ABSTRACT

1
ABSTRACT

The progress and development of national economy as well as power

system, reliability and safety issues of power system have been more important.
Development of Transformer Health Monitoring System (THMS) has been
done in that reason. Transformer is the most vital asset in an y electrical
distribution network and therefore it needs special care and attention. The
implementation on-line monitoring system integrates Global Service Mobile
(GSM) Modem, with single chip microcontroller and sensors. It is installed at
the transformer site. The output values of sensors are processed and recorded in
the system memory. System programmed with some predefined instructions to
check abnormal conditions. If there is any abnormality on the system, the Wi-Fi
module will send messages to designated mobile telephones containing
information about the abnormality according to the aforesaid predefined
instructions and also other management services such as Voice announcement
facility to the concerned department, finding location of Overloading (power
theft) of transformers, Plotting GPS points in Google maps, auto police
complaint to nearest police station, Overloading (POWER THEFT) sharing to
police and finally capturing photos remotely for proof of theft. Our project
consists of SMS enabled application and voice-based applications. This project
will also consist of the following features by measuring temperature in the
transformer such as high or low and measuring oil level in the transformer.
Measuring of temperature and oil level in the transformer and taking necessary
actions will lead to improve power transmission and it also boost transformer
efficiency. This system will be an advanced step to the automation by
diminishing human dependency. Thus, Transformer health monitoring system
offers a more improved transformer monitoring.

2
 CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

3
CHAPTER-1

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Reliable and quality power is needed for our economic development of a

country. For providing reliable electrical energy, it is very necessary to have
highly reliable associated electrical equipment. The transformer, being a key
element in the transmission and distribution of electrical energy, improving its
reliability is of most important. The transmission power line lengths are exposed
to different faults and errors. The error rate is very high in transmission power
lines. Faults and errors on power system transmission lines need to be identified
and located very speedily, classified perfectly and cleared as fast as possible
[1]. Hence it is, all the more essential to employ continuous monitoring
techniques and on-site diagnostics followed by quality maintenance for having
trouble-free and reliable operation with minimum outages. The embedded
technology will be used in our project to minimize the electronic hardware
components
[2]. Embedded technology is used to minimize the cost and maximizing
the work ability. Embedded systems will provide the needs of industrial control,
monitoring, interfacing with any latest communication systems like GSM,
GPRS, Bluetooth
[3]. This project is helpful in Overloading (POWER THEFT) of
transformers detection from intruders and provide various management services
such as voice announcement to the concerned department, detecting power theft
location, provides facility to plot power theft location on Google maps,
automatic police complaint through online, capturing photos remotely for proof
of theft
[4]. Overall this project improves power transmission by monitoring
transformer temperature and oil level in the transformer using corresponding
sensors. It is IOT CLOUD based project.
4
 CHAPTER-2

BLOCK DIAGRAM

5
CHAPTER-2

BLOCK DIAGRAM

POWER UNIT

LCD Display
TEMP SENSOR
MICRO
CONTROLLER ESP8266

COOLING FAN

OIL LEVEL
SENSOR
RELAY

BUZZER

6
 CHAPTER-3

EMBEDDED SYSTEM

7
CHAPTER-3

3.1 EMBEDDED SYSTEM

An embedded system is a combination of computer hardware, software

and additional mechanical parts, designed to perform a specific function .An
embedded system is designed to do a specific task within a given time frame,
repeatedly, without human interaction. Embedded system do not need a
complete operating system, but only the basic functionalities of an operating
system in a real-time environment, that is, a real time operating system.
(RTOS). Frequently, embedded system does not have a user interface.

Application Area of embedded system include aerospace/defense

systems, telecommunication equipments and switches, mobile computing,
broadcast, automotives, industrial process control and monitoring, medical
electronics, consumer electronics, etc. Main hardware components of an
embedded system are microprocessor or micro controller, and supporting ICs.
The combination of micro-controller and ICs are application specific.
Commonly used microprocessors include the following. Motorola 680XX
series, IBM PowerPC series processors, MIPS processors, Intel 386 and
compatible CPUs, ARM processors, Sun SPARC series, etc. Embedded systems
need memory for storing programs and data, and usually programs are stored in
ROM or EPROM. Often these systems have a serial port network interface, I/O
interface for interacting with sensors and actuators in the case of process
controlling systems.

8
3.2 MICROPROCESSOR Vs MICROCONTROLLER

Microcontroller is a general-purpose device which has an in-built CPU,

Memory and peripherals, which make it, function as a mini computer.

Both Microcontroller and microprocessor can be employed for designing

products or applications in Embedded System. But Microcontroller has its own
advantages over microprocessor. They are as follows:

 For transfer of data from external memory to the CPU, microprocessor needs
many operational codes. But in Microcontroller, one or two codes are
enough.

 Microcontrollers have many bit-handling instructions, but microprocessors

have only one or two.

 Microcontrollers have built-in peripherals whereas microprocessors lack in-

built peripherals.

 Microcontroller work faster than microprocessor because of rapid movement

of bits within the chip.

 Microcontrollers have simple circuit structure compared to microprocessor.

 Microcontrollers have only 35 instructions whereas microprocessors have

75.

 Microcontrollers are costly when compared with microprocessor.

 Microcontroller can function as a mini computer without any additional

parts.

 Microcontroller instructions are simple, single word instructions.

9
 CHAPTER-4

MICRO CONTROLLER

10
CHAPTER-4

4.1 MICRO CONTROLLER

The ATMEGA-328 is a modified Harvard architecture 8-bit RISC

single chip microcontroller which was developed by Atmel. It uses on-chip
flash memory for program storage, as opposed to one-time
programmable ROM, EPROM, or EEPROM used by other
microcontrollers at thetime.

4.2 Pin descriptions

 VCC

Digital supply voltage

11
  GND

Ground

 Port B (PB7:0)XTAL1/XTAL2/TOSC1/TOSC2

Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors

(selected for each bit). The Port B output buffers have symmetrical drive
characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port B
pins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up
resistors are activated. The Port B pins are tri-stated when a reset condition
becomes active, even if the clock is not running. Depending on the clock
selection fuse settings, PB6 can be used as input to the inverting Oscillator
amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit. Depending on
the clock selection fuse settings, PB7 can be used as output from the
inverting Oscillator amplifier. If the Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator is
used as chip clock source, PB7.6 is used as TOSC2.1 input for the
Asynchronous Timer/Counter2 if the AS2 bit in ASSR isset.

 Port C(PC5:0)

Port C is a 7-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors

(selected for each bit). The PC5..0 output buffers have symmetrical drive
characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port C
pinsthat are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up
resistors are activated. The Port C pins are tri-stated when a reset condition
becomes active, even if the clock is notrunning.

 PC6/RESET

If the RSTDISBL Fuse is programmed, PC6 is used as an I/O pin.

Note that the electrical characteristics of PC6 differ from those of the other

12
pins of Port C. If the RSTDISBL Fuse is unprogrammed, PC6 is used as a
Reset input. A low level on this pin for longer than the minimum pulse
length will generate a Reset, even if the clock is notrunning.

 Port D(PD7:0)

Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors

(selected for each bit). The Port D output buffers have symmetrical drive
characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port
Dpins that are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up
resistors are activated. The Port D pins are tri-stated when a reset condition
becomes active, even if the clock is notrunning.

 AVCC

AVCC is the supply voltage pin for the A/D Converter, PC3:0, and
ADC7:6. It should be externally connected to VCC, even if the ADC is not
used. If the ADC is used, it should be connected to VCC through a low-
pass filter. Note that PC6.4 use digital supply voltage, VCC.

 AREF

AREF is the analog reference pin for the A/D Converter.

 ADC7:6 (TQFP and QFN/MLF packageonly)

In the TQFP and QFN/MLF package, ADC7.6 serve as analog inputs

to the A/D converter. These pins are powered from the analog supply and
serve as 10-bit ADC channels.

13
 CHAPTER-5
HARDWARE REQUIREMENT

14
 CHAPTER-5

5.HARDWARE REQUIREMENT

5.1POWER SUPPLY DESCRIPTIONS

The present chapter introduces the operation of power supply circuits built
using filters, rectifiers, and then voltage regulators. Starting with an ac voltage, a
steady dc voltage is obtained by rectifying the ac voltage, then filtering to a dc
level, and finally, regulating to obtain a desired fixed dc voltage. The regulation is
usually obtained from an IC voltage regulator unit, which takes a dc voltage and
provides a somewhat lower dc voltage, which remains the same even if the input
dc voltage varies, or the output load connected to the dc voltage changes.

A block diagram containing the parts of a typical power supply and the
voltage at various points in the unit is shown in fig 19.1. The ac voltage, typically
120 V rms, is connected to a transformer, which steps that ac voltage down to the
level for the desired dc output. A diode rectifier then provides a full-wave rectified
voltage that is initially filtered by a simple capacitor filter to produce a dc voltage.
This resulting dc voltage usually has some ripple or ac voltage variation. A
regulator circuit can use this dc input to provide a dc voltage that not only has
much less ripple voltage but also remains the same dc value even if the input dc
voltage varies somewhat, or the load connected to the output dc voltage changes.
This voltage regulation is usually obtained using one of a number of popular
voltage regulator IC units.

Transformer Rectifier Filter IC regulator Load

15
 5.2 IC VOLTAGE REGULATORS:

Voltage regulators comprise a class of widely used ICs. Regulator IC units

contain the circuitry for reference source, comparator amplifier, control device,
and overload protection all in a single IC. Although the internal construction of
the IC is somewhat different from that described for discrete voltage regulator
circuits, the external operation is much the same. IC units provide regulation of
either a fixed positive voltage, a fixed negative voltage, or an adjustably set
voltage.A power supply can be built using a transformer connected to the ac
supply line to step the ac voltage to a desired amplitude, then rectifying that
ac voltage, filtering with a capacitor and RC filter, if desired, and finally
regulating the dc voltage using an IC regulator.

5.3 THREE-TERMINAL VOLTAGE REGULATORS:

Fig shows the basic connection of a three-terminal voltage regulator IC to

a load. The fixed voltage regulator has an unregulated dc input voltage, Vi,
applied to one input terminal, a regulated output dc voltage, Vo, from a second
terminal, with the third terminal connected to ground. For a selected regulator,
IC device specifications list a voltage range over which the input voltage can
vary to maintain a regulated output voltage over a range of load current. The
specifications also list the amount of output voltage change resulting from a
change in load current (load regulation) or in input voltage (line regulation).

Fixed Positive Voltage Regulators:

IN OUT

UNREGULATE 7805
D DC
VOLTAGE

GND

16
 The series 78 regulators provide fixed regulated voltages from 5 to 24 V.
Figure 19.26 shows how one such IC, a 7812, is connected to provide voltage
regulation with output from this unit of +12V dc. An unregulated input voltage
Vi is filtered by capacitor C1 and connected to the IC’s IN terminal. The IC’s
OUT terminal provides a regulated + 12V which is filtered by capacitor C2
(mostly for any high-frequency noise). The third IC terminal is connected to
ground (GND). While the input voltage may vary over some permissible
voltage range, and the output load may vary over some acceptable range, the
output voltage remains constant within specified voltage variation limits. These
limitations are spelled out in the manufacturer’s specification sheets. A table of
positive voltage regulated ICs is provided in table

Positive Voltage Regulators in 7800 series

IC Output Voltage Minimum Vi (V)

Part (V)
7805 +5 7.3
7806 +6 8.3
+8 10.5
7808
+10 12.5
7810
+12 14.6
7812
+15 17.7
7815
+18 21.0
7818

17
5.4 LCD DISPLAY

The most commonly used Character based LCDs are based on Hitachi's
HD44780 controller or other which are compatible with HD44580. In this
project document, we will discuss about character based LCDs, their interfacing
with various microcontrollers, various interfaces (8-bit/4-bit), programming,
special stuff and tricks you can do with these simple looking LCDs which can
give a new look to your application.

18
 Usually these days single controller LCD modules are used more in the
market. So in the project document we will discuss more about the single
controller LCD, the operation and everything else is same for the double
controller too.

5.5Wi-Fi Module (ESP8266)-

ESP8267 wi-fi module which have TCP/IP Protocol stack and integrated on
the chip. Such that it could provide any microcontroller to connect with Wi-Fi
network. The ESP8267 is capable of both loading all Wi-Fi networking
functions from another type of application processor and hosting an application.
Every ESP8267 module comes pre-programmed with an (AT) command set
firmware, meaning, we can simply attach it with our Arduino device and get
Wi-Fi-ability as a WIFI shield offers to it. The ESP8267 module is an growing,
community and costeffective.

High degree on chip integration allow for minimum external circuitry, which
includes the front end module, which is designed for occupying minimum PCB
area. The ESP8267 support applications and Bluetooth interface, also contain
self-calibrated RF which allow it to workable under possible operating
conditions.

o Module Wi-FiDirect

o Stack of TCP/IPprotocol

19
 o Integrated Switch(LNA), matching network powerAmplifier

o power management units and integrated PLLs, DCXO,regulators

o +16.8dBM Output power with 800.11b Mode

o leakage I<10uA

o 1MB flashmemory

o Low power (32-bit) CPU can be used as processor

5.6CURRENT SENSOR:

In practice a current transformer can be used as acurrent sensor. The

current sensor is to be connected inseries with the transmission lines. When
current in acircuit is too high to directly apply to measuringinstruments, a
current transformer produces a reducedcurrent accurately proportional to the
current in thecircuit, which can be conveniently connected tomeasuring and
recording instruments. A currenttransformer also isolates the measuring
instrumentsfrom what may be very high voltage in the monitoredcircuit.

The ACS712 Current Sensors offered on the internet are designed to be

easily used with micro controllers like the Arduino.

These sensors are based on the Allegro ACS712ELC chip.

These current sensors are offered with full scale values of 5A, 20A and 30A.

20
 The basic functional operation of each of these devices is identical. The
only difference is with the scale factor at the output as detailed below.

Pay attention to the polarity at the load end of the device. If you are
connected as illustrated below, the output will raise. If you connect it opposite
of this picture, the output will decrease from the 2.5 volt offset.

Basic Hook Up and Functional Description As mentioned before, these

modules are primarily designed for use with micro-controllers like the Arduino.
In those applications, the connections would be as picture below: If the light
bulb shown in the picture above were disconnected, the output of the ACS712
module would be 2.500 volts.

Once connected, the output would be scaled to the current drawn through
the bulb. If this were a 5 Amp module and the light bulb pulled 1 Amp, the
output of the module would be 2.685 volts. Now imagine the battery polarity
reversed. Using the same 5A module, the output would be 2.315 volts.

IMPORTANT NOTE – This device is a Hall Effect transducer. It should not be

used near significant magnetic fields

5.7VOLTAGE SENSOR:

In practice a voltage transformer can be used as avoltage sensor. The

voltage transformer must beconnected across the transmission lines. The
primaryof the transformer must be connected to thetransmission lines and the
secondary must be given tothe microcontroller. A step down voltage
transformeris used.

21
5.8.1What is a Voltage Sensor?

A voltage sensor is a sensor is used to calculate and monitor the amount

of voltage in an object. Voltage sensors can determine both the AC voltage or
DC voltage level. The input of this sensor can be the voltage whereas the output
is the switches, analog voltage signal, a current signal, an audible signal, etc.

Sensors are basically a device which can sense or identify and react to
certain types of electrical or some optical signals. Implementation of voltage
sensor and current sensor techniques have become an excellent choice to the
conventional current and voltage measurement methods.

The advantage of voltage sensors include:

 Small in weight and size.

 Personnel safety is high.

 Degree of accuracy is very high.

 It is non-saturable.

 Wide dynamic range.

 Eco-friendly.

22
  It is possible to combine both the voltage and current measurement into a
single physical device with small and compact dimensions.

5.8.2 Types of Voltage Sensors

In this article, we can discuss in detail about voltage sensor. A voltage

sensor can in fact determine, monitor and can measure the supply of voltage. It
can measure AC level or/and DC voltage level. The input to the voltage sensor
is the voltage itself and the output can be analog voltage signals, switches,
audible signals, analog current level, frequency or even frequency modulated
outputs.

That is, some voltage sensors can provide sine or pulse trains as output
and others can produce Amplitude Modulation, Pulse Width Modulation or
Frequency Modulation outputs.

In voltage sensors, the measurement is based on a voltage divider. There

are two main types of voltage sensors are available- Capacitive type
voltagesensor and Resistive type voltage sensor.

5.8.3 Capacitive Voltage Sensor

As we know that a capacitor comprises of two conductors or simply two

plates and in between these plates, a non-conductor is kept. That non-
conducting material is termed as dielectric. When an AC voltage is provided
across these plates, current will start to pass owing to either the attraction or the

23
repulsion of electrons by means of the voltage present on the opposite plate. The
field among the plates will create a complete AC circuit without any hardware
connection. This is how a capacitor works.

Next, we can discuss about the voltage division in two capacitors which
are in series. Usually in series circuits, high voltage will develop across the
component which is having high impedance. In the case of capacitors,
capacitance and impedance (capacitive reactance) are always inversely
proportional.

The relation between voltage and capacitance is

Q → Charge (Coulomb)
C → Capacitance (Farad)
XC → Capacitive reactance (Ω)
f → Frequency (Hertz)

From the above two relations, we can clearly state that the highest voltage
will build up across smallest capacitor. The capacitor voltage sensors work
based on this simple principle. Consider we are holding the sensor in our hand
and then placing the tip of it near a live conductor.

Here, we are inserting the sensing element of high impedance into a

series capacitive coupling circuit. In this moment, the tip of the sensor is the
smallest capacitor which is coupled to the live voltage. Thus the whole voltage
will develop across the sensing circuit and it can detect voltage and indicator
like light or buzzer sound is turned on. This is how the non contact voltage
sensors that you use at home work.

24
5.9 LM35

General Description

The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors,

whose output voltage is linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade)
temperature. The LM35 thus has an advantage over linear temperature sensors
calibrated in ° Kelvin, as the user is not required to subtract a large constant
voltage from its output to obtain convenient Centigrade scaling. The LM35 does
not require any external calibration or trimming to provide typical accuracies of
±1⁄4°C at room temperature and ±3⁄4°C over a full −55 to +150°C temperature
range. Low cost is assured by trimming and calibration at the wafer level. The
LM35’s low output impedance, linear output, and precise inherent calibration
make interfacing to readout or control circuitry especially easy. As it draws only
60 μA from its supply, it has very low self-heating, less than 0.1°C in still air.
The LM35 is rated to operate over a −55° to +150°C temperature range, while
the LM35C is rated for a −40° to +110°C range (−10° with improved accuracy).
The LM35 series is available packaged in hermetic TO-46 transistor packages,
while the LM35C, LM35CA, and LM35D are also available in the plastic TO-
92 transistor package. The LM35D is also available in an 8-lead surface mount
small outline package and a plastic TO-220 package.

5.9.1Features

 Calibrated directly in ° Celsius (Centigrade)

 Linear + 10.0 mV/°C scale factor

 0.5°C accuracy guarantee able (at +25°C)

 Rated for full −55° to +150°C range

25
  Suitable for remote applications

 Low cost due to wafer-level trimming

5.9.2 Typical Applications

5.9.3 APPLICATIONS

The LM35 can be applied easily in the same way as other integrated-
circuit temperature sensors. It can be glued or cemented to a surface and its
temperature will be within about 0.01°C of the surface temperature.

This presumes that the ambient air temperature is almost the same as the
surface temperature; if the air temperature were much higher or lower than the
surface temperature, the actual temperature of the LM35 die would be at an
intermediate temperature between the surface temperature and the air
temperature.

26
5.10 ULTRASONIC SENSOR

The ultrasonic sensor is a device you can use with the microcontroller to
measure how far away an object is. With a range of 3 centimeters to 3.3 meters,
it's a shoe-in for any number of Robots and automation projects. It's also
remarkably accurate, easily detecting an object's distance down to the half
centimeter.

5.10.1 HOW DOES THE SENSOR WORK?

Figure shows how the sensor sends a brief chirp with its ultrasonic
speaker and makes it possible for the microcontroller to measure the time it
takes the echo to return to its ultrasonic microphone. The microcontroller starts
by sending the ultrasonic sensor a pulse to start the measurement. Then, the
ultrasonic sensor waits long enough for the embedded c program to start logic
1command. At the same time the ultrasonic sensor chirps its 40 kHz tone, it
sends a high signal to the microcontroller. When the ultrasonic sensor detects
the echo with its ultrasonic microphone, it changes that high signal back to low.
The embedded c logic highcommand stores how long the high signal from the
sensor lasted in a variable. The time measurement is how long it took sound to

27
travel to the object and back. With this measurement, you can then use the
speed of sound in air to make your program calculate the object's distance in
centimeters, inches, feet, etc...

The sensor's chirps are not audible because 40 kHz is ultrasonic. What we
consider sound is our inner ear's ability to detect the variations in air pressure
caused by vibration. The rate of these variations determines the pitch of the
tone. Higher frequency tones result in higher pitch sounds and lower frequency
tones result in lower pitch tones. Most people can hear tones that range from 20
Hz, which is very low pitch, to 20 kHz, which is very high pitch. Subsonic is
sound with frequencies below 20 Hz, and ultrasonic is sound with frequencies
above 20 kHz. Since the sensor's chirps are at 40 kHz, they are definitely
ultrasonic, and not audible.

5.10.2 Specification

Voltage – 5 only required

Current - 30mA Typ. 50mA Max.
Frequency - 40KHz
Max Range – 3.3 m
Min Range - 3 cm
Sensitivity - Detect 3cm diameter broom handle at > 2 m
Input Trigger - TTL level pulse
Echo Pulse - Positive TTL level signal
Small Size - 43mm x 20mm x 17mm height

28
5.11 RELAY
A relay is an electro mechanical switch, it consists of a coil. When small
current flows through the coil, magnetic field is induced that causes the switch
to move, to close or open the electrical connection. Typically a Relay is used to
control High voltage (AC or DC) circuit using small DC voltage circuit without
any direct electrical connection between them. It means, high voltage circuit
and low DC voltage circuit are magnetically linked but electrically separated.

5.12 BUZZER
A buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device, which may be
mechanical, electromechanical, or piezoelectric. Typical uses of buzzers and
beepers include alarm devices, timers and confirmation of user input such as a
mouse click or key stroke. Buzzer is an integrated structure of electronic
transducers, DC power supply, widely used in computers, printers, copiers,
alarms, electronic toys, automotive electronic equipment, telephones, timers and
other electronic products for sound devices. Active buzzer 5V Rated power can
be directly connected to a continuous sound, this section dedicated sensor
expansion module and the board in combination, can complete a simple circuit
design, to "plug and play."

29
 CHAPTER-6
PROGRAMMING

30
CHAPTER-6

6.PROGRAMMING

The Arduino Uno can be programmed with the (Arduino Software

(IDE)).The ATmega328 on the Arduino Uno comes preprogrammed with a
bootloader that allows you to upload new code to it without the use of an
external hardware programmer. It communicates using the original STK500
protocol.

6.2 Power

The Arduino Uno board can be powered via the USB connection or with
an external power supply. The power source is selected automatically.

External (non-USB) power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter

(wall-wart) or battery. The adapter can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm
center-positive plug into the board's power jack. Leads from a battery can be
inserted in the GND and Vin pin headers of the POWER connector.

Arduino Power Supply

6.3 Memory

The ATmega328 has 32 KB (with 0.5 KB occupied by the bootloader). It also

has 2 KB of SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM

31
6.4 ARDUINO DEVELOPMENT "IDE"

The Arduino integrated development environment (IDE) is a cross-

platform application written in Java, and is derived from the IDE for the
Processing programming language and the Wiring projects. It is designed to
introduce programming to artists and other newcomers unfamiliar with software
development. It includes a code editor with features such as syntax highlighting,
brace matching, and automatic indentation, and is also capable of compiling and
uploading programs to the board with a single click. There is typically no need
to edit make files or run programs on a command-line interface

Developer(s) Arduino Software

Stable release 1.0.3 / December 10, 2012; 3months ago

Written in Java, C and C++

Operating system Cross-platform

Type Integrated development environment

Website arduino.cc

32
 Arduino programs are written in C or C++ The Arduino IDE comes with
a software library called "Wiring" from the original Wiring project, which
makes many common input/output.

Operations much easier. Users only need define two functions.

To make a run able cyclic executive program:

 Setup (): a function run once at the start of a program that can initialize
settings.

 Loop (): a function called repeatedly until the board powers off

33
CHAPTER-7

CONCLUSION

34
CHAPTER-7
7.1 CONCLUSION

The proposed technique with results has shown that the protection
scheme works properly with accuracy, sensitivity of this scheme very high for
the abnormal and faulty conditions. Transformer Health Monitoring will help to
identify or recognize unexpected situations before any serious failure which
leads to greater reliability and significant cost savings. If transformer is in
abnormal condition we can know from anywhere. No human power needs to
monitor the transformer. Details about the transformer are automatically
updated in cloud when the transformer is in abnormal condition
7.2 FUTURE SCOPE
In future work we can develop database of all parameters of distribution
transformer which are placed at different places. We can get all information by
placing the proposed system modules at every transformer. We can send the
data through Wi-Fi module and also through Ethernet shield. With Ethernet
shield we can make remote terminal unit as a server and store data on webpage
or website. A Wi-Fi module connects to nearby network and sends information
to monitoring node.

35
CHAPTER-8
REFERENCES

36
CHAPTER-8
REFERENCES

[1] Walid K A hasan, Abobaker Alraddad, Abdulfatah Ashour, Yachao Ran

(2019), “Design and Implementation Smart transformer based on IOT”
published in IEEE exploser.
[2] Sunitha Emi.P ,Sivasankari R, Ranjith Kumar.P Prabha R Jayageetha .J
(2019), “Fault Detection in Transformer Using GSM Technology” published in
5th International conference on Advanced computing & Communication system
(ICACCS).
[3] Divyank Srivastava, M. M. Tripathi (2018) “Transformer Health Monitoring
System Using Internet of Thing” published in 2nd IEEE international
conference on power electronics intelligent control and Energy systems
(ICPEICS-2018).
[4] Rohit R. Pawar, Priyanka A. Wagh, Dr. S.B.Deosarkar (2017), “Distribution
Transformer Monitoring System Using Internet of Things (IOT)” published in
International conference on Computational Intelligence in Data Science
(ICCIDS).
[5] Rohit R. Pawar, Priyanka A. Wagh, Dr. S.B.Deosarkar (2017), “Health
Condition Monitoring System for Distribution Transformer using IOT”
published in International conference of compututing Methodologies and
Communication (ICCMC).
[6] Mohamed Ahmed Eltayeb Ahmed Elmustafa Hayati Sherief F. Babiker
(2016), “Design and Implementation of Low-Cost SMS Based Monitoring
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