AN ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACTS OF RELIGION ON POLITICS IN NIGERIA; 2023 PRESIDENTIAL

ELECTIONS AS A CASE STUDY

 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Religion has been a dominant factor in Nigerian politics especially in this post-independence era.

In whichever way one sees religion, the fact cannot be denied of its interaction with politics in

Nigeria. The obvious interplay between religion and society has attracted the reactions of

scholars in the sociological study of religion and what seems the consensus of such reactions is

the indispensability of religion to the growth, development, and survival of humanity (Onapajo,

2012; Obiefuna, 2018).

Religion has been a dominant factor in Nigerian politics especially in this post-independence era.

In whichever way one sees religion, the fact cannot be denied of its interaction with politics in

Nigeria. Nigeria is a multi-ethnic and multi-religious people. It has been confirmed that

Nigerians are the ninth most religious people in the world (Onapajo 2019). The main religious

groups are Christians, Muslims, and African Traditional Religionists. Islamic faith dominates the

north-eastern and north-western part of the country but Christianity is dominant in the

southwestern, south-eastern and south of the country (Sampson 2015). Churches and mosques

can be found on almost every popular street in Nigerian towns and cities.

There are several narratives concerning the separation of religion from politics. But convincing

some of these narratives may appear to be not forget the fact that for most of human history,

politics and religion have gone hand in hand (Salahu, 2017). It is not a small question to ask in

which way religion involves itself in political realm for on this depends to some measure how

much value Nigerians attach to their faith. This is to say that the impacts of religion on Nigerian

politics could be both positive and negative.

 In its most simplistic form, religion can be defined as a spectrum of beliefs and principles

that guide the relations between a people and a supreme being, (divine) they perceive to be their

maker. Such beliefs often elicit a set of dogmas, rites and worship (Apuwabi, 2018). Conversely,

politics can be seen as a struggle for power, resource control and representation at different

levels.

Owing to the fact that Islam came to Nigeria through the North and Christianity was introduced

from the south, Islam eventually evolved to be the dominant religion in the Northern Nigeria

while Christianity was thriving and expanding in the Southern part of the country. This

dichotomy made the two regions metamorphosed into two territories with sharp differences in

terms of ideology (Nwaomah, 2014).

Religion has been a potent force in Nigerian society. It is, therefore, incontrovertible that it must

have been a serious factor in every stage of Nigerian elections because at every stage in Nigerian

elections religion has had some input—whether covertly or overtly (Familusi 2014).

According to Lasswell (2012) religion has been immensely used by national, regional and state

actors to drive their political ambitions.

Today, Nigeria is troubled by several internal issues due to its historical beginnings,

particularly the divide and rule decisions made during its formative years by the British colonial

ruling officials, and the effect on the competing ethnic and religious groups (Mac Allum, 2011).

Among the numerous internal issues plaguing Nigeria today, coupled with the government’s

inability to address them, are the main two different religious beliefs that separate the country.

With the diverse Muslim and Christian communities and the growth in religious strife, the

Nigerian government must take extraordinary steps if not to solve, to at least address the

problems to build a future for the country (Weatherstone, 2012).

1.2 Statement of Problem

Religion has been a dominant factor in Nigerian politics especially in this post-independence era.

In whichever way one sees religion, the fact cannot be denied of its interaction with politics in

Nigeria. The obvious interplay between religion and politics has attracted the reactions of

scholars and what seems the consensus of such reactions is the ambivalent role of religion in the

growth, development, and survival of the Nigerian nation (Obiefuna, 2018).

Nigeria as a country is religiously pluralistic. Apart from the three major religions: Christianity,

Islam and African Traditional Religion, there are several others competing for relevance and

recognition.

Despite Nigeria's multicultural and multi-religious society, religion continues to play a

significant role in shaping political discourses and influencing electoral outcomes. With the 2023

presidential elections, it is crucial to analyze the impacts of religion on politics in Nigeria to gain

a deeper understanding of how religious factors shape political dynamics, candidate selection,

voter behavior, policy decisions, and overall governance. This research aims to investigate and

understand the relationship between religion and politics in Nigeria, with a specific focus on how

religious factors shape political decision-making and outcomes in the 2023 presidential elections.

1.3 Research Objectives

The broad objective is to investigate and understand the relationship between religion and

politics in Nigeria, with a specific focus on the 2023 presidential elections. Specific objectives of

the study therefore, are:

 i. To assess the impact of religion on voter behavior and political campaign strategies in

the context of the 2023 presidential elections.

ii. To identify the strategies employed by political parties and candidates to mobilize

religious support and consolidate power in the 2023 presidential elections.

iii. To examine the role of religion in shaping political ideologies and party affiliations in

Nigeria.

1.4 Research Questions

The following are the research questions of the study which would elicit answers:

i. What is the impact of religion on voter behavior and political campaign strategies in

the context of the 2023 presidential elections?

ii. What strategies were employed by political parties and candidates to mobilize

religious support and consolidate power in the 2023 presidential elections?

iii. What role did religion play in shaping political ideologies and party affiliations in

Nigeria?

1.5 Research Assumption

Religion is a crucial factor in voter mobilization and political campaigns during elections.

1.6 Significant of the Study

The study on the impacts of religion on politics in Nigeria is relevant to a wide range of

individuals and groups. These include: Political Observers and Analysts, Political Parties and

Candidates, Religious Leaders, Policy Makers and Government Officials and the general Public
Individuals interested in understanding the influence of religion on political dynamics in Nigeria,

especially in presidential elections, would find this study valuable in gaining insights and

predicting potential outcomes.

Political parties and potential candidates participating in the 2023 Nigerian presidential elections

would find this study relevant to understand the role of religion in shaping voter preferences and

political strategies.

Given the significant influence of religious leaders on their followers, they would find this study

relevant in understanding the political implications and potential for mobilization based on

religious affiliations.

Policy makers and government officials responsible for developing and implementing effective

governance strategies in Nigeria would find this study valuable in understanding the impact of

religion on political stability and devising policies to mitigate potential conflicts.

Scholars and researchers studying the intersection of religion and politics, particularly in Nigeria,

would find this study relevant as it provides empirical data and analysis on the topic.

The general public in Nigeria, as active participants in the electoral process, would find this

study relevant as it sheds light on the complex relationship between religion and politics,

ultimately influencing their voting behavior and decision-making process.

1.7 Scope of the Study

this study examines the impacts of religion on politics in Nigeria; 2023 presidential elections as a

case study the study assesses the relationship between this region and other political challenge in

Nigeria, the possible reasons people engage in religion practice, and the challenges politics in

Nigeria. consequently, the study focuses the 2023 presidential election . the study elicits

secondary and data for the study is drawn from existing literatures and publications.
1.8 Research Methodology

In order to effectively examine the study, the researcher will adopt an appropriate method for

data collection in order to achieve the study objectives. To this end, secondary data will be

utilized to provide sufficient empirical and theoretical foundation for the findings. Materials like

journals, textbooks, government publications shall facilitate secondary source of data for the

study.

1.9 Limitation of the study

Time was a major constraint to the study, the researcher was faced with the task of conducting

this study, attending lectures, writing assignment and studying for examination, and several other

activities within this brief period assigned to carry out the study.

1.10 Definition of Term

Religion: Religion is a range of social-cultural systems, including designated behaviors and

practices, morals, beliefs, worldviews, texts, sanctified places, prophecies, ethics, or

organizations, that generally relate humanity to supernatural, transcendental, and spiritual

elements. Religion is the recognition of all our duties as divine commands.

Politics: Politics is concerned with guiding or influencing governmental policy, it is the set of

activities that are associated with making decision in groups.

Election: This is a process in which people vote to choose a person or group of people to hold

official position.
 Reference

Kukah, M.H. (1993). Religion, politics and power in Northern Nigeria. Ibadan: Spectrum Books.

Kukah, M.H. & Falola, T. (1996).Kukah, M.H &Falola, T (1996).Religious militancy and

selfassertion: Islam and politics in Nigeria. Hants & Vermont: Avebury & Ashgate

Publishing Limited.

Loimeier, R. (2007). Nigeria: The quest for a viable religious option. In W.F.S. Miles (ed.),

Political Islam in West Africa: StateSociety in relations transformed (pp.43-72).

Colorado: Lynee Rienner Publishers Inc.

Melson, R. (1971) “Ideology and Inconsistency: The ‘Cross-Pressured’ Nigerian Worker,”

American Political Science Review, 65(1):161–171.

Horowitz, D. (1985) Ethnic Groups in Conflict. Berkeley, California: University of

California Press.

Posner, D. N. (2005) Institutions and Ethnic Politics in Africa. Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press.

Chandra, K. (2005) “Ethnic Parties and Democratic Stability.” Perspectives

on Politics 3(2):235–252

Hope Nwolize, O.B.C., (1989) "Military Governments and Assault on Nigeria‟s Secularity” in

Bodija Journal, Vol.1, No.1. Nigeria Christian/Muslim Conflict.

 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

1.1 Introduction

The present section of the study aims to examine the existing literature and theories associated

with the topic. Its goal is to reveal important facts and discoveries previously identified by

researchers and elucidate on the concept of the study.

2.1 Conceptual Reviews

2.1.1 History of Religious Affiliation in Nigeria

Religious affiliation in Nigeria has a rich and complex history, shaped by a range of cultural,

political, and social factors. Today, Nigeria is home to a diverse religious landscape, with

Christianity and Islam being the two dominant religions. Prior to the arrival of European

colonizers in the 19th century, traditional African religions were the main spiritual practices in

Nigeria. These religions were often tied to specific ethnic groups and were based on the worship

of ancestral spirits, nature spirits, and other supernatural forces. However, with the arrival of

Christian missionaries and Islamic scholars, many Nigerians began to convert to these foreign

religions, leading to a gradual decline in the practice of traditional African religions.

Christianity arrived in Nigeria in the 19th century through British and other European

missionaries. These missionaries established schools and hospitals, which helped to spread

Christianity throughout the country. Christianity quickly gained a foothold in southern Nigeria,

particularly among the Igbo, Yoruba, and other ethnic groups, and soon became the dominant

religion in many parts of the country. Today, Christianity is the largest religion in Nigeria, with

approximately 50% of the population identifying as Christian. Islam also has a long history in
Nigeria, dating back to the 11th century when Arab traders first brought Islam to the region.

However, it was not until the 19th century that Islam began to spread rapidly throughout the

country. The Sokoto Caliphate, which was founded in 1804, played a major role in the spread of

Islam in northern Nigeria, and many people in this region today identify as Muslim. Today, Islam

is the second-largest religion in Nigeria, with approximately 45% of the population identifying as

Muslim.

Religious affiliation in Nigeria has often been a source of conflict and tension, particularly

between Christians and Muslims. In the 1990s and early 2000s, Nigeria experienced a series of

religious conflicts, particularly in the northern states, that were fueled by political and economic

grievances as well as religious differences. Today, religious tensions continue to simmer in some

parts of the country, although efforts are being made by religious leaders and civil society groups

to promote dialogue and reconciliation between different religious communities.

In recent years, Nigeria has also seen the emergence of new religious movements, such as the

African Independent Churches and Pentecostalism, which have challenged the dominance of

traditional Christian and Islamic institutions. These movements have attracted large followings

and have had a significant impact on the religious landscape of the country. Overall, religious

affiliation in Nigeria is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that reflects the country's rich

cultural heritage and diverse social, political, and economic realities.

Religious affiliation in Nigeria has also been influenced by colonialism, which brought new

religions and religious practices to the country. Under British colonial rule, Christian

missionaries were given significant support to spread their religion, leading to a rapid expansion

of Christianity in many parts of Nigeria. The introduction of Western education and new
economic opportunities also contributed to the spread of Christianity, as many Nigerians saw

conversion to Christianity as a path to social mobility and upward mobility.

Islam, on the other hand, was initially seen as a threat to British colonial rule, as it was

associated with resistance to European imperialism. However, British colonial authorities

eventually recognized the importance of Islam in the northern regions of Nigeria and began to

support Islamic education and institutions. This helped to reinforce the role of Islam as a

dominant religion in northern Nigeria.

Today, religious affiliation in Nigeria continues to be influenced by a range of factors, including

regional and ethnic identities, economic opportunities, and political dynamics. In many parts of

the country, religion is deeply intertwined with social and political institutions, and religious

leaders often wield significant influence over their followers. Despite the challenges and tensions

associated with religious affiliation in Nigeria, many Nigerians also see religion as a source of

hope, community, and social support. Religious institutions play a key role in providing social

services, such as education and healthcare, and also offer a space for Nigerians to come together

and celebrate their shared values and beliefs.

Overall, religious affiliation in Nigeria is a complex and dynamic phenomenon that reflects the

country's diverse cultural, historical, and social realities. As Nigeria continues to grow and

evolve, religious affiliation will likely remain a central aspect of Nigerian identity and culture.

2.1.2 Religious affiliation and political choice

Religious affiliation and political choice are two closely related concepts that are often

intertwined in many societies, including Nigeria. Religious affiliation refers to an individual's

identification with a particular religious group, while political choice refers to an individual's
preference for a particular political party or candidate. In many societies, religion and politics are

closely intertwined, and individuals' religious beliefs often shape their political views and

choices. In Nigeria, religion has played a significant role in shaping political identities and

allegiances, with many Nigerians identifying strongly with their religious communities and

affiliations.

For example, in Nigeria, the Christian community has historically been associated with the

southern regions of the country, while the Muslim community has been associated with the

northern regions. These regional differences have often been reflected in political affiliations,

with many Christian aligning with southern-based political parties, while many Muslims align

with northern-based political parties.

Religious affiliation can also influence an individual's political views and priorities. For example,

Christians in Nigeria have often been associated with pro-democracy and human rights

movements, while Muslims have been associated with conservative social and political values.

In some cases, religious leaders may also play an active role in shaping political choices and

influencing elections. Religious leaders often have significant influence over their followers, and

their endorsements of political candidates can sway large numbers of voters.

However, the relationship between religion and politics in Nigeria is not always straightforward,

and there have been instances where religious differences have been exploited for political gain.

In some cases, politicians have used religious rhetoric to divide voters and mobilize support for

their campaigns.

Despite these challenges, religious affiliation remains a significant factor in shaping political

choices and identities in Nigeria. As the country continues to evolve and grapple with political
and social challenges, it is likely that religion will continue to play a significant role in shaping

the country's political landscape.

In Nigeria, religion and politics are deeply intertwined, and religious affiliation often plays a

significant role in shaping political choice. Nigeria is a multi-religious country with Islam and

Christianity being the dominant religions. Islam is predominant in the northern part of the

country, while Christianity is more widespread in the southern part of the country. However,

there are also other religions such as traditional African religions, Hinduism, and Buddhism,

which are practiced by a minority of the population.

Religious affiliation in Nigeria is often closely linked to ethnic identity and cultural traditions.

For example, in the predominantly Muslim north, there are various ethnic groups such as Hausa,

Fulani, and Kanuri, who are largely Muslim, while in the predominantly Christian south, there

are various ethnic groups such as Yoruba, Igbo, and Ijaw, who are largely Christian. This means

that religious affiliation and ethnic identity are often closely linked, and both play a significant

role in shaping political choice.

In Nigeria, political choice is often shaped by a variety of factors, including religious affiliation,

ethnic identity, socio-economic status, and personal experiences. Many Nigerians view politics

through the lens of their religious beliefs, with some individuals prioritizing their religious

beliefs over their political beliefs. For example, many Christians in Nigeria often prioritize issues

such as religious freedom, protection of human rights, and the promotion of family values.

Conversely, many Muslims in Nigeria often prioritize issues such as the protection of Islamic

values, the promotion of Sharia law, and the fight against corruption.

Religious affiliation also plays a significant role in political party affiliation in Nigeria. For

example, the All-Progressives Congress (APC), which is currently in power, is perceived as

being more supportive of Muslims, while the opposition People's Democratic Party (PDP) is

perceived as being more supportive of Christians. This has led to accusations of religious bias

and discrimination in the political sphere.

In recent years, there has been growing concern about the role of religion in Nigerian politics,

particularly in relation to violent extremism and interreligious conflict. Nigeria has experienced

numerous instances of religious violence, including clashes between Muslims and Christians,

and attacks by extremist groups such as Boko Haram. These conflicts have often been fueled by

political and economic factors, as well as religious and ethnic differences.

In conclusion, religious affiliation and political choice are deeply intertwined in Nigeria, and

both play a significant role in shaping individual and collective identities. The complex

relationship between religion and politics in Nigeria is shaped by a variety of factors, including

ethnic identity, cultural traditions, socio-economic status, and personal experiences. While

religion can be a source of strength and unity, it can also be a source of conflict and division if

not managed carefully.

To address the challenges of religious affiliation and political choice in Nigeria, there have been

various efforts to promote interreligious dialogue, tolerance, and cooperation. Many religious

leaders have played an important role in promoting peace and reconciliation, encouraging their

followers to embrace diversity and reject violence. There have also been initiatives to promote

youth empowerment, education, and employment, which can help to address some of the

underlying causes of interreligious conflict.

The Nigerian government has also taken steps to address the challenges of religious affiliation

and political choice. For example, the government has introduced laws and policies to promote

religious freedom, protect minority rights, and combat extremism. However, the implementation
of these measures has been uneven, and there is still much work to be done to ensure that all

Nigerians are able to exercise their rights and freedoms without fear of discrimination or

violence.

In addition, there is a need for more inclusive and participatory governance structures that can

accommodate the diverse needs and interests of all Nigerians, regardless of their religious

affiliation or political choice. This requires a commitment to transparency, accountability, and

respect for the rule of law, as well as a willingness to engage in meaningful dialogue and

consultation with all stakeholders.

Overall, religious affiliation and political choice are complex and interrelated concepts in

Nigeria, and there is a need for continued efforts to promote interreligious dialogue, tolerance,

and cooperation, as well as more inclusive and participatory governance structures that can

accommodate the diverse needs and interests of all Nigerians. By addressing these challenges,

Nigeria can build a more peaceful, prosperous, and democratic society that reflects the values

and aspirations of all its citizens.

2.1.3 Manifestations of Religion in Nigerian Politics

Religion has been a potent factor in Nigerian politics, thereby threatening her secularity. Religion

manifests in various aspects of life in Nigeria, however, what is interesting is that caution has

always been taken not to use religion to cause problem. This is done by making sure that no

religion is overly preferred or neglected. For example, at public gatherings such as political

rallies and national gatherings, it is either prayers are not offered at all or they are offered by

leaders or functionaries of the recognized religious. In this case, if the opening prayer was said
by a Muslim, a Christian will say the closing prayer, and vice versa. This is a way of preventing

conflict, which may snowball into violence.

Another way of understanding the erosion of secularity in Nigeria is the establishment of the

Pilgrim Welfare Boards by Nigerian governments. The implication of this is that government

now has serious influence on pilgrimage and a great deal of public fund is expended yearly to

run the Board. Moreover, the government, at different levels, has sponsored pilgrims to

Jerusalem and Mecca, which has made the exercise to be an appendage political activity.

According to Onwubiko (2010) the two dominant religious organizations viz: Christian religion

and Moslem religion have held both the federal and state governments on the jugular veins to be

committing unimaginable amount of scarce public funds to sponsoring their adherents to the

yearly pilgrimages abroad.

Also, the building of the central Mosque and Christian Center in Abuja was supported by the

government, while in various Government Houses, there are either a Chapel or a Mosque or

both, depending on the prevailing religious situations in the states concerned. These structures

are maintained by public funds. This shows that there is indeed a budding politico-religious

culture in Nigerian politics. The country, though officially and problematically secular, now

features religious rituals in public offices, institutions and functionaries. Churches, mosques,

Chapels, priests, Emirs, prayers, etc compete with one another in government houses, institutions

and functions.

After conducting elections in Nigeria, during swearing in ceremonies, the oath of office is

administered on whoever is elected or declared as such. The main thrust of the oath is the

promise to act faithfully and in accordance with the constitution of the Federal Republic of

Nigeria. In doing this, the help of God is solicited. Though religious leaders are not given
specific roles to play when the oath is being administered, the mention of God’s name, coupled

with the holding of scripture or any religious object, is enough to establish the invocation of the

divine.

Unarguably, Nigerians do manipulate religion for their selfish ends in ensuring electoral victory.

Ironically, this does not guarantee good governance. The recent happenings in the country,

especially the Boko Haram attack, herdsmen crisis and recurring ethno-religious violence in

Northern Nigeria, among others, suggest the strong influence of religion in Nigeria.

2.1.4 Implications of Religious Influences on Nigerian Politics for National Development

The influence of religion on Nigerian politics has both positive and negative implications. The

implications can be considered as follows.

2.1.4.1 Positive Implications

The positive influence of religion on politics enhances national development. In this sense one

expects religious ethical values to manifest at every point of influence. This means that religious

people have a duty to abide by the ethical teachings, inherent in their religions and such, will

provide good leadership and obedient followership. Religion provides mankind with moral

values by which to live. According to Nnadi (2004), religion is often used to subvert political

needs and aspirations of the ruling class. Religion if positively used promote the political life of

any society. Every religion, whether Christianity, Islam, African Traditional Religion, etc, has

moral values which regulate and harmonize human life.

No religion condones immorality. Highlighting the function of religion as a provider of moral

values, Mbiti in Nmah (2004) says, “It is religion which tells what is right, and what is wrong…

religion enriches people’s morale for the welfare of the individual and society at large” (p. 177).
Adherence to religious ethical values is imperative for all religious practitioners. Interestingly,

Nigerians are one of the most religious people in the world. Therefore, as posted by Omoregbe

(1998) there is a need to live a moral life because it is commanded by God. Failure to do this will

be counterproductive in the matter of national development.

Religion, being an agent of social control, helps to keep with the norm, of the society, which is

the real basis of politics. As affirmed by Adeye (1988) Religion breeds an ideal heart in man to

be conscious of the need to have a clean heart. By this, he will grow to have a philanthropic or

patriotic thought before venturing to lead or represent his people in government of the state. In

another words, religion will prepare the mind of man to be a good politician who will constantly

fall back upon his religion to guide him. The teaching or threats of religion are expected to guide

him to be able to lead his people aright as a politician with fear of God in him. He will never

consider himself first, rather he knows that he is the servant of the electorates.

Another expected, positive input of religion in politics is adherence to the oath of office. In this

case, political leaders, having invoked God when the oath is being administered, will rule with

the fear of God. We must be cognizant of the fact that every content of the oath is a guarantee for

good governance, if imbibed. In practice, the positive implication is hypothetical as religious

moral values have not impacted governance in Nigeria since independence. Whereas, none of the

rulers, past or present, has claimed or claim not to be religious. What has been experienced is the

manipulation of religion, the effects of which, on national development, are discussed as follows.

2.1.4.2 Negative Implications

The influence of religion on politics has, at various times, threatened the corporate existence of

Nigeria. For example, the issue of the Sharia Court of Appeal almost brought the Constituent

Assembly to an abrupt end in 1978, given the walk out that was staged by some Muslim
members and the antagonism of non-Muslims. This wouldn’t have arisen if the secular/pluralistic

nature of the country had been respected. Religious crises have further worsened inter-ethnic

animosity. The Kaduna and Jos ethno-religious crises displaced many people who had settled in

the northern part of the country for many years as it became necessary for them to relocate.

Many people in the south do not see reason why taxes collected on businesses, prohibited by the

Sharia law, should be used to develop states that operate it. Still, on the economy, one may not be

wrong to conclude that public money expended on religious matters, such as pilgrimage

activities, places of worship in government houses, and other public places, could have helped

the ailing economy. This is why Familusi (2010) says, “Any government that is more concerned

about sponsoring people to Mecca or Jerusalem at the expense of pressing matter that can

enhance development, is an insincere government.

` The level of commitment of those who use religion for their selfish interest cannot be

determined. Sacrificing merit on the altar of religion cannot be beneficial. Both Christian and

Moslem politicians have failed in Nigerian politics since they cannot blend politics with religious

values. Unfortunately, religion is often used to cause confusion or woo or pacify the electorate in

Nigerian politics. Where people vote on religious sentiment, mediocre leaders are most likely to

emerge and, when this happens, growth and development will be retarded.

The negative impact of religion in Nigerian politics is increasingly manifested in the

nation. Every political process in Nigeria has religious undertone. The civil service, appointment

to important positions in the government, and the entire body politic of the nation are seriously

influenced by religious prejudice. Many Nigerians are now refusing posting or transfer to some

parts of the country because of the manner religion is being handled in Nigeria. This ugly

situation continues hampering national development in the country.

2.2 Theoretical Framework

The acceptance, discussion, analysis, and even understanding of concepts from a theoretical

point of view or orientation is a prominent component of social science studies. This study relies

on political instrumentalism theory to explain the concept under review.

2.2.1 Political Instrumentalism Theory

Political instrumentalism theory argues that religion and politics are interconnected and that

religious beliefs and institutions are used by political actors as tools to advance their political

aims and objectives. According to this theory, political elites manipulate religious ideas, symbols,

and institutions to gain support, legitimacy, and control over society.

In this perspective, religion is seen as a means to an end rather than having intrinsic value or

influence on politics. Political actors strategically use religion to promote their agendas, mobilize

followers, solidify power, and maintain social order. They may selectively interpret religious

texts and teachings to justify their policies and actions.

This theory suggests that religious groups are often co-opted by political leaders to reinforce

their authority and implement policies that suit their interests. By aligning themselves with

religious institutions or charismatic religious leaders, politicians can appeal to religious

sentiments and tap into existing religious networks to gain support.

Political instrumentalism theory also argues that politicians often instrumentalize religion to

create and exploit divisions among different religious groups or to marginalize minority religious

communities. By emphasizing religious differences and promoting sectarianism, political elites

can distract public attention from other pressing issues, consolidate their power base, or suppress

dissent.
2.2.2 The Social Identity Theory

The Social Identity Theory was proposed by Henri Tajfel and John Turner in the 1970s. The

theory posits that individuals' self-concept and behavior are influenced by their identification

with social groups. It suggests that individuals strive to maintain a positive social identity by

positively evaluating their in-group and negatively evaluating out-groups.

Social identity theory can provide a useful framework for understanding the impact of religion

on politics. This theory suggests that individuals derive a significant portion of their self-esteem

from the groups they belong to, such as their religious group. People develop a strong sense of

identity and belonging to their religious community, which can have important consequences in

the political realm.

Religious identity often plays a central role in shaping political attitudes and behaviors. For

example, individuals may align themselves with a particular political party or ideological

position based on how well it aligns with their religious beliefs and values.

Moreover, social identity theory suggests that individuals tend to display in-group favoritism,

meaning they have a preference for their own group over others. This can lead to religious

groups forming their own political coalitions or mobilizing their members to support specific

political candidates or policies. The shared sense of identity and belonging within a religious

community can create a sense of solidarity and motivate individuals to engage in collective

political action.

Additionally, social identity theory highlights the role of intergroup conflict in shaping political

dynamics. Different religious groups may hold opposing political beliefs or have conflicting

policy preferences, leading to competition or even hostility between them. These intergroup

tensions can fuel political debates or influence voting patterns.

2.2.2.1 Relevance of the Theory

In the study examining the impact of religion on politics, the Social Identity Theory can be

relevant in understanding how religious affiliation influences an individual's political attitudes

and behavior.

Formation of In-Groups and Out-Groups: The theory explains how religious identity can

create distinct in-groups (people of the same religion) and out-groups (people of different

religions or non-religious individuals). This distinction can lead to the formation of political

attitudes and preferences favoring one's religious in-group.

Group Polarization: The theory suggests that when individuals identify strongly with a

religious group, they are more likely to adopt extreme positions or perceive greater differences

between their group and others. This polarization can manifest in political settings, where

individuals may strongly align themselves with political parties or candidates based on religious

affiliations, leading to divisions and conflicts.

Social Identity and Political Mobilization: The theory indicates that individuals' identification

with a religious group can influence their political participation and mobilization. When religious

identity overlaps with political issues or policies, individuals may feel a stronger motivation to

mobilize, vote, or engage in activism to protect or promote their religious group's interests.

Intergroup Conflict: The theory also suggests that when religious identity becomes a marker of

social identity, it can fuel intergroup conflicts and hostilities in political contexts. Religious

differences can lead to the "us vs. them" mentality, intensifying rivalries, and causing political

tensions.
In summary, the Social Identity Theory helps explain how religious identity influences political

attitudes, group polarization, political mobilization, and potential conflicts in the context of the

study examining the impact of religion on politics.

2.3 Empirical Reviews

Empirical studies on impact of religion on politics in Nigeria are limited, but a few studies have

been conducted to explore this topic. In this review, this study will summarize some of the key

findings from these studies.

A study by Onodugo and Abiahu (2019) aimed to investigate the perception of voters towards

Muslim-Muslim ticket in the 2015 general elections in Nigeria. The study used a survey method

to collect data from 400 respondents who were selected through a multistage sampling technique.

The findings showed that Muslim-Muslim ticket was perceived negatively by most respondents,

with only 14.5% indicating a willingness to vote for such a ticket. The majority of respondents

cited concerns about the lack of religious balance, potential conflicts, and lack of inclusivity as

reasons for their negative perception.

Another study by Umaru and Mustapha (2018) explored the perception of Nigerian Muslims

towards Muslim political representation. The study used a survey method to collect data from

400 Muslim respondents in three northern Nigerian states. The findings showed that Muslim

respondents were generally in favor of Muslim political representation, with over 80% indicating

that they would support a Muslim candidate regardless of the candidate's political party.

However, the study also found that respondents were more likely to support Muslim candidates

who had a track record of delivering on their campaign promises and addressing the needs of

their constituents.
Umeanolue (2020) conducted a study on religious influences on politics in Nigeria: implications

for national development. This study critically discusses the influence of religion on Nigerian

politics especially in the post-independence Nigeria, with emphasis on the implications for

national development. This study recommends ways of ensuring the sustenance of the positive

influence, as well as tackling the challenges of the negative influences. In practising politics in

Nigeria, adherence to religious moral values and observance of Nigerian constitution which

makes provision for freedom of religion are necessary for achieving national development. The

study concludes that if the recommendations are practically observed, religion will cease to be an

agent of disunity and backwardness in Nigerian nation.

A study by Olumide (2018) investigated the Impacts of Religion and Politics in Developing

Nigeria Towards Integrity. The study revealed that the relationship between politics and religion

is intimate because there is always a point of convergence. Focusing on state of Nigeria as a

typical example of a religious pluralism, there are two dominant religious groups namely, Islam

and Christianity, and both impacts to breathe integrity into the society. This study used historical

method for data gathering. Secondary data were sourced from published books and effectively

used to analyses the cogent means through which both can serve as a developing tool in Nigeria

so as to generate integrity for the society. It was noted that the relationship between religion and

politics in development is likely to be complementary as long as religious beliefs and practices

promotes integrity in all spheres of life. Therefore, development and integrity is impossible

without religious values and political sanctity.

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