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Seperation of Mixtures

Separation techniques can be used to separate mixtures based on differences in their physical properties. Some common techniques include filtration, which separates substances based on particle size and solubility; distillation, which boils a solution to separate substances based on their boiling points; and chromatography, which separates substances based on how strongly they adhere to a medium. Knowing the properties of the substances in a mixture allows choosing the appropriate separation technique.

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Shehbaaz Singh
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68 views24 pages

Seperation of Mixtures

Separation techniques can be used to separate mixtures based on differences in their physical properties. Some common techniques include filtration, which separates substances based on particle size and solubility; distillation, which boils a solution to separate substances based on their boiling points; and chromatography, which separates substances based on how strongly they adhere to a medium. Knowing the properties of the substances in a mixture allows choosing the appropriate separation technique.

Uploaded by

Shehbaaz Singh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Separation

Techniques
Mr Dhue
Classifying matter?
• Pure substances are not often found in nature. As
pure substances are often required, it is necessary to
have techniques by which the components of
mixtures can be separated. Separations of mixtures
are possible as pure substances have different
properties.

• The method you choose to separate mixtures


depends on some difference in a physical property.
Filtration
• This technique depends on the components of a
mixture having different solubilities in a selected
solvent.
• Typically used to separate an insoluble solid from a
liquid or a solution (eg sand from water)
• Physical property used for separation – Particle size
and solubility.
• Example: Coffee plungers, dust masks, vacuum
cleaners.
• Uses paper or material with fine pores or holes.
• The filter catches the larger particles and lets the
smallest particles through.
• The liquid is the filtrate and the left over solids are the
residue.
• Dissolved particles in a solution will pass straight
through.
Sieving
(a type of filtration)
• A sieve is a mesh screen that allows materials smaller
than the holes to pass through.
• Various sized screen can ‘grade’ particles from
largest to smallest.
• Used in mining on a big scale
• Example: strainer for pasta, flour sieve.
Example: A mixture of charcoal and salt can be easily

separated using water as the solvent.


Decantation
• Carefully pour off a liquid from one container to
another leaving the sediment behind
• Difficult to achieve a complete separation with
some remaining behind.
• Example: pouring clear water from muddy water,
red wine and sediment.
• Physical property used for separation – Insolubility.
Crystallisation
• Used to separate dissolved substances, solute, from
a solution.
• The solution is heated till the solvent boils off, leaving
the solute (dissolved solids).
• The faster the liquid is boiled off the smaller the
crystals are.
• Example: Evaporating sea water to collect sea salt.
• Physical property used for separation – Boiling point.
Distillation
• Heat up a solution and the solvent will boil off, the
vapour is then collected and cooled down forming
a pure liquid with out the dissolved substances.
Called the distillate.
• Can be used to separate a mixture of liquids to their
fractions, called fractional distillation.
• Example: Perfume, alcoholic spirits, petrol from
crude oil.
Fractional Distillation
Chromatography
• This technique depends on the components of a mixture
adhering (or clinging) with different strengths to the surface
of some inert substance. The substances that adhere more
strongly will take longer to flow through allowing the
mixture to be separated.
• The substances in the mixture are dissolved in the solvent
and travel with the solvent through the medium. The
different solutes are chemically attracted to the medium
by varying amounts and move at different speeds through
the medium. Each component moves a different amount
over a set time period
• There are several types of chromatography. These include:
gas, thin layer, column and paper chromatography.
• Physical property used for separation – cohesion.
• Examples: DNA, inks, blood, organics
Paper Chromatography
Column Chromatography
Example: Various
pigments in plant
matter can be
separated using
column
chromatography.
Gas Chromatography
• Used to separate and identify organic mixtures.
• Uses a carrier gas to pass the sample through a fine
coiled column with the stationary phase lined on the
inside.
• The separated components pass out at different
retention times and usually detected in a ionisation
chamber of mass spectrometer.
Solvent Extraction
• Solvent extraction is a process whereby two
immiscible liquids are vigorously shaken in an
attempt to disperse one in the other so that solutes
can migrate from one solvent to the other.
• Require a separation funnel to drain off each
solution separately and can then be further treated.
Electrostatic Separation
Others
• Froth Flotation

• Centrifuging
• Magnetic Separation

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