engineers and geologists can use this data to make informed decisions regarding
foundation design, construction methods, and soil stabilization techniques. The variation in
properties across different layers highlights the site's heterogeneity and underscores the
importance of a thorough geotechnical investigation. By considering these parameters,
construction projects can be executed safely and efficiently, ensuring the long-term stability
and performance of infrastructure in the area.

Sub-Table 2: Soil Composition - Clay (%), Silt (%), Sand (%), Gravel (%)
Layer No. Clay (%) Silt (%) Sand (%) Gravel (%)
1 20 35 25 15
2 30 25 25 15
3 25 15 40 15
4 5 20 55 15
5 10 10 60 15
6 15 25 40 15
7 15 35 35 10
8 20 20 40 15
9 10 30 40 15

Sub-Table 3: Physical Properties - Wet Specific Gravity, Dry Specific Gravity, Natural Moisture
Content (%)
Layer No. Wet Specific Gravity Dry Specific Gravity Natural Moisture Content (%)
1 2.68 2.71 14
2 2.67 2.70 16
3 2.66 2.69 15
4 2.65 2.68 12
5 2.64 2.67 11
6 2.63 2.66 13
7 2.62 2.65 12
8 2.61 2.64 10
9 2.60 2.63 9
Sub-Table 4: Atterberg Limits - Liquid Limit (%), Plastic Limit (%), Plastic Index (%), Liquidity
Index (%)
Layer No. Liquid Limit (%) Plastic Limit (%) Plastic Index (%) Liquidity Index (%)
1 34 20 14 8
2 38 24 14 10
3 34 20 14 9
4 28 16 12 4
5 26 14 12 3
6 30 18 12 5
7 32 18 14 6
8 28 16 12 4
9 30 16 14 3

Sub-Table 5: Allowable Bearing Capacity (kPa)

Layer No. Allowable Bearing Capacity (kPa)
1 230
2 210
3 230
4 260
5 270
6 250
7 240
8 250
9 250

6. Discussion
Section 6 is a critical part of the geotechnical investigation report, as it provides a
comprehensive analysis and interpretation of the data presented in the preceding sections. It
serves as the bridge between data collection and practical engineering applications. Let's
explore this section in greater detail, expanding on the key points and implications.
Understanding the Significance of Geotechnical Data
The introductory statement of Section 6 highlights the importance of the geotechnical
investigation by emphasizing the thoroughness of the study and its relevance to engineering
and construction projects in Agboncha, Eleme Local Government Area, Rivers State. This
opening statement effectively sets the tone for the entire discussion, making it clear that the
data presented in the report is not just a collection of numbers but a foundation for informed
decision-making.
Variability in Soil Characteristics
The report correctly points out that the soil in the study area exhibits a range of
characteristics, including various soil types such as clayey silt and gravelly sand. This
variability is a fundamental aspect of geotechnical investigations, as it underscores the
heterogeneity of subsurface conditions. Engineers and planners must take this variability into
account when designing projects, as different soil types have distinct engineering properties
that can significantly impact construction methods, foundation design, and excavation safety.
Physical Properties: Weight and Moisture Conditions
The discussion correctly highlights the importance of physical properties such as wet and dry
specific gravity and natural moisture content. Specific gravity is critical for assessing the
weight of soil, which is a key factor in foundation design and slope stability analysis. Natural
moisture content provides insights into the initial moisture conditions of the soil, which can
impact compaction efforts during construction. Understanding these properties helps
engineers make informed decisions about soil behavior under load and moisture changes.
Atterberg Limits: Plasticity and Behavior
The discussion introduces the concept of Atterberg limits, which are crucial for
understanding the soil's plasticity and behavior under varying moisture levels. This is a
significant point, as the Atterberg limits provide critical information about how the soil will
behave during construction and under different environmental conditions. For instance, the
liquid limit helps assess the soil's tendency to flow when saturated, while the plastic limit
indicates its ability to deform without cracking. These limits are essential for selecting
appropriate construction techniques and materials.
Allowable Bearing Capacity: Load-Bearing Capacity
The report appropriately mentions the allowable bearing capacity values, which indicate the
load-bearing capacity of the soil at different depths. This is a vital parameter for foundation
design. Different structures require different levels of bearing capacity, and knowing the
soil's capacity to support loads is essential for ensuring the safety and stability of buildings
and infrastructure. Engineers can use this information to design foundations that distribute
loads effectively and prevent settlement or failure.
A Resource for Engineering and Construction
The report's acknowledgment of its role as a critical resource for engineers, geologists, and
project planners is significant. It highlights the practical applications of the geotechnical data
presented in the report. Engineering decisions should be based on data, and this report
provides the necessary data to make informed choices in the design and execution of
construction projects in Agboncha.
The Importance of Detailed Analysis
The report rightly emphasizes that further geotechnical analysis and engineering design
should consider these results in detail to address specific project requirements and safety
assessments. This is a crucial point. While the report provides valuable insights, engineering
projects often require more specialized and detailed analysis. For example, a large-scale
infrastructure project may demand advanced geotechnical modeling to assess factors like
settlement predictions or slope stability under various conditions.
Safety and Stability
The overarching theme throughout the discussion is safety and stability. Every engineering
and construction project aims for safe and stable outcomes. Geotechnical data form the
foundation of this goal. By understanding the soil properties, their behavior, and their
capacity to support loads, engineers can design structures that withstand the test of time,
environmental challenges, and unexpected events.
Conclusion
In conclusion, Section 6 - Discussion, of the geotechnical investigation report provides a
thorough and insightful analysis of the data presented earlier in the report. It emphasizes the
variability in soil characteristics, the importance of physical properties, the significance of
Atterberg limits, and the relevance of allowable bearing capacity. This section underscores
the practical implications of the data, serving as a guide for engineers, geologists, and project
planners in Agboncha. It highlights the need for detailed analysis and the ultimate goal of
safety and stability in construction projects.