FORMS © The structural members of a building are built-up into its desired | shapes and dimensions through the use of form. Form -is a \ temporary boarding, sheathing or pan used to produce the desired \| shape and size of concrete. Concrete mixtures - is generally semi- | fluid that reproduce the shape of anything into which it is poured. Concrete forms shall be water tight, rigid and strong enough to sustain the weight of fresh concrete. Forms must be simple and economically designed in such a manner that are easily removed and reassembled without damage to themselves or to the concrete Scanned with CamScanner© Selections of Forms are based on: © 1.Cost of the materials © 2. Construction and assembling cost ™ 3. The number of times it could be used © 4, Strength and resistance to pressure and tear and wear Scanned with CamScanner= A.As to Materials © Classification of Forms: ™ a. Wood = b. Metal © c. Plastic d. Composite Scanned with CamScanner© c. Steps © d. Beam and Girders = e. Slab = f. Sidewalk = F. Construction of Forms consists of: © a. Retaining board © b. Supporters or studs © c. Braces = d. Spacer © e. Tie wire = f. Bolts and nails Scanned with CamScanner= c, Steps d. Beam and Girders e. Slab f. Sidewalk F. Construction of Forms consists of: a. Retaining board b. Supporters or studs ¢. Braces d. Spacer e. Tie wire f. Bolts and nails Scanned with CamScanner= G.Types of Post and Wall form: = a. Continuous = b. Full unit ™ c. Layer unit = i. Continuous ii. Section Scanned with CamScanner© Greasing of Forms ® Forms are constantly greased before its use. The purpose of greasing the form is to make the wood waterproof preventing the absorption of water in the concrete which causes swelling and warping. Greasing of forms also prevent the adherence of concrete into the pores of the wood ™ crude oil is the most economical and satisfactory materials for this purpose. The crude oil is mixed with No, 40 motor oil toa proportion of 1:3 mixtures or with varying viscosity depending upon the temperature condition. A thicker mixture is recommended on warm weather condition. However, greasing forms should not be allowed after the steel bars have been set to its position. Metal forms also need oil application to prevent rust formation Scanned with CamScanner™ S-2 PLYWOOD AS CONSTRUCTION FORM © Plywood is a versatile construction material used as wall partitions, cabinets, and furniture. It is also utilized in boat building as well as forms for reinforced concrete constructions. Plywood is manufactured in various thickness ranging from 4, 6, 12, 20 and 25 mm with a standard commercial sizes of 0.90 x 1.80 and 1.20 x 2.40 meters. © Plywood as form has the following Advantages. ® 1.1 is economical in terms of labor cost © 2.\tis lightweight and hand ™ 3.1t has smooth surface which may not require plastering ® 4.Less consumption of nails © 5.£ase of assembling and disassembling ™ 6.Available Scanned with CamScannerQUALITIES OF FORMWORK * It should be water tight * It should be strong * It can be reusable * Its contact surface should be uniform Scanned with CamScannerTYPES OF FORMWORK * Formwork are mainly of two types + Steel formwork + Wooden formwork * Steel formwork is made of * steel sheets * Angle Iron * Tee Iron »* Wooden formwork consists of + Props + Planks battens Ledgers sheeting Scanned with CamScannerFORMWORK DETAIL FOR DIFFERENT STRUCTURAL MEMBERS * In concrete construction formwork is commonly provided for the following structural members. * Foundations * Wall * Column * Slabs & beams * Stairs Scanned with CamScannerFORMWORK FOR FOUNDATIONS * Column Formmerk for Foundations * It consists of * Side Supports * Side Planks Cleats stoning Side Celame Scanned with CamScannerFORMWORK FOR WALL 2 Vertical Posts « It consists of + Timber sheeting + vertical posts + Horizontal members + Rockers * Stakes * Wedges « after completing one side of / formwork reinforcement is provided at the place then the ‘ second side \ formwork is \ provided. Scanned with CamScannerFORMWORKFORCOLUMN * It consists of the following + Side & End Planks *Yoke + Nut & Bolts * Two end & two side planks are joined by the yokes and bolts. EF) Scanned with CamScanner= 5-3 FORMS FOR SQUARE AND RECTANGULAR COLUMN © In determining the materials for square and rectangular column forms, one has to consider the following: ™ 1The thickness of the board to be used. © 2.The size of the frame. ™ 3.Types of framework to be adopted. ® a. Continuous rib type = b, Stud type Scanned with CamScannerCONTINUOUS RIB TYPE S1UO TYPE FIGURE 6-1 TYPES OF FoRM Scanned with CamScanner™ Formula in Finding the Materials for Square and Rectangular Column Formsi) 1) P=2 (a+b)+.20 ™ Where: P = lateral perimeter of the column ; a = shorter side of the column; b = the longer side of the column; .20 = constant value for the lapping of form joints ™ 2) Multiply P by the height of one column times the number of columns to get the total area of the forms. ™ 3) Divide the total area found by 2.88 to get the number of plywood forms, © 4) Multiply the number of plywood found by 29.67 to get the board foot of frame require Scanned with CamScanner= Formula in Finding the Materials for Square and Rectangular Column Forms1) 1) P=2 (a+b)+.20 = Where: P = lateral perimeter of the column ; a = shorter side of the column; b = the longer side of the column; .20 = constant value for the lapping of form joints ™ 2) Multiply P by the height of one column times the number of columns to get the total area of the forms. © 3) Divide the total area found by 2.88 to get the number of plywood forms. © 4) Multiply the number of plywood found by 29.67 to get the board | foot of frame require a | | | | Scanned with CamScannerae LUSTRATION 5-1 posts at 4.00 meters high with a uniform cross sections aps 20. “2 ELEVATION OF Conus FIGURE 62 PLYWOOD FORM ON XZ FRAME \\ Scanned with CamScannersowwmion A. Solving for the Plywood Form 1. Find the Lateral perimeter of one column using the formula | Paz (a+b)+ 20 P=2 (30+ 30)+ 20 Poisom 2. Multiply Pby the column height and the lumber of columns to find the total area of the forms Ae 00x 6 columns 40% ‘Ae 33.6 square meters 7 $, trey 148 ke esc pyc Term gne bes yee tamu 336 / No.of plywood: 226 « 11.7 say t2pteces / commen 1" tmber ib ed, tne milage 50 boo 2 titel Berroa asta wel based lore th spi afc ce waldo lea reaing tn gard aot by 2040 30% 29.67 boardfoct On the other hand, foot Scanned with CamScannerSOLUTION ‘A. Solving forthe Plywood Form 1, Find the fateral perimeter of one column using the formula 2 (a+ b)+.20 2 (30+.30)+.20 P=140m 2. Multiply P by the column height and the lumber of columns to find the total area of the forms. Area = 1.40 x 4,00x 6 columns ‘As 33.6 square meters 3. Divide this area by 2.88, the area of one plywood form to get the number of plywood required. 33.6 No.of Plywood: $78 = 11.7 say 12 pleces Comment 1, Take note, if 2°x2" wood frame will be used, the multiplier is 29.67 board foot. On the other hand, if 2°x3" lumber will be used, the multiplier is 44 $0 board foot. 2. If thicker plywood board will be used as form, the spacing of the frame could be increased reducing its board foot by 20% to 30%. Scanned with CamScanner= In most cases there For the 2"x2" lumber frame = 4 meter x 3.28 ft./m = 13.12 ft. commercial length is 14° © For each column 8 pieces are needed. For 6 columns, needed will be 48 pes. 2” x 4" x 14’ lumber. be cross frame to connect the vertical. Needed will 4 pcs 2"x2"x 1' at the top and at the bottom. Needed per column are 8 pcs 2"x2"x1". This size is not commercially available. So for 1 column needed | pes. 2"x2"x8". = For the 6 columns needed wood frame will be: = 48 pcs. 2"x2"x14' and 6 pcs. 2"x2"x8" Scanned with CamScannermuusrranion 5-1 Six concrete posts at 4.00 meters high with a ueiform cross sectional dimensions of 30 x.30 m specity the use of 6 mn (1/4) matine plywood oa a 2°x2" wood frame. List down the materials required Using a continuous rb type forms. 30 “9 ELEVATION OF FoRUS. FIGURE 6-2 PLYWOOD FORM ON2 x2 FRAME Scanned with CamScanner5-4 FORMS FOR CIRCULAR COLUMN The plain galvanized iron sheet and black sheets are commonly used as sheeting for circular, oval, elliptical and other similar types considering its versatility in forming any shape of geometrical design. Metal sheet form is supported by metal frame of either plain bars, angular, tee or circular in cross section or whatever specified in the plan. Estimating Procedures: 1. Find the circumferential area of the circular column using the formula C= 3.1416 x diameter x height x No.of columns 2. Divide the area found by the effective area covering of one metal sheet. 3. Count the number of ribs or supports classified as to their kind and length then convert to commercial size of steel bars. : 4, In estimating materials for any particular work, a detailed plan js imperative. Without a detailed plan, expect a half hazard result even from your brightest estimator. Scanned with CamScannerMLUSTRATION $-3 From Figure S~4, Determine the required metal black sheet form for 8 circular columns 4.00 meters high each with a uniferm cross-sectional diameter of 60 centimeters. Scanned with CamScannersoLuTiON 1. Solve for the circumference of the one column. € 53,1416 x,60m = 1.88 meters 2. Multiply by column height to find the surface area. Area: 1.8.x 4.00 = 3. Find the area of the 8 columns, multiply: 52s. Total Surface Area:7.82 x= 60.16 sq.m 4. Find the Number of Sheet cequired. Refer to Table 5-2. Using 9 1.20% 2,40m_ No.of sheet:60.16x.347 = 21 pleces lack sheet, multiply: 5. Find the number of Vertical Support (ribs) at 1Sem spacing distance, Refer again to Table 5-2. Multiply Vert. Support:60.16 x25 = 1,505 meters Scanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScanner\ 5-5 FORMS FOR BEAM AND GIRGER Form for beam and girder are made of only three parts; one bottom form and two side forms. ‘They are made of either metal or plywood materials supported by galvanized pipe staging oF wooden umber varying sizes from 2” 12° to 2” x 3° frames. When coconut lumber is used, a bigger site from 2; 33" to 2" x4 are used. Wooden farms ate rigidly supported with sufficient vertical and diagonal bracing to carry the heavy load of concrete weighing approximately 65 kilograms per cubic foot. The ease of dismantling is the primary consideration in the assembling of forms. The freedom from pain and difficulty in removing the form depends on how it was fastened, Formulain Finding the Materials for Beam and Girder Forms 1) P=2 (a+b)+.10 Where; P = Perimeter of two sides form a= the two side forms b= the bottom form 10 = constant value for the lapping of form 2) Multiply P by the length and number of beams fo get the total area of the forms 3) Divide the total area found by 2.88 to get the number of plywood forms, 4) Multiply the number of plywood (ound by 22 get the board foot of frame required. Scanned with CamScannerILLUSTRATION 5-4 Ten concrete beams with cross sectional dimensions of .30 by .60 meter has a uniform clear span of 4.50 meters. Using %” 4’ x 8” plywood form on 2” x 2” lumber frame. List down the materials required. Scanned with CamScannerFORMWORK FOR SLABS & BEAMS * It consists of * Sole plates + Wedges * Props + Head tree * Pianks * Batten + Ledgers * Beam formwork rests on head tree » Slab form work rests on battens and joists * If prop height are more than 8' provide horizontal braces. Form Work for concrete Beams & Slabs Scanned with CamScannerLINTEL OR BEAM FORMWORK Scanned with CamScannerFORMWORK FOR STAIRS * It consists of + Vertical & inclined posts + Inclined members + Wooden Planks or sheeting + Stringer * Riser Planks Scanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerREMOVAL OF FORMWORK Time of formwork removal depends on the following factors 2. Type of Cement * Rapid hardening cements require lesser time as compared to OPC (Ordinary Portland Cement) 3. * Rich ratio concrete gain strength earlier as compared to weak ratio concrete. 4. Weather condition 1. Hydration process accelerates in hot weather conditions as compared to cold and humid weather conditions. : Scanned with CamScanner> TIME OF REMOVAL OF FORMWORK (sr. OPC Rapid j No (Ordinary Portland | Hardening | Structural Member Comment) Cavient 4 | Beam sides, walls & Columns 2-3 Days 2 Days 2 _| Slab wverticat Supports remains intact) 4 Days 3 Days 3 _| Slab (complete Formwork removal) 10 Days 5 Days 4, [Beams (Removatot sheeting. Props 8 Days 5 Days femains intact) 5 _| Beams & Arches (compiete 14 Days 5-8 Days Aomori removal (up 96 m 8999) ec 6 | Beams & Arches (complete 21 Days | 8-10 Days former removal) ore than 6 m span) Scanned with CamScannerM * Due to continuous use wooden planks & steel plates surfaces become uneven and require maintenance. * For wooden formwork use cardboard or plastic fiber / board. Bolt hole places must also be repaired. ® For steel formwork plates must be leveled by mallet and loose corners must be welded. Scanned with CamScannerCOST OF FORMWORK x x x For normal works cost of formwork is about 30%-40% of the concrete cost. For special works cost of formwork is about 50%-60% of the concrete cost. Formwork cost is controlled by the following factors + Formwork Material cost + Formwork erecting cost + Formwork removal cost, * Formwork jointing cost (Nails and Cables) + Labor charges. Scanned with CamScannerADVANTAGES OF STEEL FORM WORK * It can be used for a no. of times. * It is non absorbent. * Smooth finish surface obtained. * No shrinkage of formwork occurs. * Easy to use. * Its volume is less * Its strength is more. Scanned with CamScannerve OC aaa Pend Scanned with CamScannerTYPES OF SCAFFOLDING x Following are the types of scaffolds 2 Single Scaffolds 2 Double Scaffolds 2. Ladder Scaffoids Cantilever Scaffoids Suspended Scaffolds Steel or Tubular Scaffolds Scanned with CamScannerSINGLE SCAFFOLDS BOARDS (PLATE FORM) Vt po stanoaee * It consists of cos * Standards (v posts) wat) | (40 cm) oft + Putlogs (7.5 x 7.5) + Ledgers ( 42m + Wooden boards. + Braces Used for ordinary buildings -. LEDGERS F-araces “yipeeet __», Single Scaffolding, Scanned with CamScannerIt consists of LADDER SCAFFOLDS Ladder Scaffolding ‘STANDERDS / sy Brackets Wall Scanned with CamScannerCANTILEVER SCAFFOLDS * It consists of + Cantilever + Struts + Standards Putlogs Plate forms « It is used above ground level Cantilever Scaffstsing. Scanned with CamScannerSUSPENDED SCAFFOLDS * It consists of + Ropes + Working platforms Ropes can be raised Manually or mechanically Used for light construction and finishing works of multistory buildings. Scanned with CamScannerSTEEL OR TUBULAR SCAFFOLDS x It consists of + Steel tubes (1-1/2” - 2-1/2” diameter) + Coupler or Clamps (to hold pipes in different positions) + Prop nuts (to hold single pipes) + Bolts, Nuts & washers + Wedge & Clip Scanned with CamScannerEL] eS 1.20 M. high ive FIGURE 6-9 STEEL PIPE SCAFFOLDINGS Scanned with CamScanner=> SCAFFOLD PIPES Scanned with CamScanner—_ COUPLER OR CLAMPS Scanned with CamScannerSCAFFOLD FITTINGS % Double Coupler + Itjoins ledgers and standards. * Swivel Coupler + Composed of two single couplers and used to join two scaftolds at any angle, * Putlog Coupler * Used to join putlogs with transom * Base Plate * Used at the base of the standards. * Split joint Pin * IVs a connection fitting used to join scatfold tubes. * Reveal Pin * Itfitin to the end of a tube to form an adjustable strut ® Putlog end j * A flat plate used at the end of a scaffold to convert it in to a putlog. Scanned with CamScannerScanned with CamScannerSCAFFOLD FITTINGS Scanned with CamScannerAcne ctv of a ee oun Rename ete em cL ‘Aajntmart of ment of ‘ocd bearers / fost Aapustment up 19 23 em, AQJUS TAGLE GASE JACK ADJUSTADLE UHEAD FIGURE 6.10 oT ansustaoLe nee Seen pro Scanned with CamScannerPROP NUTS, CLAMP AND FASTENERS S&S A2S oN THEI Scanned with CamScannero > s6scarrouins ano stacing Scaffolding -is a temporary structure of wooden poles and planks providing platform for workers to stand ‘on while erecting or repairing of building. it is further defined as a temporary framework for other Purposes. Staging - on the other hand is a more substantial framework progressively bullt up as tall building rises up. The term staging is applied because itis built up in stages one story at atime. / Construction records revealed that numerous accidents in construction happened because of neglect and faulty construction method such as insufficient supports, hangers and braces. One example of tragic incident happened in the construction of the Film Palace in Metro Manila where several lives including the Supervising Engineer where butied alive in. cement and rubbles when the forms and staging swayed and rammed down in total collapse. Scanned with CamScanner© Staging is not simple as others may think of it. It requires special skill and experienced men to do the work. Incidentally, the primary causes of accidents and failure of the framework is the use of inferior quality lumber, inadequate supports and braces, nails and others for economy or negligence. Definitely, poor quality lumber has no place in horizontal members of scaffolding work if the builder is aware of the value of life and property involved in building construction. Lumber intended for temporary structure to support heavy load such as concrete should be selected from straight grain of wood free from shakes or knots and other defects. Coconut lumber was extensively used due to the scarcity of wood plus the prohibitive price of lumber Scanned with CamScannerThe use of metal pipe scaffolding and staging is now dominating the market of construction industry considering its durability, multiple use and ease of assembling and dismantling. The different parts of scaffolding to consider are: 1Nertical support 2.Base of vertical support (as needed) 3.Horizontal member 4.Diagonal braces 5.Block and wedges 6.Nails and bolt Scanned with CamScanner' Cost - Is the primary consideration in selecting the kind of materials to be used as form, Cost of form refers to: LLinitial cost of materials 2.Assempbling cost 3:The number of times it could be used 4,Ourability to resist pressure, and tear and wear, The common materials used as forms for all types of construction during the 1950 and 1960decades was the T&G lumber costing only at about 15 centavos per board foot, That was the time when lumber was so abundant and no one ‘ever think that this natural resources of our country will vanish s0 soon because of man’s insatiable greed for money. Scanned with CamScanner® Today, the formerly Philippines number one exporting lumbe: the world is importing lumber from the neighboring countries in Asia for its domestic used. Under the present condition where the price of wood is highly prohibitive like gold, using lumber as form is very costly undertaking unless its use is extremely necessary. The common materials now being used as form is either plywood, synthetic board or metal sheet. The use of plastic as form is the next alternative after wood and metal considering its weight, durability and recycling properties. However, the problem to be encountered is the cost of fabrication. Ordering the desired size and form in few quantities might turn out to be more expensive than the plywood and metal sheet which could be fabricated aa Scanned with CamScanner© 5-7 ESTIMATING SCAFFOLDING AND STAGING ™ Estimating the materials for scaffolding and staging requires = time = and = wider imagination ™ considering the different parts of the structure involved such as: the vertical and horizontal supports, the diagonal braces plus the blocks and wedges which are not shown on a detailed plan of the building. The common practice of most estimators is to make an. estimate of this item by either by quantity of the materials or by lump sum amount in the bill of materials and cost estimate Scanned with CamScanner= 5-7 ESTIMATING SCAFFOLDING AND STAGING = Estimating the materials for scaffolding and staging requires = time = and = wider imagination © considering the different parts of the structure involved such as: the vertical and horizontal supports, the diagonal braces plus the blocks and wedges which are not shown on a detailed plan of the building. The common practice of most estimators is to make an estimate of this item by either by quantity of the materials or by lump sum amount in the bill of materials and cost estimate Scanned with CamScanner‘TABLE 5-3 QUANTITY OF LUMBER FOR SCAFFOLDING OR STAGING | [amber | column Beam Flooring size Board Ft Per Mt. Board Ft, Per M.Ht. Gaanhe Vertical Horizontal | Brace Vertical Horizontal | Sa-M xxx Tazo 21.00 11.70 3.00 370 rary 27x3° 7.00 31.67 17.50 6.00 7.00 9.10 axa 9.35 42.25 23.35, 8.00 9.35 12.10 Scanned with CamScannerILLUSTRATION 5-6 ‘A reinforced concrete building has 9 columns with a clear height of 4.00 meters as shown on Determine the required scaffolding under the following specifications: 2” x 3” vertical support; Figure 5+ 2° x2" Horizontal and Diagonal braces. Comment: In the construction of multi-storey building, transfer of forms and scaftolding from one floor to the next is an inevitable normal operation wherein wastage of materials cannot be avoided due to tear and wear. Thus, percentage of waste varies depending upon the following factors. 1. The difference in height between floors may require adjustment of the forms and vertical support. 2. The difference in sizes of beams and girders also require adjustment of the forms. 3. The major causes of forms and scaffolding tear and wear are dismantling, transferring and re- assembling operations. Reckless use and handling of the materials includes the making of firewood and pilferanes during the period of construction. workers. Scanned with CamScanner ‘The used of inferior quality lumber contribute to the high percentage of waste and risk to theSHORING * Definition + It is the method of providing temporary support (shores) to an unsafe structure. * Types of Shoring + Horizontal shoring or flying shoring * Vertical shoring or dead shoring Inclined Shoring or flying shoring Scanned with CamScannerGP = sORIZONTAL SHORING * It consists of + Horizontal it beam or strut | + Wail plates | + Cleats + Straining beams * Used to \ support two \ adjacent \ buildings. Horizontal Shoring Scanned with CamScannerSINGLE FLYING SHORING Topical single flying shore Scanned with CamScannerVERTICAL SHORING * It consists of + Dead shores + Sole plates + Needles * Props * Used for rebuilding of walls. Scanned with CamScannerConcrete Form Design ® Structural design for concrete forms must have adequate strength to resist failure and will not deflect excessively when the forms are filled. ® Design loads ® Wall and column forms: The lateral pressure of concrete against the form has been found to be a function of the unit weight of concrete, cement type or blend, temperature of the concrete, vertical rate of placing and height of form. (Formulas are In the book) ® Floor ad roof slab forms: Load consists of the weight of concrete and reinforcement, weight of the form themselves and any live loads such as equipment and workers. Scanned with CamScanner