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The document discusses several topics related to chemical thermodynamics and organic chemistry: 1) It discusses pressure-volume work done by gases during expansion or compression and defines different types of thermodynamic processes. 2) It covers chemical equilibrium, including concepts like reactants and products coexisting at equilibrium and applications to weak electrolytes. 3) It describes conformations in alkanes due to rotation around carbon-carbon single bonds and differences between staggered, eclipsed, and skew conformations. 4) It discusses reactive intermediates like carbocations, carbanions, and free radicals and how their structures influence rearrangements.

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239 views

Case Based Questions

The document discusses several topics related to chemical thermodynamics and organic chemistry: 1) It discusses pressure-volume work done by gases during expansion or compression and defines different types of thermodynamic processes. 2) It covers chemical equilibrium, including concepts like reactants and products coexisting at equilibrium and applications to weak electrolytes. 3) It describes conformations in alkanes due to rotation around carbon-carbon single bonds and differences between staggered, eclipsed, and skew conformations. 4) It discusses reactive intermediates like carbocations, carbanions, and free radicals and how their structures influence rearrangements.

Uploaded by

areebarizwi2
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Case Based Questions

1.In chemical thermodynamics, the type of work involved is mostly pressure-volume work that is the
work done when a system (gas) expands or contracts against an external opposing pressure.Pressure-
volume work: The work W, that is done due to the expansion or compression of a gas against an
external opposing pressure P is called pressure-volume work.

(i) Which of the following statement is correct?

(a) ΔU = Wadiabatic

(b) Wad = + ve, when work is done on the system

(c) Wad = – ve, when work is done by the system

(d) All of the above.

(ii) A process in which the system does not exchange heat with the surroundings is known as

(a) isothermal

(b) isobaric

(c) isochoric

(d) adiabatic.

(iii) 3 moles of an ideal gas are expanded isothermally and reversibly from 10 m3 to 20 m3 at 300 K. The
work done is (R = 8.314 J K–1 mol–1).

(a) +5.187 kJ

(b) –5.187 kJ

(c) –2.175 kJ

(d) +3.750 kJ

(iv A gas expands in vacuum. The work done by the gas is

(a) zero

(b) minimum

(c) maximum

(d) cannot be predicted.


2.Reactants and products coexist at equilibrium, so that the conversion of reactant to products is always
less than 100%. Equilibrium reaction may involve the decomposition of a covalent (nonpolar) reactant or
ionization of ionic compound into their ions in polar solvents. Ostwald dilution law is the application of
the law of mass action to the weak electrolytes in solution.

i) A monobasic weak acid solution has a molarity of 0.005 M and pH of 5. What is its percentage
ionization in this solution?

(a) 2.0

(b) 0.2

(c) 0.5

(d) 0.25

ii) Calculate ionisation constant for pyridinium hydrogen chloride. (Given that H+ ion concentration is
3.6 × 10–4 M and its concentration is 0.02 M.)

(a) 6.48 × 10–2

(b) 6 × 10–6

(c) 1.5 × 10–9

(d) 12 × 10–8

(iii) The hydrogen ion concentration of a 10–8 M HCl aqueous solution at 298 K (Kw = 10–14) is

(a) 9.525 × 10–8 M

(b) 1.0 × 10–8 M

(c) 1.0 × 10–6 M

(d) 1.0525 × 10–7 M

3.The rotation of carbon-carbon single bond (s-bond), due to cylindrical symmetry of s-MOs (molecular
orbitals) long internuclear axis, in alkanes results into different spatial arrangements of atoms in space,
that are interconvertible. These arrangements are called conformations.However, weak repulsive
interaction are present between the adjacent bonds in alkanes so the rotation of C—C single bond is not
completely free and is hindered by a small energy barriers of 1-20 kJ mol-1. The repulsive interaction
between the adjacent bond is due to electron cloud. The two types of conformations are very common,
i.e., staggered and eclipsed.
The conformation in which the hydrogen atoms attached to the two carbon atoms are as far apart as
possible is called the staggered conformation. The conformations in which the hydrogen atoms attached
to the two carbon atoms are as closed as possible is called eclipsed conformation. Any intermediate
conformation between the above two is called skew or gauche conformation

(i) The electronic distribution of the sigma molecular orbital is symmetrical around the internuclear axis
of C-C bond which permits free rotation around C-C bond. Such spatial arrangements of atoms in which
conversion of one another takes place by rotation around C-C bond is known as

(a) rotamers

(b) conformers

(c) conformations

(d) All of these

(ii) The possible rotamers of ethane is/are

(a) 2

(b) 3

(c) 4

(d) ∞

(iii) The different conformations of ethane cannot be separated and isolated because

(a) small energy barrier

(b) large energy barrier

(c) Both (a) and (b)

(d) Neither (a) nor (b)

The repulsive interaction between the electron clouds, which affects stability of a conformation is
termed as

(a) torsional strain

(b) dihedral angle

(c) torsional angle

(d) conformation

(iv) Which form of ethane has the least torsional strain?


(a) Staggered

(b) Skew boat

(c) Eclipsed

(d) Boat

4.The three common reactive intermediates involved in organic reactions are :carbocations, carbanions
and free radicals. The carbocations are always planar and 1⁰ and 2⁰ carbocations tend to rearrange to
the more stable 2⁰ and 3⁰ carbocation, if the structure permits.

The carbanions and free radicals, on the other hand, have either pyramidal or planar geometry
depending upon their structure and normally do not rearrange.

Now answer the following questions.

I) Why do less stable carbocations tend to rearrange to the more stable carbocation but carbanions and
free radicals do not?

ii) Under what conditions, a carbanion or a free radical can assume a pyramidal or a planar geometry?

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