CH-7 Alternating Current AC

circuit containing pure capacitor only

Alternating Current : It is that current which changes continuously Let V =
Vosincot

I
O

in magnitude and periodically in direction

. It can be represented ' i %Sin where is W
cotti
=
=

by a sine curve or cosine function . ~

Y
I= Isincot or I =
IoCosct = Peak Value of current Thus , the alternating current leads the voltage by a phase
1 A 1 A
W = 240 or W =
25 angle of 1/2 when ,
ac flows through a capacitor .

Fo 7
-

Fo Phasor diagram
O -Voltage
frequency
· - *
of A C
-

=
cot cot
.

>
- current O

Vo
T Time =
period of AC & R15
Do ·

O ↓ t
⑭Mean or
Average value of alternating current or Voltage pot o

The mean or average value of alternating current or

voltage over

one complete cycle is zero

. Capacitive reactance : It is the opposition offered by the capacitor

im or Tor iar =" osinct at KorTor =

TJ Vsincut e to the flow of

alternating current through it .

at = Thecapacitive reactanceis infinite or

*
idt Tdt ,

iav =
0 Var =
0 #AC through LCR series circuit
C
L Re Let V =
Vosincut
me M
2007 mean square (rms) value of alternating current :9t is defined Ther i Posin(cut-P) %=
=

-
Y -+
V
,
-=
Xp
as that value of steady current, which would generate the same

amount of heat in a given resistance in a given time ,

as is done by the & impedance of the series LCR
N

alternating current , when passed through the same resistance for the circuit .

same time . The r.m.s value of ac is also known as effective value or

I= F(X
*

,
x)
virtual value ofa c It is represented by irms .

, Jeff or iv. Z
= Xc)
(X
irms
= tand X-XC
0 707 % Similarly for alternating voltage
=
e
1
= :

R
Yrms
# 0 70 7 % R
= = :

=> When XXc ,

tand is positive The ·
ac circuit is

AC circuit containing pure resistance only inductance dominated circuit .

R
tand is She a. circuit is
Let V= Vosincot ⑭ When XXc
negative
.

N :

i i Posint
O

dominated circuit
Then
1 Hsincut capacitance
I = = = = .

Sunil Jangra Physics

Resonant Series (CR Circuit
D Currenta phase in same
V
voltage are .
:
Y
&ri Phasor diagram if XL XC
XL =
Xc =

y LC
then z =
R (minimum) =
1
Is Yosincts Vo
i - Ca
and I =
maximum .

cot .

Isincot
*
Po
Such S
a eries LCR Circuit is W
0
r
= = =
+
Pcot ·
I
known as resonant series LCR 2x/C
AC circuit
L
containing pure inductor circuit and the
frequency of the ac
supply is known

Let V VoSincut then i= Pos in cot-i

mer
=

I
as resonant
frequency (Ur) ·

in where is ↳ The series resonance circuit is known as acceptor

col
M
V circuit. It is used in radio and ToV receivers sets for

Thus , the alternating current lags behind the alternating turning a particular radio station/T Y .
channel .

voltage by a phase angle of 7/2 when ac flows through an inductor L Resonance phenomenon is exhibited by a circuit only
as shown in figure .
Phasor-diagram if both L and C are present in the circuit Then :

only voltage
Y A
⑭
Voltage across Land C Cancel each other .
We cannot have S
-Vo
> Current
in RL
-

resonance or RC circuit .

2π
I
0
poot 2

-Tw)
It
1/2 out
·
x z= -
R + (IW

·
A
Zu
- Po
Im
Inductive reactance
to the flow of
: It is the opposition offered by the inductor

e xt
alternating current through it .

x =
Lc =
2(UL 4 is zero for d .
C (0 =
0)
y

I/IIC C .
has finite value for a C .
 Quality factor : It is a measure of sharpness of resonance . Wattless Current : The
average power associated over a

It is defined as the ratio of reactance of either the inductance complete cycle with a pure inductor or pure capacitor is
capacitance at the resonant
or
angular frequency to the zero , even
though a current is
flowing through them
. This

total resistance of the circuit .

current is known as wattless current or idle current .

Q
= co = or Q
=* CR
=

⑭ Transformer : It is device used for

a
converting a low
alternating voltage to a
high alternating voltage and
9
=
vice-versa It is based :
on phenomenon of mutual induction .

Principle : When the current flowing through the primary

Quality -
factor is also expressed in terms of coil
changes ,
an emf is induced in the
secondary coil

bandwidth .

due to the
change in
magnetic flux linked with it.

Q = Resonant frequency
Bandwidth transformer
Step-up : Step-up transformer is based on

the principle of mutual induction .

Power in an ac circuit

2) Instantaneous Power The Power in the ac circuit at

(No of turns)
: (No of turns ,
.

Ns)
Np ⑭

instant of time is known as Instantaneous Power

E *
any Input
.

output
It is equal to the product of values of alternating voltage AC v .

⑭
and alternating current at that time . Primary
Coil Secondary coil
(2) Power (Par) : The power Soft Iron Core
Average averaged over one full

cycle of ac is known as
average power It is also known
. An
alternating potential (Vp) when applied to the primary coil

as true Power induced emf in it. Ep -Np &

power or
average an
.
=

if the resistance of
Pay =

Yrms Frms COS0

=

VICOs
primary coil is low then Yp =
Ep =

-NPCG
3) Apparent Power : The product of virtual voltage (Vrms) As same flux is linked with the
secondary coil with the help of

and virtual current (irms) in the circuit is known soft iron core due to mutual induction emf is induced in it .

as virtual power or apparent power Es

-No d if output circuit is open then I se
=

Px Yrms Frms
Sunil Jangra Physics
=

ie
Vs
-NsCO Is As
= =

⑭ Power factor : St is defined as the ratio of true power for an ideal transformer , Pout- Pin Ysis =
ipVp
to apparent Power of an ac circuit .

Is As
=

·
=
P
for
cosd True Power also cosd
1 step-up transformer
Is t
= =

Apparent Power
>
-

gt is unitless and dimensionless Step-down transformer

In pure resistive circuit core -

for step down

'

& 0 ie cosd I Ns < Np

NP
= =

Ns
In pure inductive or
capacitive circuit -

C Hence Es < Ep
Secondary
& =

I
T ie COSD =
O Primary 3 &
s Es As
=

p
In RL Circuit RP + x ? cos0
and
=
④ =.

In RC Circuit [RX? cosd Number of energy losses

2= and
= in a transformer
.

①
Copper losses
In Series LCR Circuit & Hysteresis losses
2
I= - R + (X Xc)"a Cosd
-

= ③ Iron losses

④ Flux losses
At resonance Xc =
Xc
0
°
· Z=R 8 =
0

cosd =
I