NEEV

Class -9th ONE SHOT

CELL: THE STRUCTURAL AND

The Fundamental Unit of
FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF LIFE
Life
Lecture No. - 01

By- Upasana Ma'am

 Topic 7
Topic 1 Multiple
Cells – Shape choice
and Size Topic 3 Topic 5 questions
Classification Transportation (MCQs)
of cell in cell (Osmosis
& diffusion)

Topic 2 Topic 6
Topic 4
Discovery of cell Cell organelles &
Cell membrane
functions
and its function
 What is a CELL?
• The cell is the fundamental structural and functional unit of all
living beings.

• It is the smallest part of the body of an organism which is

capable of independent existence and of performing the
essential functions of life.

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 What is a CELL?
• Every organ in our body-the skin, the
brain, the muscle or even the bone-is
composed of hundreds of thousands of
such cells.

• Every part of a plant-the leaf, the flower,

the root and even the wood-is composed
of an exceedingly large number of cells.

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 Single celled
• Many small plants and animals are made up of just one single cell.
• Examples: Bacteria, yeast, amoeba, paramecium

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 Few-celled
• Some very small plants and animals are
made up of a relatively fewer number of
cells just a few hundred or a few
thousand cells.
• Examples : Spirogyra, Volvox

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 Multi-celled
• Most plants and animals are made up of millions and billions of cells.
• Examples: Human beings, Mango trees.

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 Cells - how small?
• Smallest cells are the bacteria (0.3-5.0 micrometre), red blood cells
(about 7 micrometre) in the human body.

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 Structure of Cell
• Longest Cells are the nerve cells.

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 Cells-Shape and Size?
• Nerve cells are long to conduct "impulses" from distant parts of the
body to the brain and vice-versa.

• Muscle cells are long and contractile to pull or squeeze the parts.

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 Cells-Shape and Size?
• Guard cells of stomatal pore in the leaves are bean-shaped to
open and close the pore.

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Completed
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 Topic 7
Topic 1 Multiple
Cells – Shape choice
and Size Topic 3 Topic 5 questions
Classification Transportation (MCQs)
of cell in cell (Osmosis
& diffusion)

Topic 2 Topic 6
Topic 4
Discovery of cell Cell organelles &
Cell membrane
functions
and its function
 Discovery of cell
• The first microscope was constructed by Dutch scientist
Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723).

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 Discovery of cell
• Robert Hooke (1635-1703), developed a microscope by using two
lenses for achieving greater magnification.

• Hooke examined a thin slice of cork under his microscope and

observed that it was made of tiny "box-like" compartments piled up
together.

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 Cell Theory
• In 1838, Mathias Schleiden, a German Botanist, announced that
every plant is made up of a large number of cells.

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 Cell Theory
• Theodor Schwann, made similar discoveries in animals.

• “All animals and plants are composed of cells, which serve as

the units of structure and function”

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 Cell Theory
• Rudolf Virchow in 1858 made an addition to the cell theory by
saying that all cells arise from pre-existing cells.

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Completed
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 Topic 7
Topic 1 Multiple
Cells – Shape choice
and Size Topic 3 Topic 5 questions
Classification Transportation (MCQs)
of cell in cell (Osmosis
& diffusion)

Topic 2 Topic 6
Topic 4
Discovery of cell Cell organelles &
Cell membrane
functions
and its function
 Classification of Cells
• Based on origin and cellular structure, there are two types of cells.

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 Table - Difference between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells
S. No Features Eukaryotic cell Prokaryotic cell
(i) Size Generally large (5-100μm) Generally small (1-10μm)
Well-defined nucleus is absent.
They have well-defined
(ii) Nucleus They have nuclear material
nucleus.
called as nucleoid.
(iii) Ribosomes 70 S and 80 S type 70 S type.
Present in plant and fungal
(iv) Cell wall cells, while absent in animal It is made up of peptidoglycan.
cells.
Membrane bound cell Membrane bound cell
(v) Cell organelles
organelles are present. organelles are absent.
True chromosomes are present
Naked chromosomes that lack
(vi) Chromosomes in which histone protein is
histone protein
associated with DNA.

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Completed
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 Topic 7
Topic 1 Multiple
Cells – Shape choice
and Size Topic 3 Topic 5 questions
Classification Transportation (MCQs)
of cell in cell (Osmosis
& diffusion)

Topic 2 Topic 6
Topic 4
Discovery of cell Cell organelles &
Cell membrane
functions
and its function
 Cell membrane
• The cell membrane or plasma membrane is the outermost
membranous covering of the cell which occurs inside the cell wall.

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 Cell membrane
• Cilia, flagella, and microvilli are examples of modified plasma
membrane extensions.

• The plasma membrane is a selectively permeable membrane, which

allows some substances to pass through them more radially than
others. It also prevents the movement of some other materials.

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 Fluid Mosaic Mode
• In 1972, Singer and Nicolson proposed the fluid mosaic model. According to this
model, a cell membrane consists of two layers of phospholipid and protein
molecules, in which proteins are arranged in a mosaic pattern. It is flexible and can
be folded, broken, and reunited. There are mainly two types of proteins present in the
cell membrane; peripheral and integral proteins. Peripheral proteins are attached
superficially, while the integral proteins are embedded in the phospholipid matrix
and help in membrane transport.

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 Functions of Cell Membrane
❑ Cell communication:
• Contains receptor proteins that recognize and respond to
molecular signals.

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 Functions of Cell Membrane
❑ Exchange of materials:
• The main function of the plasma membrane is to regulate the
movement of molecules, ions, gases, nutrients, and waste molecules
through the plasma membrane.

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 Functions of Cell Membrane

❑ Physical barrier:
• Establishes a flexible boundary, protects cellular contents, and
supports cell structure. The flexibility of cell membrane also enables
the cell to engulf in food, and other material from its external
environment.

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 Cell Wall
• A plant cell, in addition to the plasma membrane is covered by
an another rigid covering called 'cell wall'. The plant cell wall is a
non-living rigid structure that primarily consists of cellulose in
plants, peptidoglycan in bacteria, and chitin in the fungal cell,
which provides structural strength to the cell. The cell wall is
absent in the animal cell.

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 Functions of Cell Wall
• It provides and maintains a definite shape of the cell.)

• It protects the cells from mechanical injury & prevents their

desiccation.)

• It provides mechanical support against gravity. It is due to rigid

cell walls that the aerial part of plants is able to stand erect &
expose their leaves to sunlight.

• Cell wall prevents over expansion of cell membrane when water

enters the cell.

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Completed
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 Topic 7
Topic 1 Multiple
Cells – Shape choice
and Size Topic 3 Topic 5 questions
Classification Transportation (MCQs)
of cell in cell (Osmosis
& diffusion)

Topic 2 Topic 6
Topic 4
Discovery of cell Cell organelles &
Cell membrane
functions
and its function
 Transport of Substances
• Transport of substances across the plasma membrane can vary
depending upon the requirement of cellular energy.

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 (a) Diffusion
❑ Simple diffusion:
• It is the spontaneous movement of the particle from the area of
higher concentration to the area of lower concentration without
the involvement of energy, therefore it is called passive transport.
Substances like carbon dioxide or oxygen can move across the
cell membrane by diffusion.

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 (a) Diffusion
❑ Facilitated diffusion:
• It is a type of diffusion in which material moves across a
membrane along a concentration gradient in the presence of a
specific carrier protein molecule.

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 (b) Osmosis
• Osmosis is defined as the spontaneous movement of solvent or
water molecules from the area of lower concentration (diluted
solution) to an area of higher concentration through a selectively
permeable membrane.
• It could be endosmosis or exosmosis.

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 (b) Osmosis
• Endosmosis: Endosmosis is the movement of solvent into the cell.

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 (i) Isotonic solution
• If a cell is placed in a medium that has exactly the same water
concentration as the cell, there will be no net movement of water
across the cell membrane. Such a solution is known as an isotonic
solution. The cell will stay the same size.

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 (ii) Hypotonic solution
• If a cell is placed in a medium surrounding the cell that has a
higher water concentration than the cell, i.e., the outside solution
is very dilute, and then the water enters the cell from the external
solution by endosmosis. Such a solution is known as a hypotonic
solution. In this, the cell is likely to swell up.

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 (iii) Hypertonic solution
• If a cell is placed in a medium that has a lower concentration of
water than the cell, then the water will move outside, and the cell
will lose water by exosmosis. Such a solution is known as a
hypertonic solution. In this, the cell will shrink.

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 (c) Active transport
• In this type of transport, energy is required in the form of ATP.
The movement of materials is uphill and rapid. For example,
movement of Na+ and K+ across the axon in a neuron.

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 (d) Bulk transport
• In this, large and complex molecules such as lipid droplets pass
across the membrane.

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Completed
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 Topic 7
Topic 1 Multiple
Cells – Shape choice
and Size Topic 3 Topic 5 questions
Classification Transportation (MCQs)
of cell in cell (Osmosis
& diffusion)

Topic 2 Topic 6
Topic 4
Discovery of cell Cell organelles &
Cell membrane
functions
and its function
 Nucleus
• The nucleus was discovered by Robert Brown in 1831. It is a double
membrane bound dense protoplasmic cell body that controls the
metabolism, growth and contains all the hereditary information of a
cell.

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 (i) Nuclear envelope:
• It is a double layered covering called nuclear membrane. The
outer membrane of the nucleus is a derived form of
endoplasmic reticulum.

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 (ii) Nuclear pores:

• Nuclear membrane has pores which regulate the movement of

materials in and out of the cell.

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 (iii) Nuclear matrix or Nucleoplasm:

• It is the ground substance of the nucleus, which is a complex

colloidal fluid that contains nucleotides, nucleosides, DNA, proteins
and enzymes.

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 (iv) Nucleolus
• It is the site of active ribosomal RNA synthesis.

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 (v) Chromatin:
• Chromatin net is mainly formed of DNA and histone protein
complexes.

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 Functions of Nucleus
• It controls all the metabolic activities of the cell and regulates
the cell cycle.

• It helps in transmission of hereditary characters from one

generation to the next generation.

• Division of nucleus is prerequisite to cell division.

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 Cytoplasm
• Cytoplasm is a general term used for all cellular contents
located between the plasma membrane and the nucleus. It is
the site of both anabolic and catabolic processes.

• The two primary components of the cytoplasm are:

(i) Cytosol

(ii) Organelles

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 (i) Cytosol
• The cytosol is also called the intracellular fluid (ICF) or cytoplasmic
matrix.

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 (ii) Organelles
• Cell organelles mean little organs, which are complex, organized
structures within a cell. Cell organelles have unique characteristic
shapes and functions.

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 Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R.)
• It is a large network of membrane-bound tubular structures
(tubes and sheets) scattered in the cytoplasm.

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 Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R.)

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 Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R.)

• It looks like long tubules or round or along bags

(vesicles).

• These are present in all cells except prokaryotes and

mammalian erythrocytes. It consists of cisternae,
vesicles and tubes.

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 Types of endoplasmic reticulum
(i) Rough Endoplasmic reticulum (RER):
• These appear rough under a microscope because of the presence
of large number of ribosomes over their cytoplasmic surface. The
ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis. Thus, RER is engaged
in the synthesis and transport of proteins.

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 Types of endoplasmic reticulum
(ii) Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER):
• It consists of tubules and vesicles. It is free of ribosomes. The SER
helps in the synthesis of fat or lipid molecules.

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 Functions of Endoplasmic reticulum
❑ Mechanical support:
• The ER acts as a supporting material to maintain the skeletal
framework of the cell.

• Transport of materials:
• The ER facilitates transport of materials (especially proteins) from
one part of the cell to another.

• Exchange of materials:
• It helps in the exchange of materials between the cytoplasm and
the nucleus.

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 Functions of Endoplasmic reticulum
• Detoxification:
• The SER brings about detoxification in the liver, i.e., it converts
harmful materials (drugs, insecticides, pollutants and poisons into
harmless substances for excretion by the cell.

• The ER forms a new nuclear membrane.

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 Golgi Apparatus
• Golgi apparatus is found in all eukaryotic cells except RBCs.
• Golgi bodies are absent in prokaryotic cells.
• Camillo Golgi (1898), a zoologist, observed Golgi bodies in the
form of a network in nerve cells of the owl.
• These organelles are also known as dictyosomes (plant Golgi
body). It is made up of four parts which includes cisternae,
tubules, vacuoles and vesicles.

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 Functions of Golgi Apparatus
• Its functions include the storage, modification and packaging of
secretory products in the vesicles.
• It produces vacuoles or secretory vesicles which contain cellular
secretions like enzymes, proteins, cellulose etc.
• It is also involved in the synthesis of cell wall, plasma membrane
and formation of lysosomes.

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 Lysosomes
• These are tiny sac-like granules filled with different types of
digestive (hydrolytic) enzymes that help in intracellular
digestion. Lysosomes are single membrane-bound vesicular
structures formed by the Golgi body.

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 Functions of Lysosomes
• It helps in intracellular digestion because they contain powerful
digestive enzymes capable of breaking down all organic material

• They help in digesting foreign materials, older cells and worn-out

cell organelles.

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 Vacuoles
• Vacuole is a membrane bound space found in the cytoplasm.
• It contains water, sap, and excretory products.
• They are small sized in animal cells while plant cells have very
large vacuoles.
• The central vacuole of some plant cells may occupy 50-90% of
the cell volume. It is bounded by a single membrane called
tonoplast.

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 Vacuoles
❑ Functions of vacuoles:
• Vacuole is the main storing organelles for solid and liquid
contents such as amino acids, sugars, various organic acids and
some proteins.
• Provides turgidity and rigidity to the cell.

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 Plastids
• It is the largest cell organelle in the plant cell. They bear some
specific pigments, thus imparting specific colours to the plants.

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 Types of plastid
(i) Chloroplast:
• These are green coloured plastid, which mainly takes part in
photosynthesis.
• The chloroplast has chlorophyll and carotenoids pigments, for
trapping sunlight.

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 Types of plastid
(ii) Chromoplast (coloured plastids):
These are yellow and red coloured, fat soluble plastid which
includes carotenoids pigments such as carotene, xanthophylls,
and others.

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 Types of plastid
(iii) Leucoplast:
These are colourless plastids of various shapes and sizes with
stored nutrients. Leucoplasts are of three types:
(a) Amyloplasts: Store sugars, e.g., potato.
(b) Elaioplasts: Store oils and facts.
(c) Aleuroplasts: Store proteins.

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 Functions of plastid
• Photosynthetic pigments of chloroplasts of chloroplast traps light
energy of the sun and converts it into the chemical energy in
the form of glucose.

• Balance the CO2 and O2 concentration in the atmosphere.

• Chromoplasts impart odour to fruits and flowers thus help in
pollination.

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 Ribosomes
• Ribosomes are the granular structure first observed under
electron microscopy by George Palade (1953).

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 Mitochondria
• They occur in the cells of aerobic organisms (plants and animals)
with the exception of mammalian RBCs.
• The are colourless.
• The shape is rod-like or sausage-shaped.
• Inner membrane of each mitochondrion is thrown into folds called
cristae.
• They liberate energy.
• They perform oxidation of food.
• They consume O2 and liberate CO2.

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 Centrosome
❑ Nature and occurrence:
• Centrosome is found only in the animal cells. It is not bounded by
any membrane but consists of two granule-like centrioles.
Centrioles are hollow and cylindrical structures which are made up
of microtubules. In plant cells, the polar caps perform the function
of centrioles.

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 Functions:
1. Centrosome helps in cell division in animal cells. During cell
division centrioles migrate to the poles of animal cells and are
involved in the formation of the spindle.

2. In plant cells, cell division involves polar caps for the spindle
formation.

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 Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

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 Question Which plastids are colourless?

A Chromoplasts

B Chloroplast

C Leucoplasts

D All of the above

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 An unripe green fruit changes colour when it ripens.
Question
The reason being:

A Chromoplasts changes to chlorophyll

B Chromoplasts changes to chromosomes

C Chromosomes changes to chromoplasts

D Chloroplast changes to chromoplasts

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 The phenomenon where cytoplasm shrink in a
Question
hypertonic medium is called:

A Frontolysis

B Plasmolysis

C Acidolysis

D Allolysis

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 Question ____ is called the energy currency of the cell.

A Endoplasmic reticulum

B Oxygen

C ATP

D Mitochondria

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 Question ____ is called the powerhouse of the cell.

A Mitochondria

B ATP

C Lysosomes

D Red blood cells

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 Question ____ coined the term “cell.”

A Gorbachev

B Himmler

C Robert Hooke

D Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

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ThankYou